• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.329-338
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• 2013

This study is conducted to compare the problems affecting dietary habits and health status between a long-term exercise group and non-exercise group of males older than 50 years. Most subjects of the two groups consider regular exercise to be the most important factor for maintaining health, and recognize hypertension as the number one concern. The most common nutritional supplement among subjects is multiple vitamins, and sleeping time range from 6~8 hours. Breakfast fasting rate was 15.9% among non-exercise group (NEG), where overeating and eating out rates were higher among exercise group (EG) when comparing to NEG. Fasting rates of breakfast, and consumption rates of milk and dairy products, vegetables such as kimchi, and fruits and fruit juices are higher among the EG. Overeating and eating out rates are lower among NEG, whereas eating rates of proteins like meat, fish, eggs, beans, fried foods, high-fat meats carbonated drinks, ice cream, and salt intakes are higher. Rates of health, dietary habits, and nutrient intakes are higher among EG. Energy intakes among the two groups were below the standard level, Vitamin $B_2$ intake is low in EG, and folic acid and calcium intakes were higher in NEG. The exercising group care more about health, eating habits and nutrient intakes, and low smoking rates are being observed. Thus, specific dietary improvement programs for adult men, are required, and it is necessary to consider the practice of nutrition education.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.429-441
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• 2013

This study was conducted to examine the interrelations among snack preference, purchasing behavior and intake of fifth and sixth grade students in elementary schools in Gyeongnam province. Frequency of snack intake was the highest in those who reported 'once a day' (45.6%) snack habit. Longer-time television viewers also showed higher frequency of snack intake than shorter-time viewers. Thirty-three percent of students purchased snacks by themselves and the frequency of snack purchasing had a significant positive relationship with TV watching time (p < 0.01). The main reason, place and time of eating snacks were 'hunger' (79.2%), their home environment (50.9%) and 'after school hours' (89.7%). The favorite snack was 'ice cream' and, this snack habit was significantly different by gender of the child (p < 0.01) and TV watching time (p < 0.01). 'Milk and dairy products' scored highest (3.47) in snack intake frequency among longer-time TV viewers (> 2hr) compared to shorter-time TV viewers and this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The snack preference score was correlated positively (r = 0.454) with the intake frequency for snack and its explanation power ($R^2$) was 20.5%. With regard to snack purchase behaviors, the scores of 'checking the expiration date' and 'comparing the price with similar products' were high (in what group?). Female students (p < 0.001) and shorter-time TV viewers (< 2hr) (p < 0.01) had a more reasonable purchasing behavior. The total score of preference was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in shorter-timeTV viewers (< 2hr). In the correlation between snack purchasing behaviors and intake frequency, attractiveness (r = 0.208, p < 0.001) and preference (r = 0.330, p < 0.001) showed significant positive correlations. The result of regression analysis, preference only was selected ($R^2$= 0.108).

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.525-531
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• 2005

This study was carried out to establish the consumer-centric food labeling system by investigating usage state, importance evaluation, problems and satisfaction, etc. on the current food labeling system by consumer. For usage state of checking the food label, 50.2% of respondents were replied ‘mostly check the label’, and they were indicated a significant difference on ‘education level(p<.05)’, and in case of married respondents, most were relied 'absolutely check the label', For the reason to check the food label, 61.8% of respondents were replied 'to determine whether it is stable or not', and they were indicated a significant difference on age(p<.01), marital status(p<.01), and job(p<.01). For the item considered as important things on the label of the whole food, 49.8% of respondents were replied that 'expiration and manufacture date is important', and they were indicated a significant difference(p<.001) on age, marital status, job. For item considered as important things on the label of each food, it was indicated that they considered food company as important thing in case of snack, soft drink, edible oils, and noodles, and food company in case of ice cream, and expiration and manufacture date in case of milk product and meat product. For the problems on the current food labeling system, the clauses 'Poor marking on food additives and materials contents' and 'untrue marking of nutrition contents' were indicated a significant difference on age(p<0.05, p<0.001), and the clause 'untrue marking of nutrition contents' were indicated a significant difference on marital status(p<.01) and job(p<.01).

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.10-21
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• 2009

The objective of this research was to assess the dietary habits, food frequency, and nutrition knowledge of young children who like sweets in the Busan area; the study was conducted using survey method with questionnaires. One hundred eighty three children, aged 8 to 9 years, were divided into two groups: the sweet preference group (SPG) and the control group, based on the subjects' scores for sweets-related dietary habits, sweets preference, and sweets frequency. For dietary habits, the score for eating more snacks than meals was significantly higher in the SPG group than the control group. The SPG group members were also more likely to skip breakfast, have irregular meals, and consume instant and fast food more frequently (p<0.001) than the control group. Nutrition knowledge scores for proper snack intake and proper dietary attitude were significantly lower in the SPG than in the control group (p < 0.05). With regard to food frequency, the SPG consumed more bread, cake, chicken, ham, sausage, hamburger, and ice cream, but less fish, tofu, beans, kimchi, bean sprouts, and milk than the control group. Strong positive correlations were noted between sweets preference, sweets frequency, and sweets-related dietary habits, whereas all of them were correlated negatively with nutritional knowledge. Sweets frequency was related negatively to meal regularity, having breakfast, eating the adequate amount of meals, and recommended food frequency.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.426-439
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• 2016

Objectives: This study was performed to measure the food allergy (FA) awareness and management by the parents of preschool children. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted with the parents of preschool children. The questionnaire was designed to identify the prevalence of food allergies, requirements of food allergy support and differences in food management according to the presence or absence allergic diseases, using a modified International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. After excluding incomplete responses, the data of 158 parents of preschool children (90.3%) was used for statistical analysis. Results: The rate of the preschool children who had experienced food allergy (FA, ever) was 38.6% while diagnosed for food allergy by doctor (Diagnosis of FA, ever) was 17.7%. Forty nine preschool children (80.3%) had food restriction, and twenty three of them (37.7%) had self-restriction without diagnosis. The consumption frequencies of allergenic foods in FA group, such as ramyeon, noodles, bread, eggs, yogurt and ice cream were significantly (p<0.001) lower than those of the other two groups. The major allergenic foods were eggs, milk, wheat and processed foods in FA group. The overall food allergy-related knowledge level of parents was insufficient. Only 26 parents (16.5%) had received training about food allergies. All parents wanted to receive food allergy-related supports. In addition, most of parents wanted information on substitute menu for children with food allergy. Conclusions: This study identified a lack of food allergy training for the parents of preschool children and the necessity for food allergy education. Food allergy-related supports, such as menus without allergenic ingredients, guidelines for managing food allergy & anaphylaxis emergency care plan etc, should be provided to the parents in order to avoid events related to food allergies.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.129-136
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate improvement of food habits and eating behavior in children with obesity and precocious puberty by nutritional education monitoring. The results are as follows. Average height and weight of subjects exceeded Korean height and weight standards for children as outlined by The Korea Pediatric Society. Using nutrition education monitoring, meals became more regular, overeating significantly decreased, and eating speed decreased. Further, frequencies of eating-out and night-eating significantly decreased. The most preferred menu item when eating-out was Korean food, and the most preferred menu item for night-eating was fruits, fast food, & processed food. Meat & fish and vegetable intakes all significantly increased. Fruit and milk intakes also significantly increased while bread, snack, and ice cream intakes decreased. Further, fast food & instant food intakes decreased. However, water intake was not significantly affected. The favorite food of children was meat & fish, followed by fast food & processed food. This study may provide information on dietary behavior of children with obesity and precocious puberty and suggests that nutrition education or counseling can improve food habits and eating behavior.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.455-464
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• 2005

The study was designed to observe the correlation between the eating habits and growth development in 1,574 children (3-6 years old) in Kyunggi-do and Seoul, Korea. The eating habits and nutrient intake were determined by mini dietary assessment and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). 35.6% children had been practicing an unbalanced diets. Children with unbalanced diet consumed less amount of protein source foods (meat, fish, egg, soy products), vegetables and fruits and had irregular meal time, but more of them preferred sweet foods (ice creme, cookies) and carbonated drinks as snack compared with children in balanced diet. 24-35% children consumed energy, iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), Niacin, Zinc (Zn) less than 75% RDA. Energy intake of children with unbalanced diet was not significantly different from those with balanced diet, but they consumed less amount of niacin, Fe, Ca and Zn than those with balanced diet. By using the relative percentage of standard weight-length-index (WLI), 65.7% children was normal weight, 12.9% was underweight, 13.4% was overweight and 7.9% was obese. However, 11.9% of underweight and normal weight children was so called thin obese since their body fat content was greater than 20%. There were 16.8% underweight in children with unbalanced diet and 12.6% underweight in those with balanced diet. Compared to normal weight, the underweight children significantly consumed less amount of milk and its product, high protein foods, fried foods and fruits, but obese children consumed more high protein source foods (meat, fish, egg, etc) and sweet foods. In conclusion, the eating habits of unbalanced meal was prevalent problem in preschool children which resulting in their health risks. Therefore, it would be needed that new approach for nutrition education to improve eating habits in preschoolers.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.16-22
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• 1999

초등학교 아동 211명을 대상으로 식품섭취실태가 치아우식에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다 1. 전체 조사 대상자의 65.4%가 치아우식 아동이었고, 간식은 전체 아동의 83.9%가 섭취하였으며, 간식을 하는 아동의 치아 우식율이 간식을 하지 않는 아동의 우식율보다 유의적으로 높았다(p＜0.001). 2. 1일 양치질 횟수는 전체의 38.4%가 1회, 61.6%가 2회 이상이었으며, 양치횟수 2회 이상인 아동과 식사후에 양치하는 아동에서 치아 우식율이 낮은 경향이었다. 3. 주식으로 자주 섭취하는 음식은 양호한 아동이 밥33.30%, 라면 14.81%, 빵 9.57%, 떡 6.16%, 국수 4.88%이었으며, 치아우식인 아동은 밥 27.04%, 떡 12.04%, 라면 8.50%, 빵 8.11%, 볶음밥 5.49% 순이었다. 4. 부식으로 자주 섭취하는 음식은 양호한 아동이 김치가 13.88%로서 가장 높았으며, 다음으로 계란 6.21%, 김 5.51%, 어묵 5.51%, 생선 5.03%순이었으며, 콩자반이 0.44%로서 가장 낮았다. 치아우식인 아동은 감자국이 6.86%로서 가장 높았으며 다음으로 오이 6.56%, 콩나물국 5.78%, 두부 5.33%, 깻잎 5.21% 순이었고, 상치가 1.23%로서 가장 낮았다. 5. 간식의 섭취율은 양호한 아동에서 아이스크림이 9.85%로서 가장 높았으며, 다음으로 비스킷 7.35%, 껌6.17%, 밤 6.16%, 사과 5.81%, 우유 5.56%, 요구르트4.86%, 어포 4.39%, 사탕 4.15%, 초콜릿 3.91% 순이었으며, 치아우식인 아동에서는 비스킷이 10.00%로서 가장 높았으며, 다음으로 아이스크림 6.75%, 사탕5.88%, 과일통조림 5.70%, 우유 5.41%, 옥수수 5.00%, 바나나 5.00%, 땅콩 4.42%, 튀김 4.39% 순이었다. 6. 부식의 우식성식품ㆍ청정식품ㆍ보호식품의 섭취율은 양호한 아동이 각각 4.0%, 40.8%, 55.1%이었으며, 치아우식인 아동은 11.5%, 43.9%, 보호식품 44.6%로서 치아우식인 아동이 양호한 아동보다 우식성식품을 자주 섭취하는 반면에 보호식품을 적게 섭취하였다.(p<0.001). 7.간식의 우식성식품ㆍ청정식품ㆍ보호식품의 섭취율은 양호한 아동이 각각 67.8%, 10.4%, 21.7%이었으며, 치아우식인 아동은 75.3%, 8.8%, 15.9%로서 치아우식 아동의 우식성식품 섭취율이 높았다(p＜0.001). 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 아동들의 부식에서는 청정식품과 보호식품의 섭취율이 우식성식품보다 높았으나 간식에서 우식성식품의 섭취율이 청정식품과 보호식품보다 2∼3배나 높아 간식으로 인한 치아우식의 문제가 더 클 것으로 사료된다. 특히 치아우식 아동이 양호한 아동보다 부식과 간식에서 치아우식 유발지수가 높은 우식성식품을 많이 섭취하는 것으로 나타나 치아우식증을 예방하기 위한 식이조절법으로 치아우식 유발지수가 낮고 당질 함량이 적은 식품과 채소류나 과실류 등의 청정식품 및 칼슘과 단백질이 풍부한 보호식품을 많이 섭취하도록 권장하여야 하며, 한정되어 있는 간식을 다양하고 균형있게 선택할 수 있도록 하는 영양 교육이 실시되어야 할 것으로 사료된다

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.1471-1476
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• 1999

식품중 분석법에 대한 공정 시험법이 확립되어 있지 않은 카페인에 대해 우리 실정에 적용 가능한 시험방법을 개발, 확립함과 동시에 확립된 시험방법을 토대로 우리나라 국민들의 카페인 식이섭취 실태파악의 기초자료로 활용하고자 식품중의 카페인 함량을 측정하였다. 카페인 정량은 Sep-pak $C_{18}$ cartridge를 이용한 간단한 전처리를 통해 효과적으로 불순물을 제거한 후 메틸알콜-초산-물(20 : 1 : 79)을 이동상으로 하고 ${\mu}-Bondapak\;C_{18}$ 칼럼을 사용하여 파장 280 nm에서 고속 액체크로마토그라피분석을 행하였다. 동 조작조건에서 조사대상 식품군 별인 다류, 아이스크림, 가공유류, 과자류 중 카페인 무함유 식품인 감잎차, 바닐라아이스크림, 우유, 쿠키, 캔디, 사이다를 대상으로 회수율을 검토한 결과는 각각 99.10%, 98.93%, 99.37%, 99.17%, 99.50% 및 99.23%이었고 검출 한계는 $0.1\;{\mu}g/mL$였다. 또한 시중에 유통되고 있는 다류 15종 82품목, 아이스크림 1종 4품목, 가공유류 1종 2품목, 과자류 4종 13품목 및 청량음료 1종 13품목 등 총 22종 114품목을 조사대상 식품으로 하여 식품의 카페인 함량을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 커피중 자판기용커피는 37.50 mg/g, 원두커피는 12.24 mg/g, 인스탄트커피는 19.74 mg/g, 탈카페인 커피는 3.38 mg/g이었으며, 녹차는 leaves(common grade)가 26.10 mg/g, leaves(crude)는 17.00 mg/g, tea bag은 16.30 mg/g이었고, 홍차는 분말에서 16.65 mg/g, tea bag은 10.80 mg/g이었다. 우롱차는 tea bag에서 11.25 mg/g이었으며, 코코아차, 기타 다류인 오가피차, 당귀차 칡차, 두충차, 둥굴레차, 영지차, 생강차, 명일엽차, 감잎차 및 쌍화차 등에서는 검출되지 않았다. 캔음료 중 캔커피 $0.18{\sim}0.75\;mg/g$, 캔녹차 0.11mg/g, 캔우롱차 0.06mg/g, 콜라 $0.06{\sim}0.11\;mg/g$이었으며, 아이스크림 중 커피 아이스크림 $0.05{\sim}0.44\;mg/g$ 초콜릿 아이스크림 $0.04{\sim}0.29\;mg/g$이었고, 가공유류중 저지방 커피우유 0.39 mg/g 및 초콜릿우유 0.04 mg/g이었다. 과자류중 초콜릿함유 과자류는 0.40mg/g 및 비스킷 $0.18{\sim}0.30\;mg/g$이었으며, 초콜릿과 캔디는 각각 $0.40{\sim}1.80\;mg/g$과 $0.10{\sim}0.47\;mg/g$이었다. 이상의 결과로서 본 시험법은 간단하고 신속하게 다량의 시료를 처리할 수 있는 분석방법으로서 식품중 공정시험법으로 적용할 수 있으며, 또한 본 분석결과를 토대로 우리나라 국민들의 카페인 식이 섭취 실태파악에 기초자료로서 활용이 기대된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.709-720
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• 2009

서울시내에 유통 중인 음료 140건을 HPLC를 이용하여 분석한 결과로 음료의 유형별 카페인 함량을 파악하였으며, 서울시내 강남 북에 위치한 3개 학교 9학급 267명의 어린이를 대상으로 음료의 선호도 및 섭취량을 설문조사하여 어린이들의 카페인 섭취량을 확인하였다. 이를 토대로 어린이들의 음료를 통한 카페인 섭취의 위해성에 대한 정보를 제공하고, 올바른 식습관을 형성하기 위하여 "카페인 섭취를 줄이자"라는 제목으로 여름방학 전에 강의, 프레젠테이션 및 동영상을 활용한 영양교육을 실시하였다. 영양교육의 효과를 평가하기 위하여 여름방학 후에 음료의 선호도와 섭취횟수를 다시 설문조사하여 교육 전 후의 실생활에서 카페인에 대한 인식과 섭취량의 변화를 토대로 결과를 비교하였다. 교육대상의 연령은 $6{\sim}7$세(2학년)가 88명(33.0%), $8{\sim}9$세(4학년)가 95명(35.6%) 및 $10{\sim}11$세(6학년)가 84명(31.4%)이었으며, 아동의 성별은 남아 142명(53.2%), 여야 125명 (46.8%)으로 연령별 및 성별 비슷한 분포를 보였다. 어린이들의 음료에 대한 선호도는 탄산음료(27%) 및 과실 채소음료(27%)> 이온음료(26%)> 초콜릿음료(7%)> 유제품(6%)> 비타민 및 기능성음료(3%)> 녹차음료(2%)> 홍차음료(1%) > 커피(1%)의 순서였다. 유통 중인 음료의 유형별 카페인 함량은 커피($33.8{\pm}2.4{\sim}49.1{\pm}5.6\;mg/100\;mL$)> 커피우유 ($10.6{\pm}3.3\;mg/100\;mL$)> 콜라($6.0{\pm}2.4\;mg/100\;mL$)> 녹차, 홍차, 및 우롱차함유 액상차($2.3{\pm}1.9{\sim}4.1{\pm}0.6\;mg/100\;mL$) > 초콜릿우유 및 음료($1.6{\pm}0.7{\sim}1.7\;mg/100\;mL$)> 홍차함유 고형추출차($1.3{\pm}1.7\;mg/100\;mL$) 순서로 높았다. 유통음료의 카페인 함량과 어린이들의 음료 섭취빈도를 설문조사한 결과를 토대로 전체 어린이들의 음료를 통한 평균 카페인 섭취량은 $5.9{\pm}11.2$ mg/person/day이었다. 음료를 통한 카페인 섭취량이 $8{\sim}9$세는 $0.0{\sim}22.0$ mg/person/day(평균 $4.2{\sim}5.6$ mg/person/day) 그리고 $10{\sim}11$세는 $0.0{\sim}80.5$ mg/person/day(평균 $7.9{\pm}13.1$ mg/person/day)로 연령이 높아 질수록 섭취량이 늘어났으며, 성별에 따른 섭취량은 남자가 $0.0{\sim}80.5$ mg/person/day(평균 $6.9{\pm}12.8$ mg/person/day), 여자가 $0.0{\sim}67.5$ mg/person/day(평균 $4.8{\pm}9.0$ mg/person/day)로 남자 어린이들의 카페인 섭취량이 여자 어린이들에 비해 높았다. 또한 어린이들이 카페인을 섭취하게 되는 음료의 유형은 커피 57%(평균 3.4 mg/person/day)> 커피우유 20%(평균 1.2 mg/person/day)> 탄산음료 15%(평균 0.9mg mg/person/day)> 초콜릿우유 6%(평균 0.4 mg/person/day)> 비타민 및 기능성음료 2%(평균 0.1 mg/person/day)의 비율이었다. 교육전 후 카페인함유음료의 선호도 및 섭취량 변화를 살펴본 결과, 음료의 선호도 변화는 카페인함유음료 모두 교육 전보다 교육 후에 선호도가 감소하였다. 특히 탄산음료, 커피, 비타민 및 기능성음료의 선호도 평균값이 각각 교육 전 3.25, 2.50 및 3.30에서 교육 후 3.07(t=2.084), 2.29(t=2.174) 및 3.04(t=3.002)로 감소하였다. 즉 교육 전보다 교육 후에 탄산음료, 커피, 비타민 및 기능성음료의 선호도가 유의적으로 감소하여(p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.01) 카페인 섭취를 줄이고자 하는 영양교육의 효과가 나타났다. 연령별 교육 후의 선호도변화는 선호도가 유의적으로 감소하였던 청량음료, 커피, 비타민 및 기능성음료의 경우 연령이 높아질수록 감소폭이 낮아졌다. 교육전 후 카페인함유음료를 통한 카페인 섭취량 변화는 커피를 제외한 카페인함유음료 모두 교육 후에 카페인 섭취량이 감소하였다. 특히 탄산음료, 초콜릿함유음료, 비타민 및 기능성음료를 통한 카페인 섭취량 평균값이 각각 교육 전 0.88 mg/person/day, 0.36 mg/person/day 및 0.13 mg/person/day에서 교육 후 0.65 mg/person/day(t=2.736), 0.27 mg/person/day(t=2.217) 및 0.08 mg/person/day(t=3.171)로 카페인 섭취량이 유의적으로 감소하여(p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.01) 영양교육 후의 카페인 섭취에 대한 식습관이 개선되는 영양교육의 효과가 나타났다. 연령별 교육 후의 카페인 섭취량 변화는 유의적으로 감소하였던 초콜릿함유음료, 비타민 및 기능성 음료의 경우 $6{\sim}7$세의 어린이들만 교육 전보다 유의적으로 감소하여(p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.001), 선호도와 같이 영양교육에 대한 효과가 연령이 높아질수록 낮았다. 성별 변화는 남자아이들의 카페인 섭취량이 영양교육 후에 유의적으로 감소하고(p<0.001, p<0.05, p<0.001), 여자아이들의 경우에는 유의적인 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 그러므로 본 영양교육으로 일부음료에서 카페인 선호도 및 섭취량이 유의적으로 감소하는 결과를 나타내어 어린이들이 카페인 섭취를 줄이려는 의식 및 행동변화를 보임으로써 식습관이 개선되는 효과가 나타났다. 한편 식습관의 변화를 확장하기 위해서는 교육기간의 확대, 교육방법의 변화를 고려하여야 할 것이다.