• Toxicological Research
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.159-173
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• 2016

Crickets have been attracting considerable interest in the field of nutrition and toxicology due to the global exhaustion of food resulting from a growing population. The cricket is normally eaten in several countries after roasting, similar to the grasshopper; however, safety evaluation data on cricket powder is limited. Here, we performed general toxicity studies of cricket powder including a single, 2-week repeated dose range evaluation test, a 13-week repeated oral dose toxicity test in Sprague-Dawley rats, a single oral dose toxicity test in Beagle dogs, and a skin sensitization test in guinea pigs following the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development test guidelines 406 and 408 in addition to Good Laboratory Practice. To investigate the NOAEL and target organs of cricket powder, Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to 4 groups: vehicle control, 1,250 mg/kg, 2,500 mg/kg, 5,000 mg/kg dose test groups and cricket powder was administered over 13 weeks after single dose and dose range finding studies in rats based on the results of the single oral administration toxicity study in rats and Beagle dogs. The results of the study showed that the NOAEL of cricket powder was over 5,000 mg/kg for both sexes of rats without adverse effects in a 13-week repeated oral toxicity study and there was no skin hypersensitivity reaction. Therefore, our results reveal that crickets can be widely used as a new substitute food or nutrient resource.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.1539-1545
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• 2007

An experiment was conducted using 20 male buffalo calves to study the effect of vitamin E and selenium supplementation on their immune response and plasma ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and selenium status. These buffalo calves (10-12 months old, average body weight $75.30{\pm}2.20 $ kg) were randomly allotted to four treatments on the basis of their body weights and were fed on wheat straw and concentrate mixture to meet their nutrient requirements of 500 g/d body weight gain. The buffalo calves were fed either a control diet (neither supplemented with Se nor VE) or diets supplemented with Se at 0.3 ppm (+Se), DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate at 300 IU (+VE), and both DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate at 300 IU and Se at 0.3 ppm (+Se+VE). These experimental diets were fed for 180 days. Blood samples were collected at day 0 and subsequently at 45 day intervals up to 180 days of experimental feeding to monitor plasma ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and Se concentrations. To assess humoral immune response, all calves were sensitized with formalin inactivated Pasteurella multocida antigen at 135 days of experimental feeding and blood was collected on 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post vaccination (DPV) to measure antibody production using indirect ELISA. Cell mediated immune response of calves was assessed after 180 days of experimental feeding by in vivo delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction using phytohaemaglutinin-P (PHA-P) as a mitogen. Results revealed that feeding of VE and Se improved the plasma levels of these nutrients. Plasma levels of Se were affected by supplementation of both VE (p<0.001) and Se (p<0.001); however, no interaction ($Se{\times}VE$) was observed. Supplementation of Se improved the humoral immune response (p<0.008), whereas, VE showed a tendency towards improvement in cell mediated immune response (p<0.064). It was concluded that vitamin E and Se supplementation improved the status of these micronutrients and humoral immune response in buffalo calves.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.595-599
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• 2012

최근 알러지성 비염, 알러지성 피부염, 알러지성 천식, 알러지성 과민반응 등과 같은 질병이 점차 늘어나고 있으며 그에 따른 효과적인 치료제나 효율적인 치료법이 시급한 실정이다. 본 연구에서 동물모델과 비만세포 탈과립작용에서 Platycodin D가 포함된 도라지 추출물(PG-Platycodin D)의 항알러지 효과를 연구하였다. $In$ $vivo$ 상에서 PG-Platycodin D가 항원-항체 반응에 의한 알러지 반응을 효과적으로 억제하는지 살펴보기 위한 아나필락틱 쇼크 평가에서 Platycodin D의 함량이 1%에서 5%까지 증가한 도라지 추출물일수록 $in$ $vivo$ 수준에서의 알러지반응이 억제되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 항원-항체 반응에 의해 매개된 RBL-2H3 비만세포의 탈 과립현상에 대한 PG-Platycodin D의 효과를 알아보기 위한 ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase의 방출량 측정에서 Platycodin D의 함량이 1%에서 5%까지 포함된 도라지 추출물에서 농도가 증가함에 따라 ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase의 방출량이 농도 의존적으로 감소하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한, PG-Platycodin D의 처리가 항원-항체 반응에 의해 매개된 RBL-2H3 비만세포 내의 IL-3의 발현이 감소하는 양상을 확인할 수 있었다. 이들의 결과로부터 Platycodin D가 포함된 도라지 추출물이 IL-3의 유전자 발현을 억제함으로써 항원-항체 반응에 의한 탈 과립현상을 억제하여 알러지 작용을 제어하는 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.307-313
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• 1994

We have previously shown that crude water extract of Euonymus alatus (EA) had strong prophylactic effect against chemically induced-and tumor cell implanted-cancer, and that the mechanisms responsible for its antitumor effects were due to nonspecific enhancement of the NK cell activities and the cell mediated immunity. However, it was unknown that any components of crude extract did work so, since it consisted of several components. In this paper, we fractionated the crude watar EA-extract into several fraction such as hexane-, ethylether-, ethyl acetate-, n-butanol- and water soluble-fraction, and screened the immune regulating activities of each fraction by the evaluation of lymphokine production and activated lymphocyte proliferation. As a result of the component fraction of EA-extract, it was found that n-butanol fraction was a potent immunostimulator, and the remained water soluble fraction also contained some stimulator, But, other fraction did not showed any remarkable effect. It is therefore suggested that EA-glycosides in n-butanol fraction may be new one of the potent biological response modifiers. The present study was also undertaken in an efforts to investigate the effects of elm-bark(EB, Ulmus clavidiana var japonica), which has been used for curing ulcer and inflammation as a folk medicine without any kind of experimental evidence to support this, on the cellular- and humoral-immune responses, lymphocyte function and NK cell activities in mice. Regardless of time and duration of EB-treatment, Arthus reaction and antibody response to SRBC were not modified by EB, but delayed hypersensitivity to SRBC was significantly enhanced only when EB was treated prior to SRBC-sensitization. EB slightly inhibited the proliferation responses of splenocytes to PHA-stimulation, but it significantly augmented the responses of these cells to S aureus Cowan 1 and Con A-activation, and these effects were manifested only when EB was added at culture initiation. EB did not influence Ig secretion of spleen cells but it significantly augmented the Con A-induced 1L 2 and MIF production of splenocytes. NK cell activities of splenocytes were markedly riled when effector cells were pretreated with EB and this augmentation was dine to the increase of binding affinity of effector cells to target cells and the target cell lytic activities of effector cells. These results led to the conclusion that EB triggers increase of cellular immune responses, such as delayed hypersensitivitiy, lymphokine production and NK cell activities. Also these results suggested that EB contains potent immune stimulants, which may provide the rational basis for their therapeutic use as one of the new biological response modifiers.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.46-61
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• 2009

Background and Objectives : Allergic Contact Dermatitis is the disease affected by industrialization. The more industrialization advanced, the more materials that could induce the allergic contact dermatitis have been increased. Therefore in oriental medicine, various studies have been performed. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of Naetakchunkeum-san on the Allergic Contact Dermatitis induced by 2,4-dinitro-chlorobezene(DNCB). Meterial and Methods : Twenty eight mice were divided into four groups ; normal, control, experimental group A and B. Control and experimental group were induced allergic contact dermatitis by DNCB. Experimental group A was orally administered the Naetakchunkeum-san and experimental group B was orally administered the prednisolone. In this study, ear thickness measurement, observation auricle microphotograph, Myeloperoxidase(MPO) activity measurement, Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) analysis of the mRNA level of $TNF-\alpha$, $IL-1\beta$, $INF-\gamma$ were performed on these four groups. In addition, the effect of Naetakchunkeum-san on cell viability and the effect of Naetakchunkeum-san on the compound 48/80-induced histamine release from HMC and RPMC were measured, Results : 1. In contact hypersensitivity assay, experimental group A and B showed decreased ear thickness compared with control group, 2. In experimental group A, pathological lesion of dermatitis were alleviated. In addition, the numbers of infiltrated cells were reduced, and cleft was not shown compared with control group, In experimental group B, similar results were shown. 3. There was a significant increase in MPO activity in control group compared with normal group, Experimental group A and B significantly inhibited the increase in MPO activity compared with control group. 4, The level of expression of $TNF-\alpha$, $IL-1\beta$, $INF-\gamma$ in experimental group A and B were significantly lower than those in control group. As the internal control, cyclophilin mRNA was also reverse-transcribed and amplified. 5, In MTT assay, there were no statistically significant differences in 100 ${\mu}g/ml$, 200 ${\mu}g/ml$, 500 ${\mu}g/ml$, 1000 ${\mu}g/ml$ Naetakchunkeum-san treated group from 0 ${\mu}g/ml$ Naetakchunkeum-san treated group as determined by the Tukey test. 6. Naetakchunkeum-san dose-dependently inhibited the compound 48/80-induced histamine release from both HMC and RPMC. Conclusions : According to above experiments, Naetakchunkeum-san may be applied to allergic contact dermatitis.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.137-145
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• 1981

1979년 수원 작물시험장 포장에서 도열병에 심하게 이병된 ‘노풍’ 품종의 이병엽(짚)을 수거하여 도열병에 대한 품종 저항성을 유묘 검정하는데 접종원으로 사용하였다. 접종시외 온도 및 Water Stress 의 환경조건을 달리해 줌으로써, 공시품종의 도열병에 대한 반응에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 1. 이병엽(짚)을 접종원으로 사용하여 도열병에 대한 품종저항성을 검정하는 방법은 비교적 많은 품종 및 계통들을 일시에 조사할 경우 편리하게 이용될 수 있었다. 2. 고온조건(25^\circ C \sim 35^\circ C)에서보다 저온조건(15^\circ C \sim 28^\circ C)에서 공시품종들의 도열병 발병이 비교적 더 많았다. 그러나 온도에 따른 도열병 반응의 차이는 품종에 따라서 매우 상이하였다. Indica-Japonica hybrid 품종들은 대개 고온에서 발병이 더 급격하고 많았지만, Japonica 품종들은 대개 저온에서 발병이 많은 편이었다. 3. Water stress를 받지 않은 환경조건에서보다 일시적인 Water stress를 받은 환경수건에서, 공시품종들의 도열병 발병이 더 많았다. 품종의 Water stress에 따른 도열병 반응의 차이는 온도에 따른 품종간의 차이(품종과 온도의 interaction)에 비해서 적은 편이었다. 4. 저항성 품종들(Tetep, Zenith, Toride 1, 수원 288호 등)의 도열병에 대한 반응은 환경조건의 영향을 거의 받지 많았지만 중도저항성 품종들(신002, Kanto 51, 흑조, 아끼바레 등)은 환경조건의 영향을 많이 받았다. 이병성 품종들은 어떤 환경조건에서도 발병이 많았다. 5. 접종원으로 사용된 이병엽의 병원성은 Pi-\alpha 품종(‘애지욱’, ‘Ca1oro’) 및 Pi-$textsc{k}$ 품종(‘Kanto 51’), 통일계 신품종에 강한 병원성을 나타내었으나, ‘신002’, ‘Fukunishiki’, ‘진흥’ 등의 품종에 중도저항성 반응을 보였고, ‘농백’에는 병원성이 없었다. 국제판별 품종이나 일본신판별 품종으로써는 정확한 race 유별이 불가능했다. 각 환경수건에 따라 판별품종의 반응이 약관씩 다르게 나타났지만 대체로 blast nursery 성적과는 반응이 비슷하였다. 6. 정도 저항성 및 이병성으로 나타난 ‘Kanto 51’, ‘Yashiromochi’, ‘Ishikari-shiroke’ 등의 품종들에서는 접확후 병반형 및 병반수의 변이가 매우 심하였다. 급성형(이병성, PG형) 병반을 많이 형성하는 품종들(‘애지욱’, ‘Caloro’, ‘Norin 6’ 등)은 고도의 이병성이었고 저항성 품종들은 대개 병반이 없거나 저항성 병반(hypersensitivity 반응, b 혹은 bg 형)을 나타내었다.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.175-184
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• 1987

The use of alkylating agent cyclophosphamide(CY), a widely used antitumor drug is well known as a potent immunosuppressant and has been used as a probe for investigating the functional capabilities of lymphocyte subsets of both T and B cells that play an important role in the regulation of the immune response. The present study was undertaken in an effort to assess the effects of CY on immunological memory in murine model. CY, given as a single dose of CY(250mg/kg) before sensitization with sheep red blood cells(SRBC) enhanced the primary response of Arthus and delayed-type hypersensitivity(DTH), as measured by footpad swelling reaction, but suppressed their tertiary DTH response. The similar CY pretreatment enhanced both the primary and tertiary hemagglutinin(HA) responses to SRBC, and the tertiary antibody response against polyvinylpyrroridone(PVP), a thymus-independent antigen but not the primary response against PVP. CY, given as a single dose of 250mg/kg 2 days before the primary immunization and two doses of 100mg/kg 2 days before the secondary and tertiary immunization, markedly suppressed the tertiary DTH and HA responses to SRBC. However, CY, given as small multiple daily doses(10mg/kg) over 4 days before sensitization but not after sensitization, enhanced the secondary HA response to SRBC. Contact sensitivity to dinitrofluorobenzene(DNFB) was suppressed by the drug, given either as a single large dose(300mg/kg) or as multiple dose(10mg/kg) administered 2 days before, together with or after DNFB sensitization. This suppression was more pronounced and more significant when CY was given as multiple dose. However, the enhancement of the secondary contact sensitivity to DNFB by CY was not clear-cut. The splenectomy appears to increase the enhancing effect of CY on contact sensitivity. These results suggest that CY selectively influences the immune response depending on the time of the drug administration relative to immunization and that the secondary or tertiary immune response involve memory cells with different susceptibilities to CY. Moreover, these results suggest that multiple low doses may sesectivley inhibit suppressor T cell proliferation involving DTH, HA or contact sensitivity without effecting helper T cells, but high doses presumably inhibit helper T cells and suppressor T cells with effecting B cells.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2008

Background: A co-inhibitory molecule, B7-H4, is believed to negatively regulate T cell immunity by suppressing T cell proliferation and inhibiting cytokine production. However, the mechanism behind B7-H4-mediated tolerance remains unclear. Methods: Balb/c $(H-2^d)$ mice were fed with dendritic cell line, DC2.4 $(H-2^d)$ every day for 10 days. Meantime, mice were hydrodynamically injected with recombinant plasmid expressing B7-H4 fusion protein (B7-H4.hFc) or hFc via tail vein. One day after last feeding, mice were immunized with allogeneic B6 spleen cells. 14 days following immunization, mice were challenged with B6 spleen cells to ear back and the ear swelling was determined the next day. Subsequently, a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) was also performed and cytokines profiles from the reaction were examined by sandwich ELISA. Frequency of immunosuppressive cell population was assayed with flow cytometry and mRNA for FoxP3 was determined by RT-PCR. Results: Tolerant mice given plasmid expressing B7-H4.hFc showed a significant reduction in ear swelling compared to control mice. In addition, T cells from mice given B7-H4.hFc plasmid revealed a significant hyporesponsiveness of T cells against allogeneic spleen cells and showed a significant decrease in Th1 and Th2 cytokines such as IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-5, and TNF-${\alpha}$. Interestingly, flow cytometric analysis showed that the frequency of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs in spleen was increased in tolerant mice given recombinant B7-H4.hFc plasmid compared to control group. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that B7-H4 synergistically potentiates oral tolerance induced by allogeneic cells by increasing the frequency of FoxP3+ CD4+CD25+ Treg and reducing Th1 and Th2 cytokine production.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.905-911
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)에 대한 체액성 및 세포성 면역반응 유도에 대한 PAMAM dendrimer G4 (PAMAM)의 증강 효과를 조사하였다. PAMAM을 KLH와 2주 간격으로 2회 피하주사로 면역한 후, KLH에 대한 특이항체를 측정한 결과, KLH+PAMAM 면역 그룹은 KLH만을 단독으로 면역한 그룹에 약 30배이상 높은 유의한 항체가(IgG+IgA+IgM) 상승을 나타냈다. ELISA 분석에 의해 KLH 특이적인 면역글로부린의 isotype을 측정한 결과, PAMAM를 혼합하여 면역함으로서 IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 및 IgM 항체의 역가가 유의하게 증가하는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 면역 개시 7주째에 면역동물에 KLH 항원을 피하주사하고 swelling reaction을 통해 세포성 면역반응인 지연형 과민반응(DTH)을 측정한 결과, KLH+PAMAM으로 면역한 그룹에서 KLH만을 단독으로 면역한 그룹에 비해 높은 DTH 유도활성이 관찰되었다. 한편 면역동물의 비장세포를 취하여 in vitro에서 KLH로 재자극한 후 림프구 증식반응과 사이토카인 유도활성을 측정한 결과, PAMAM을 혼합하여 면역한 그룹에서 KLH 단독 면역 그룹에 비해 림프구의 증식반응에 유의하게 증가하였으며, Th1 type (IFN-γ)과 Th2 type (IL-4) 사이토카인의 생성도 모두 상승하는 것으로 확인되었다. 이상의 결과로부터 PAMAM dendrimer는 함께 투여된 항원물질에 의해 유도되는 세포성 면역과 체액성 면역을 상승시키는 활성이 있는 것으로 확인되었으며, 이는 PAMAM dendrimer가 면역 adjuvant로서 응용 가능한 소재임을 입증하는 것이다.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.779-789
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• 2016

국내외에서 보고된 저항성 유전자원과 새로 찾은 자원을 포함한 고추 유전자원 총 33점에 세균성점무늬병원균(X. euvesicatoria)을 접종하여 과민반응형 저항성과 일반 저항성을 검정하고, 선발한 자원에 대하여 원예적 특성을 조사하였다. 국내에 보고된 4종의 race(1, 3, 7, 8)에 대한 과민반응형 저항성을 판별한 결과, Bs2 유전자를 보유한 KC00939와 Chilbok No.2는 예상대로 4종의 race에 과민형 반응을 나타내었다. Bs3 유전자를 보유한 Chilbok No.3는 예상대로 race 1과 7에 과민형 반응을 보였다. KC00939는 CMV와 BBWV의 복합 감염에 강한 저항성을 보이고 색소함량이 매우 높아 고색도 복합저항성 육종 소재로서의 그 가치가 높았다. 이와 더불어 KC01327, KC01617, KC01015, KC01760, KC01779, KC01137, KC01328, KC01006, KC00127(PI369994), KC01704, KC00995, KC00131(PI369998) 및 KC01777이 높은 수준의 일반 저항성을 나타내었다. 이들 중 KC01617, KC01760, KC01779, KC01137, KC01704, KC01777은 이번 연구에서 세균성점무늬병 저항성으로 찾은 자원이다. 이들 세균성점무늬병 저항성 유전자원의 CMV와 BBWV의 복합 감염에 대한 저항성, 과실특성, 과실의 신미, 감미 및 색소함량(ASTA)을 분석한 결과는 세균성점무늬병 저항성 육종에 유용하게 활용될 것으로 기대된다