• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.605-611
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• 2016

Ketamine is an anesthetic with hypertensive effects, which make it useful for patients at risk of shock. However, previous ex vivo studies reported vasodilatory actions of ketamine in isolated arteries. In this study, we reexamined the effects of ketamine on arterial tones in the presence and absence of physiological concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) by measuring the isometric tension of endothelium-denuded rat mesenteric arterial rings. Ketamine little affected the resting tone of control mesenteric arterial rings, but, in the presence of 5-HT (100~200 nM), ketamine ($10{\sim}100{\mu}M$) markedly contracted the arterial rings. Ketamine did not contract arterial rings in the presence of NE (10 nM), indicating that the vasoconstrictive action of ketamine is 5-HT-dependent. The concentration-response curves (CRCs) of 5-HT were clearly shifted to the left in the presence of ketamine ($30{\mu}M$), whereas the CRCs of NE were little affected by ketamine. The left shift of the 5-HT CRCs caused by ketamine was reversed with ketanserin, a competitive 5-$HT_{2A}$ receptor inhibitor, indicating that ketamine facilitated the activation of 5-$HT_{2A}$ receptors. Anpirtoline and BW723C86, selective agonists of 5-$HT_{1B}$ and 5-$HT_{2B}$ receptors, respectively, did not contract arterial rings in the absence or presence of ketamine. These results indicate that ketamine specifically enhances 5-$HT_{2A}$ receptor-mediated vasoconstriction and that it is vasoconstrictive in a clinical setting. The facilitative action of ketamine on 5-$HT_{2A}$ receptors should be considered in ketamine-induced hypertension as well as in the pathogenesis of diseases such as schizophrenia, wherein experimental animal models are frequently generated using ketamine.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.456-461
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• 2018

Carotid artery stenting (CAS) has emerged as an alternative treatment for carotid stenosis in patients poorly suited for endarterectomy. Intracerebral hemorrhage following carotid revascularization (endarterectomy, angioplasty, artery stenting) is rare and thought to be related to reperfusion injury in most cases. Early experience suggests an increased incidence of hemorrhage following CAS as compared to endarterectomy. In this study, data were obtained through a case report on an 80-year-old male patient with cerebral infarction. The 80-year-old hypertensive man developed sudden monoparesis in the left arm. He underwent CAS for 90% stenosis of the left proximal internal carotid artery. Brain CT after procedure showed acute hematoma with left posterior cerebral artery territorial hemorrhage, including the upper thalamus with extended intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Since this hemorrhage occurred in vascular territory unlikely to have been supplied by the treated artery, this case suggests that the mechanism of intracerebral hemorrhage following CAS may in some cases be different from hyperperfusion hemorrhage classically described following endarterectomy.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.22-31
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• 1992

In order to study on the Na, K, Ca, Mg content of low sodium diet used in hospital the mineral content of low sodium diet and general diet was measured at C Hospital in Taegu during June 26~28 in 1990. Results were as follows; 1)Energy per day was basis on 2300 Kcal in low sodium diet and general diet. 2) Na content per day of low sodium diet and general diet were 2510.0mg and 3580.3mg 3) K content per day of low sodium diet and general diet and general diet were 676.1mg and 1132.9mg. 4) Ca content per day of low sodium diet and general diet were 662.9mg and 605.4mg 5) Mg content per day of low sodium diet and general diet were 443.1mg and 278.7mg.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.21 no.3 s.61
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• pp.261-271
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• 2000

The present study investigated flow dynamics of a two-dimensional abdominal aortic bifurcation model under sinusoidal flow conditions considering wall motion. impedance phase angle(time delay between pressure and flow waveforms), and non-Newtonian fluid using computational fluid dynamics. The wall shear stress showed large variations in the bifurcated region and the wall motion reduced amplitude of wall shear stress significantly. As the impedance phase angle was changed to more negative values, the mean wall shear stress (time-averaged) decreased while the amplitude (oscillatory) of wall shear stress increased. At the curvature site on the outer wall where the mean wall shear stress approached zero. influence of the phase angle was relatively large. The mean wall shear stress decreased by $50\%$ in the $-90^{\circ}$ phase angle (flow wave advanced pressure wave by a quarter period) compared to the $0^{\circ}$ phase angle while the amplitude of wall shear stress increased by $15\%$. Therefore, hypertensive patients who tend to have large negative phase angles become more vulnerable to atherosclerosis according to the low and oscillatory shear stress theory because of the reduced mean and the increased oscillatory wall shear stresses. Non-Newtonian characteristics of fluid substantially increased the mean wall shear stress resulting in a less vulnerable state to atherosclerosis.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.363-372
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• 2000

The present study investigated flow dynamics of a straight elastic blood vessel under sinusoidal flow conditions in order to understand influence of wall motion and impedance phase angle(time delay between pressure and flow waveforms) on wall shear stress distribution using computational fluid dynamics. For the straight elastic tube model considered in the our method of computation. The results showed that wall motion induced additional terms in the axial velocity profile and the pressure gradient. These additional terms due to wall motion reduced the amplitude of wall shear stress and also changed the mean wall shear stress. Te trend of the changes was very different depending on the impedance phase angle. As the wall shear stress increased. As the phase angle was reduced from 0$^{\circ}$to -90$^{\circ}$for ${\pm}$4% wall motion case, the mean wall shear stress decreased by 10.5% and the amplitude of wasll shear stress increased by 17.5%. Therefore, for hypertensive patients vulnerable state to atherosclerosis according to low and oscillatory shear stress theory.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.459-473
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• 2021

Purpose: Although numerous systematic reviews or meta-analysis have reported the hypotensive effects of garlic, the application of these results in the area of functional food is limited. This is because the trials used various garlic preparations and patients with differing hypertensive intensities. To validate the use of garlic powder as a blood pressure lowering functional food, we performed the current meta-analysis, focusing on the study of prehypertensive subjects. Methods: Literature search was carried out using various database up to July 2020, including PubMed, Cochrane, ScienceDirect and Korean studies Information Service System, and each study was screened by pre-stated inclusion/exclusion criteria. We identified nine trials that met the eligibility, of which two studies with moderate or high risk of bias were excluded. Results: Meta-analysis of the seven studies revealed that an intake of garlic powder significantly lowered the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by -6.0 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI], -11.2, -0.8; p = 0.025) and -2.7 mmHg (95% CI, -5.3, -0.1; p = 0.046), respectively. Shapes of the funnel plot for both SBP and DBP seemed symmetrical, and the Egger's regression revealed no publication bias. Moreover, duration of the intervention period was inversely associated with the pooled effects of garlic powder on SBP (p = 0.019) and DBP (p = 0.019), and this result was supported by the subgroup-analysis. The daily dose of garlic powder, baseline value of each biomarker, and subject number, did not moderate the effects on SBP and DBP. Conclusion: Results of the present meta-analysis indicate that garlic powder supplements are superior to placebo for improving the BP in prehypertensive individuals.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2 s.30
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• pp.17-35
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• 1995

Clinical observation was made on 161 cases of CVA that were confirmed through brain CT, MRI scan and clinical observation. They were hospitalized in the oriental medical hospital of Kyung-Won University from January to December in 1994. 1. The CVA cases were classified into the following kinds: cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH), transient ischemic attack, hypertensive encephalopathy, and the greatest in number among them were the cases of cerebral infarction. 2. The frequency of strokes was much the same between male and female cases and most cases were over 50 of age. 3. In the case of cerebral infarction the place of the most frequent occurrences was in the MCA territory, and as for cerebral hemorrhage, in the basal ganglia area. 4. The most ordinary preceding disease was hypertension. The next was diabetes mellitus. 5. Generally it is thought that CVA occurs frequently in winter. But on the contrary this study of observation confirmed that it occurs mostly in summer. 6. The predisposing factors of cerebral infarction were usually initiated during the time of resting and sleeping and those of cerebral hemorrhage chiefly during the time of exercising. 7. As concerns the course of hospitalization, most patients passed through western medical hospitals or oriental medical hospitals. 8. For the patients the condition of whose consciousness was bad at the time of admission, the prognosis in most cases was bad. 9. The common symptoms were motor disability and verbal disturbance. 10. With regard to cerebral infarction, the average time to start physical theraphy was 11.4 days and with cerebral hemorrhage 22.7 days after stroke. 11. The duration of hospitalization was in most cases more than one month. 12. The main complication was urinary tract infection. The next was pneumonia. 13. At the time of admission to hospital, the blood pressure in most cases was high, but it well controlled at the time of discharge. 14. Most cases were given simultaneous treatment in both ways of western and oriental medicine.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.889-900
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• 2003

This study was carried out to obtain information regarding eating habits, including health related behavior and health food consumption patterns. The subjects of this study were 149 men and 152 women residing in the Ulsan area. We obtained results by means of a questionnaire and an interview, and these were analyzed using the SPSS package program. The results of this study are summarized as follows The average age of the men was 47.6 $\pm$ 7.3 years and of the women was 47.3 $\pm$ 7.6 years old. The average height and weight of the men were 169.4 $\pm$ 5.5 cm and 67.7 $\pm$ 8.2 kg, respectively. Those of the women were 157.6 $\pm$ 5.0 cm and 58.2 $\pm$ 7.5 kg, respectively. The BMI values of all the subjects ranged from 20.0 to 25.0, all within the normal levels. In the case of dietary patterns, 24.3% of the total population always skipped a meal. In particular, 15.9% of the total population skipped breakfast. No time to eat, no appetite, having no taste, and having poor health were themain reasons for skipping meals. With regard to health care, there was a significant difference between the men and the women with respect to smoking and drinking (p<0.001). Of the total population, 40.5% hardly exercised (less than once a week), 26.2% exercised occasionally, 13.6% frequently exercised, and 19.6% exercised almost every day. A total of 60.7% responded that they were not interested in their health. The mean eating habit score of the subjects was 65.6 $\pm$ 9.9. The women had a higher eating habit score than the men (64.0 $\pm$ 9.6 for the men and 67.2 $\pm$ 9.9 for the women). Except for one group above 60 years, the older group had a higher eating habit score than the younger one. The group having a higher income and a more specialized career had a higher eating habit score than the one having a lower income and a less specialized career. There was also a marital difference. The group of single subjects showed a lower eating habit score than the married group. The group having a higher eating habit score drank, smoked and went out for meals less, and exercised more than the group having lower scores. They also were more concerned about their health. In the older group, there were more diabetic and hypertensive individuals. The subjects who had a higher BMI index were more likely to be patients with hypertension, especially in the men's group. Those who had a higher BMI index and hypertension simultaneously took a variety of medicines and foods for promoting health. Those who worried a lot about their health and had health problems tended to take special foods for their health. Patients usually took tonics. Special foods for health included Chinese medicines, tonic foods, vitamin or mineral supplements and manufactured health food supplements. Preferences for them depended on the sex and age of the subject. In the case of tonic foods, the men liked them more than the women. Foods other than tonic foods were favorites with the women. This study may provide basic information on the eating habits and health related behaviors of middle-aged people. However, further studies are needed to improve the eating habits and to change the nutritional attitudes, so that people can make better choices of health foods.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.29-49
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• 2000

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence rate of hypertension, the changes of health behavior, and compliance for the drug treatment after diagnosed as hypertension. Methods: 7,030 persons who live in Cheonan City of Chungnam Province were selected by the cluster sampling method, and 5,372 persons were surveyed by questionnaire and health examination. This data is analyzed by Chi-square test on each variable. Results: 49.8%- of men and 38.8%- of women had been diagnosed as hypertension, and the prevalence rate of hypertension was significantly increased with aging in both gender. The prevalence rate tended to decrease in highly educated women group. Unemployed persons or obese persons showed relatively higher prevalence rate. The prevalence rate of hypertension increased in groups with higher total cholesterol levels over 240 mg/dl, and groups with glucose level over 200 mg/dl. 53.1%- of male patients and 66.6%- of female patients showed compliance for antihypertensive treatment. Compliance for treatment was higher in aged group or lower educated group in both gender. Among men, proportion of compliant subjects was higher in unemployed group(49.3%-), and lower in labor or primary industry than the others but among women, there was not any significant difference. And men with compliance for treatment had higher monthly income than the others, but women did not show any. Conclusion : This population had a high prevalence rate of hypertension which may lead to cardiovascular disease. Therefore health education programs and distribution of information must be emphasized in order to increase compliance to treatment and encourage the change of health behavior to promote health.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.133-146
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the treatment status and its related factors of the newly detected rural hypertensives through community health promotion program. A questionnaire survey and blood pressure measurement were performed to 6,977 residents of a rural area, and 282 hypertensives detected by blood pressure measurement were selected as subjects of the study. The study employed the health belief model as a hypothetical model. The major results of this study were as follows: The proportion of person experienced treatment among hypertensives was 12.0%. Treatment experience rate was significantly related with age and educational level(p<0.01). That is, if they were older, lower educational level, the treatment experience rate was higher. The major reasons of no treatment were 'they had not hypertensive symptoms ' (45.6%), 'their blood pressure was not high so much that they received treatment ' (43.2%). The chief facilities for treatment were public health institutions(57.9%) such as health center and health subcenter, and hospital/ clinics(29.8%). The treatment experience rate was higher when they had higher perceived severity for hypertension, lower perceived barrier to treatment, although statistically not significant. Treatment experience rate was significantly related with cues to action and health education experience(p<0.05). That is, if they had hypertension related symptoms such as headache previously, patients suffered from hypertension complication and health education experience for hypertension, the treatment experience rate was higher. In multiple logistic regression analysis for treatment experience, having a cerebrovascular patient in their acquaintance and the experience of health education for hypertension were significant variables. On consideration of above findings, it would to be essential to provide knowledge about hypertension and its treatment, and severity of hypertension complications through health education.