• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.345-350
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• 2006

The pharmacological properties of ginseng are mainly attributed to ginsenosides, the active constituents that are found in the extracts of different species of ginseng. Lately; the studies on ginsenosides are mainly focused on IH-901, a major intestinal bacterial metabolite of ginsenosides. In this study; we examined the anti-diabetic activity of IH-901 in C57BU61 db/db mice model. IH-901 was administrated orally at a dose of 20 mg/kg for 5 weeks. During the experimental period, body weight and blood glucose levels were measured every week. After 5 weeks, db/db mice were sacrificed and diabetic parameters were analyzed. IH-901 treated group showed a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose levels (from 10.5 mM to 9.4 mM), insulin resistance index (from 163.6 to 100.2) and triglyceride levels (from 115.3 to 70.1) compared to the diabetic control. In Pancreatic islets morphology; IH-901 treated group revealed much less infltrated mononuclear cells, indicating that IH-901 recovered ${\beta}$-cell damage due to hyperglycemia. In addition, IH-901 upregulated expressions of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and PPAR-${\gamma}$ in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, respectively. Taken together IH-901might be a potential anti-hyperglycemic agent with insulin sensitizing effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.195-201
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• 1995

In this study we wanted to investigate the effect of taurine supplement on the lipid peroxide formation and the activities of glutathione(GSH) dependent enzyme in diabetic model mice. We induce type I diabetes mellitus with alloxan injeciton in ICR mice and type II with high calorie diet in genetically hyperglycemic KK mice. Taurine was given in drinking water at the level of 5%(w/v) for seven days. In type I diabetic model, the malondialdehyde(MDA) of liver and islet significantly increased compared to control group and they significantly decreased by taurine supplement. In type II diabetic model, the concentration of MDA was not changed by taurine supplement. The activities of GSH-peroxidase(GPX) of liver and islet increased in type I diabetic group while decreased in type II. GPX activities were not changed by taurine supplement in the liver of both types but increased in the islet of type II. Taurine supplement has no effect on the activities of GSH S-transferase(GST) in both types. From these results, we suggest that taurine supplement protect against lipid peroxide formation in diabetic model of type I.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 2016

Sepsis is the life-threatening response to infection which can lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and death. In the current study, the effect of orally administered D-glucose on the mortality and the blood glucose level induced by D-Galactosamine (GaLN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis was examined in ICR mice. After various amounts of D-glucose (from 1 to 8 g/kg) were orally fed, sepsis was induced by injecting intraperitoneally (i.p.) the mixture of GaLN /LPS. Oral pre-treatment with D-glucose dose-dependently increased the blood glucose level and caused a reduction of sepsis-induced mortality. The oral post-treatment with D-glucose (8 g/kg) up to 3 h caused an elevation of the blood glucose level and protected the mortality observed in sepsis model. However, D-glucose post-treated at 6, 9, or 12 h after sepsis induction did not affect the mortality and the blood glucose level induced by sepsis. Furthermore, the intrathecal (i.t.) pretreatment once with pertussis toxin (PTX; $0.1{\mu}g/5ml$) for 6 days caused a reduction of D-glucose-induced protection of mortality and hyperglycemia. Furthermore, once the hypoglycemic state is continued up to 6 h after sepsis initiated, sepsis-induced mortality could not be reversed by D-glucose fed orally. Based on these findings, it is assumed that the hypoglycemic duration between 3 and 6 h after the sepsis induction may be a critical time of period for the survival. D-glucose-induced protective effect against sepsis-induced mortality appears to be mediated via activating PTX-sensitive G-proteins in the spinal cord. Finally, the production of hyperglycemic state may be critical for the survival against the sepsis-induced mortality.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.1231-1244
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to report the glucose-lowering effect and safety of herbal extracts in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: We investigated 21 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were administered Daeshiho-tang, Bojungikgi-tang, Jowiseunggi-tang, and Hoechunyanggyeok-san at Kyung-Hee University Korean Medical Hospital from 2014 to 2019. The hypoglycemic effect of the herbal extracts was assessed by comparing blood glucose levels, including fasting blood sugar (FBS) and 2-hour postprandial glucose (PP2) levels. For safety assessment, the effects of herbal extracts on liver and kidney function were analyzed by liver function tests, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and kidney function tests, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr). Patients were stratified according to their glycated hemoglobin (<6.5 or >6.5) levels and the kind of herbal extract used for treatment. Results: After administration of herbal extracts, FBS and PP2 significantly decreased to 20.24 mg/dL and 35.0 mg/dL respectively. Subgroup analysis revealed that, regardless of the glycated hemoglobin level, FBS and PP2 were significantly reduced in both groups. The safety profile showed no significant difference before and after taking herbal extracts. Conclusions: Daeshigo-tang, Bojungikgi-tang, Jowiseunggi-tang, and Hoechunyanggyeok-san may show the further glucose-lowering effects on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have already treated with anti-hyperglycemic agents.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.850-856
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• 2010

An in vivo oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed on hyperglycemic male Sprague-Dawley rats to assess the effect of fruits and vegetables ($1g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ body weight) on blood glucose levels (${\Delta}BGLs$) at different time intervals of 0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. The areas under glucose curve (${\Delta}AUCs$) were calculated at 120 min of OGTT by trapezoid method. Total phenolic content (TPC) and anti-oxidant activity (AOA) of fruits and vegetables were assayed in vitro by Folin Ciocalteu and DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) methods, respectively. At the end of the experiment the correlations among the parameters TPC, AOA and ${\Delta}AUC$ was estimated by Pearson's correlations. Among fruit crops, tangerine, plum, grape and pear and among vegetables, blue leaf mustard, cabbage, chicory, broccoli and others exhibited significant hypoglycemic effects by reducing ${\Delta}BGLs$ with significant ${\Delta}AUC$. The effective ${\Delta}AUC$ ranged from $5548.2{\pm}462.1$ to $3823.3{\pm}282.0mg-min{\cdot}dL^{-1}$. The TPC and AOA ranged from $0.063{\pm}0.00$ to $0.913{\pm}0.14mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ GAE and $01.05{\pm}0.08$ to $75.46{\pm}0.06%$, respectively. Overall, six fruits and fifteen vegetables exhibited higher TPC and one fruit and four vegetables exhibited higher AOA. There was a better correlation among TPC, AOA and ${\Delta}AUC$ of fruits and TPC & AOA of vegetables. We report that hypoglycemically significant fruits and vegetables investigated in this study have pharmacological importance which reduced ${\Delta}BGLs$ through insulin like activity and AOA in prevention of type-2 diabetes.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.146-155
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was to assess the effectiveness of oriental medical therapy (OM) on acute Bell's palsy, comparing its outcome with that of oriental-western medical therapy (OWM). Methods : Subjects were enrolled atKyung Hee Medical Center from March 2007 to December 2007. We prescribed Igigeopung-san and acupuncture therapy to both the OM and OWM groups, and prednisolone only to the OWM group. Effectiveness was assessed by the House-Brackmann facial nerve grading system (HBGS) and Yanagihara's unweighted grading system (YUGS) every week. Results : There were 31 patients in the OM group and 34 in the OWM group. About grading system scores and weekly score gaps, no significant differences were revealed between the two groups, but statistical significant difference was detected at recovery time. After 2 weeks of treatment, the OM group's HBGS score showed significant difference from baseline score, but the OWM group showed it after 1 week. After 3 weeks of medication, pain was reduced in 22% of OM group patients, but 50% in the OWM group (p=0.028). We made the same comparison study for patients treated within 4 days from onset, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. 3 cases of adverse effect of hyperglycemia were found in the OWM group, which could be due to hyperglycemic side-effect of prednisolone. Conclusion : This work could help us to understand the effectiveness of OM compared to OWM on acute Bell's palsy.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2008

The present study investigated the effect of physiologically active polysaccharide (SP1) isolated from Salicornia herbacea on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Male Spraque-Dawley rats were divided into four groups which were normal control group (NC), diabetic control group (DC), diabetic CSP group (DCSP), and diabetic SP1 group (DSP1). Animals were administrated with 2% experimental drinks for 6 weeks. The levels of glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol in the serum were measured before and after intake of test compounds. The levels of glucose and triglyceride in the DSP1 were significantly lower than those in the DC by 25% and 20%, respectively. The levels of total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol in the DSP1 were similar to those in the DC. These results suggest that SP1 substantially exhibit anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hypertriglyceridemic activity in diabetic rats. Therefore SP1 is believed to show remarkable anti-diabetic effect on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.282-288
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• 2010

We evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of Triticum aestivum sprout water extract (TA) in diabetes mellitus type 2. For the experiments, the diabetic animal model db/db mice were divided to 3 groups: diabetic control (db/db) and two experimental groups orally treated with 25 and 100 mg/kg single dose of TA (TA-25 and TA-100, respectively). The lean mice were used as the non-diabetic normal control. All mice have free access to water and AIN-93 diet. TA was administrated to diabetic mice for 5 weeks and the diabetic clinical markers, including blood glucose level, body weight, food intake and insulin level, were measured at a time. After administration for 5 weeks, the blood glucose level was decreased 1.10 and 1.98 folds in TA-25 and TA-100 groups, respectively, compared with db/db group. The body weight and diet consumption were significantly reduced by TA treatment in dose-dependent manner. The treatments of TA-100 also significantly decreased remarkedly liver weight and slightly serum insulin levels when compared with them of the diabetic control group. However the immunohistochemical staining for insulin clearly showed high expression of insulin in the pancreatic islet cells derived from all db/db mice, even if TA was administrated. Moreover, TA-100 treatment significantly improved impaired glucose tolerance in diabetic db/db mice. The results suggest that TA has anti-hyperglycemic effect attenuating blood glucose in the animal model of type 2 diabetes and might be useful as a functional diet for human diabetic diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.355-359
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the hyperglycemic effects of mineral-rich salt in type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats and normal Wistar rats. Animals were divided into five groups, including a normal group, fed three different experimental salts [purified salt (PS), mineral-rich salt (WS1 and WS2), and bamboo salt (BS)] in the form of 1% salt solution for 12 weeks. Liver, kidney, and spleen weights were significantly increased in GK rats of salt groups as compared to Wistar normal group without salt. However, there was no difference among the salt groups. For serum lipids, total cholesterol level in the BS group and triglyceride level in the WS group were significantly reduced compared to those of the PS group. The concentration of blood glucose in the GK-PS group increased continuously during the experimental period, whereas that in the GK-WS group was significantly reduced at 12 weeks. In GK rats, glucose levels among the salt groups in OGTT by glucose were not significantly different compared to normal rats. Insulin and glucagon levels in blood were not significantly different among the groups, and no such association was observed for insulin. Pancreatic lslets of Langerhans in the PS group showed irregular formation compared to those of the normal, WS, and BS groups.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 2004

Adrenergic receptors play a major role in thermogenesis and lipolysis in brown and visceral adipose tissues, and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic disorders. The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of $\beta$2-adrenergic receptor ($\beta$2AR) and $\beta$3-adrenergic receptor ($\beta$3AR) genotypes on hyperglycemia and obesity in the Korean population. A representative sample consisting of 530 Korean men and women were measured for height, weight, BMI, WHR, obesity index and body composition. The genotypes of $\beta$2AR polymorphism in codon 27 and $\beta$3AR polymorphism in codon 64 were analyzed by the PCR RFLP method. Serum concentrations of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglyceride were determined. The frequencies of $\beta$2AR and $\beta$3AR genotype were: both wild type, 62.5% ; only $\beta$2AR variant type, 12.8% ; only $\beta$3AR variant type, 18.8% ; and both variant type, 5.8% ; the frequency of E and R alleles were 0.098 and 0.137, respectively. Among the physiological parameters, fasting glucose level was significantly higher in subjects with both variant type compared with the three other types (p <0.05), Subjects with both variant type had 12%, 12% and 9.3% increases in serum glucose levels compared with wild type, only $\beta$2AR variant type, and only $\beta$3AR variant type, respectively. When logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the risk for hyperglycemia, the subjects were selected for fasting blood glucose concentrations of more than 6.105 m㏖/L (110 mg/dL), and the odds ratios were 1.215 (p=0.636) for only $\beta$2AR variant type,1.659 (p=0.089) for only $\beta$3AR variant type, and 3.078 (p=0.011) for both variant type. These results suggest that the interaction of $\beta$2AR and $\beta$3AR variant genotypes has a strong association with increased glucose levels, and might be a significant risk factor for hyperglycemia among Korean subjects.