• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.49-55
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• 2018

Purpose - This paper examines the effect of related party transactions on crash firm-specific stock price crash risk. Ownership of a typical Korean conglomerate is concentrated in a single family. In those entities, management and board positions are often filled by family members. Therefore, a dominant shareholder can benefit from related party transactions. In Korea, firms have to report related party transactions in financial statement footnotes. However, those are not disclosed in detail. The more related party transactions are the greater information risk. Thus, companies with related party transactions are likely to experience stock price crashes. Research design, data, and methodology - 2,598 firm-year observations are used for the main analysis. Those samples are from TS2000 database from 2009 to 2013, and the database covers KOSPI-listed firms in Korea. The proxy for related party transactions (RTP) is calculated by dividing total transactions to the related-party by total sales. A dummy variable is used as a dependent variable (CRASH) in the regression model. Logistic regression is used to explain the relationship between related party transactions and crash risk. Then, the sample was separated into two groups; tunneling firms and propping firms. The relation between related party transactions and crash risk variances with features of the transaction were investigated. Results - Using a sample of KOSPI-listed firms in TS2000 database for the period of 2009-2013, I find that stock price crash risk increases as the trade volume of related-party transactions increases. Specifically, I find that the coefficient of RPT is significantly positive, supporting the prediction. In addition, this relationship is strong and robust in tunneling firms. Conclusions - The results report that firms with related party transactions are more likely to experience stock price crashes. The results mean that related party transactions increase the possibility of future stock price crashes by enlarging information asymmetry between controlling shareholders and minority shareholders. In case of tunneling, it could be seen that related party transactions are positively associated with stock crash risk. The result implies that the characteristic of the transaction influences crash risk. This study is related to a literature that investigates the effect of related party transactions on the stock market.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.35 no.3 s.138
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• pp.244-249
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• 2004

The effects of hesperetin and naringenin on $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation were investigated in normal rat kidney cells transformed by temperature sensitive Rous Sarcoma Virus (tsNRK). The flavonoids, naringenin and hesperetin, significantly reduced v-Src-induced $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation as well as phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3 in tsNRK cells, whereas these compounds did not effect on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation in $NIH3T3{\gamma}l$ cells. In addition, the DNA binding activity of SP-I was also reduced but that of AP-1 was not affected by the compounds. Our study suggests that Src-induced $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation could occur via Akt-GSK-3 pathway without $IkB{\alpha}$ degradation and that naringenin and hesperetin could be used in the treatment of cancer through the inhibition of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.30 no.10A
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• pp.886-895
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• 2005

As the networked media technology have been grown in recent, there have been many research works to deliver high-quality video such as HDV and HDTV over the Internet. To realize high-quality media service over the Internet, however, the network adaptive streaming scheme is required to adopt to the dynamic fluctuation of underlying networks. In this paper, we design and implement the network-adaptive HD(high definition) MPEG-2 streaming system employing the frame-based prioritized packetization. Delivered video is inputted from the JVC HDV camera to the streaming sewer in real-time. It has a bit-rate of 19.2 Mbps and is multiplexed to the MPEG-2 TS (MPEG-2 MP@HL). For the monitoring of network status, the packet loss rate and the average jitter are measured by using parsing of RTP packet header in the streaming client and they are sent to the streaming server periodically The network adaptation manager in the streaming server estimates the current network status from feedback packets and adaptively adjusts the sending rate by frame dropping. For this, we propose the real-time parsing and the frame-based prioritized packetization of the TS packet. The proposed system is implemented in software and evaluated over the LAN testbed. The experimental results show that the proposed system can enhance the end-to-end QoS of HD video streaming over the best-effort network.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.239-247
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• 1990

The gas-phase S_N2$ reactions can be classified into neutral bimolecular, solvated, and ionic reactions; the neutral bimolecular reaction proceeds via retention mechanism whereas the ionic reaction produces inversion products. In the reaction of solvated nucleophile with one solvent molecule, a six-center transition state (TS) is formed and the two processes i.e., retention and inversion, are found to compete with a favored path depending on the electronic effect of the nucleophile and substituents in the substrate and on the steric requirement. In the ionic reaction, the difference in the energy barrier between the two processes reduces to a small value when the substrate methyl group is made bulky, leaving ability of the leaving group is improved and at the same time the negative charge of the nucleophile is dispersed. When the reaction center atom in the $S_N2$ reaction is changed to a larger sized second row elements, the activation barrier decreases since the steric crowding in the penta-coordinated TS is relieved. However within the same row, the barrier was found to increase as the atomic size decreased. For the boron, B, the barrier height was the least since in addition to the relatively large atomic size compared to C and N, it forms tetra-coordinated TS so that the steric crowding becomes nearly negligible.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.225-232
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• 2004

The human history has progressed closely related to land. Mankind started land administration as a tool of governance to make land the object of imposing taxation as well as developing the land administration as a concept of securing property rights. People have drawn boundary lines on the ground to form a land parcel according to the usage and/or ownership. Furthermore, the land administration has been developed as a registering system of cadastral records fer the public announcement of fixed boundary instead of changeable ground boundary. Currently the citizens demand the provision of accurate and diverse information on the land which is assessed to has high property value encouraged by the rapid development in the post-industrial society today. However, even though the fact that the Korean cadastral registers produced during the Land Investigation Project are still practically in use causes land-related disputes and promotes public mistrust because of the changed boundaries by parcel mutation, the expansion and contraction of map sheets and the quality deterioration and damage of map paper, but the ultimate resolution is not yet made so far. The distance difference between boundary points are compared and analyzed using TS surveying method in the research as a methodology to resolve the boundary inconsistency, the current problem of cadastral records. Consequently, I'd say that the new surveying method of registering the coordinates of real ground boundary has been regarded as more efficient than considering the matter on the map regardless of urban or rural areas.

• 한국포장학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.54-73
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• 2006

Four different types of chitosan-based nanocomposite films were prepared using a solvent casting method by incorporating with four types of nanoparticles, i.e., an unmodified montmorillonite (Na-MMT), an organically modified montmorillonite (Cloisite 30B), a Nano-silver, and a Ag-zeolite (Ag-Ion). X-ray diffraction patterns of the nanocomposite films indicated that a certain degree of intercalation was formed in the nanocomposite films, with the highest intercalation in the Na-MMT-incorporated films followed by films with Cloisite 30B and Ag-Ion. SEM micrographs showed that in all the nanocomposite films, except the Nanosilver-incorporated one, nanoparticles were dispersed homogeneously throughout the chitosan polymer matrix. Consequently, mechanical and barrier properties of chitosan films were affected through intercalation of nanoparticles, i.e., tensile strength (TS) increased by 7-16%, while water vapor permeability (WVP) decreased by 25-30% depending on the nanoparticle material tested. In addition, chitosan-based nanocomposite films, especially silver-containing ones, showed a promising range of antimicrobial activity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.105-113
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• 2005

I investigate whether the efficient ratios used as the proxies of the agency costs maintained by Ang et al.(2000) is significant. Utilizing a sample of 77 manufacturing companies listed on the KOSDAQ from the TS2000 of the KSDA, The results are as follows. Agency costs are found to be decreasing with the ownership share of controlling shareholders and accounting performance becomes higher. But firm value measured by Tobin's Q ratio becomes lower according as the ownership of the controlling shareholders increases. If agency costs decrease in proportion to controlling shareholder's share, firm value should be higher according to the agency theory by Jensen and Meckling(I976). But the results of the empirical test of this study are inconsistent with Jensen and Meckling's(1976). Therefore the following study on the more useful proxies stand for agency costs should be needed.

• Educational Technology International
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-24
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to determine priorities for designing digital citizenship education based on the key indicators of importance-performance. Survey data were collected from 283 university students in South Korea and analyzed with Importance-Performance Analysis to diagnose the current level of digital citizenship and draw their needs for educational treatment. The results showed that for all the factors except the Technical Skills (TS), the level of importance was significantly higher than that of performance. Another finding indicated that in the Importance-Performance matrix all the factors were located in the first quadrant (i.e. maintaining the current state) and the third quadrant (i.e. low demands for improvement). Specifically, two items located in the second quadrant where urgent treatment is required could have to do with the increasingly active participation in socio-political issues raised in South Korea. This study offered a window into what to focus on when designing digital citizenship education based on the systematic analysis of the needs for digital citizenship education in South Korea.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2011

Animal manure is produced annually 43.7 million tonnes in Korea. Among them, about 85.6 % are used as compost or liquid fertilizer to the agricultural land. The animal manure can be effectively utilized by mixing with organic byproducts that result in generation of biogas from anaerobic co-digestion process. This study aimed to optimize the content of total solid materials (TS) and determine the effect of organic byproduct on the co-digestion process. Prior to the byproduct treatments, determination of proper content of TS was conducted by controlling at 5 or 10 %. For the byproduct treatments, swine manure without adding the byproduct was used for control treatment, and swine manure mixed with either corn silage or kitchen waste was used for other treatments. Volume of biomethane ($CH_4$) generated from digested materials was quantified before and after byproduct treatments. In result, a 1.4-fold higher biomethane, about 0.556 L/$L{\cdot}d$, was produced when the content of TS was controlled at 10 %, compared at 5 %, about 0.389 L/$L{\cdot}d$. When the swine manure was mixed with the corn silage or kitchen waste, a two-fold higher biomethane was produced, about 1.theand 1.0heL/$L{\cdot}d$, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Biogas production from organic dry matter (odm) was a3, 362eand 2h6 L/kg odm${\cdot}$d for control, corn silage, and kitchen waste treatment, respectively. The lower biogas production in the treatment of kitchen waste than that of corn silage is associated with its relatively high odm contents. The methane concentration during the whole process ranged from 40 at the beginning to 70 % at the end of process for both the control and kitchen waste treatments, and ranged from 52 to 70 % for the corn silage treatment. Hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$) concentration ranged between 350 and 500 ppm. All the integrated results indicate that addition of organic byproduct into animal manure can double the generation of biogas from anaerobic fermentation process.

• BMB Reports
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.429-438
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• 2004

Complementary DNAs encoding $\alpha$-amylases (Amyl I, Amyl III) and glucoamylase (GA I) were cloned from Aspergillus awamori KT-11 and their nucleotide sequences were determined. The sequence of Amyl III that was a raw starch digesting $\alpha$-amylase was found to consist of a 1,902 bp open reading frame encoding 634 amino acids. The signal peptide of the enzyme was composed of 21 amino acids. On the other hand, the sequence of Amyl I, which cannot act on raw starch, consisted of a 1,500 bp ORF encoding 499 amino acids. The signal peptide of the enzyme was composed of 21 amino acids. The sequence of GA I consisted of a 1,920 bp ORF that encoded 639 amino acids. The signal peptide was composed of 24 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of Amyl III from the N-terminus to the amino acid number 499 showed 63.3% homology with Amyl I. However, the amino acid sequence from the amino acid number 501 to C-terminus, including the raw-starch-affinity site and the TS region rich in threonine and serine, showed 66.9% homology with GA I.