• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.733-738
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• 2003

홍화의 식품재로로서 이용성을 높이고자 홍화의 부위별 성분분석 및 DPPH radical소거 활성을 조사하였다. 단백질은 어린싹 부위에 28.39%, 지방은 씨부위에 20.47%로 많이 함유되어 있었다. Glucose는 어린싹에 1253.6 mg%, fructose는 어린싹에 970.7 mg%, sucrose는 꽃봉오리 부위에 912.0 mg%로 많이 함유되어 있었다. Succinic acid는 꽃잎부위에 2795.3 mg%, malic acid는 잎과 어린싹 부위에 각각 2054.8 mg%와 934.2 mg%로 많이 함유하고 있었다. 무기질로는 K이 잎과 어린싹 부위에 각각 2826.8 mg%와 1999.8 mg%, Ca 또한 잎과 어린싹 부위에 각각 2613.6 mg%와 1160.9 mg%로 많이 함유하고 있었다. Llinoleic acid는 어린싹과 씨부위에 각각 80.01%와 78.27%로 가장 많이 함유하고 있었다. 총페놀함량은 꽃잎, 어린싹, 잎 부위에 각각 5.8%, 4.4% 및 2.5%, 총플라보노이드 함량은 꽃잎, 어린싹, 잎 부위에 각각 4.7%, 6.5%및 2.0%로 많이 함유하고 있었다. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)화합물인 serotonin-I 은 홍화씨 부위에 147.7 mg%, serotonin-II또한 홍화씨 부위에 155.4mg%를 함유하고 있었고, flavonoid화합물인 acacetin도 홍화씨 부위에 116.5 mg%를 함유하고 있었다. 또한, luteolin은 어린싹 부위에 388.3 mg%, luteolin 7-g1ucoside는 잎 부위에 692.3 mg%로 많이 함유하고 있었다. DPPH radical 소거활성은 꽃잎과 잎의 80% 에탄올 추출물이 114.2%와 113.6%의 높은 활성을 나타내어 기존의 합성항산화제인 BHA 100ppm 농도의 88.05%의 활성보다 높은 항산화 활성을 가지고 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.53-58
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• 1988

제초제(除草劑) butachlor과 bialaphos가 담배 종자(種子)의 발아(發芽) 및 생장(生長), callus 유도(誘導), callus 생장(生長)에 마치는 영향(影響)을 조사(調査)하여 품종간(品種間) 차이(差異)를 비교(比較)하였다. 제초제(除草劑)의 흡수(吸收), 이행(移行) 및 살초기구(殺草機構)를 구명(究明)하기 위해 callus내(內)의 지방산(脂肪酸)과 제초제(除草劑) 처리시(處理時) ammonia 함량(含量)을 측정(測定)하여 얻어진 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. Bialaphos는 전(全) 처리농도(處理濃度)에서 담배의 발아(發芽)를 억제(抑制)시키지 않아 100.0ppm에서도 발아(發芽)는 하나 생장(生長)은 되지 않았으며 10.0ppm에서는 무처리(無處理)에 비(比)해 10.0% 미만(未滿), 0.5ppm에서는 31.7~42.7%의 생장(生長)을 보였고 공시품종(供試品種) 가운데는 향끽미종(香喫味種)인 향초(香草)가 상대적(相對的) 내성(耐性)을 나타냈다. Butachlor $5{\times}10^{-4}$ M에서는 전(全) 공시품종(供試品種)이 발아(發芽)되지 않았으나 $5{\times}10^{-4}$ M 이하(以下)에서는 전(全) 품종(品種)이 발아(發芽) 및 생장(生長)을 보였으며 bialaphos 처리구(處理區)와 마찬가지로 향끽미종(香喫味種)인 향초(香草)가 타품종(他品種)에 비(比)해 내성(耐性)을 나타냈다. Butachlor 처리시(處理時) callus 유도(誘導) 및 증식(增殖)에는 담배의 전(全) 공시품종간(供試品種間)에 뚜렷한 차(差)가 없었으나 Bialaphos 처리시(處理時) KA 101, Xanthi-Basma, 향초(香草) 등(等) 향끽미종(香喫味種)이 타품종(他品種)에 비(比)해 상대적(相對的) 내성(耐性)을 보인다. NC82로부터 유도(誘導)된 callus내(內)에 검정(檢定)된 지방산(脂肪酸)은 palmitic, linoleic 및 oleic산(酸) 등(等)이었고 포화지방산(飽和脂肪酸)에 대(對)한 불포화지방산(不飽和脂肪酸)의 비율(比率)이 황색종(黃色種)에는 다소 높았으며 품종간(品種間)의 지방산함량(脂肪酸含量)에는 현저한 차이(差異)가 없었다. Callus내(內)의 ammonia 함량(含量)은 bialaphos 처리시(處理時) 9배(倍)나 증가(增加)되어 ammonia 축적(蓄積)이 본(本) 제초제(除草劑)에 의한 살초원인(殺草原因)이 아닌가 사료(思料)된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.162-166
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• 1994

Gas chromatography를 이용한 profiling과 신속한 동정을 여러 알코올 음료(적포도주, 백포도주, 맥주, 브랜디)속에 존재하는 휘발성 및 비휘발성 유기산의 동시분석에 적용하여 보았다. 흡착제로 Chromorb P와 용출용매로 diethyl ethe를 사용하는 고체상추출법을 이용하여 알코올 음료로부터 유기산을 분리한 후, triethylammonium염으로 만들었다. 그 후 유기산을 tert.-butyldimethylsilyl 유도체로 만들어 극성이 다른 DB-5와 DB-1701 두 컬럼으로 동시분석하였다. 두 컬럼에서 분리된 유기산 피크들을 dual capillary column system의 retention index (RI) library 탐색과 면적비(AR) 비교로 신속하고 정확하게 동정할 수 있었으며 이들을 GC-MS로 확인하였다. 알코올 음료들의 유기산 분석결과, fatty acid, dioc acid, hydroxy acid, aromatic acid 등 29가지의 유기산이 동정되었고 각 음료의 증류에 따라 특징적인 유기산 GC profile을 나타내었다. 각 음료의 GC profile의 유기산 조성만을 단순화시킨 RI spectra로 표현한 결과, 각 음료의 유기산 패턴의 분별이 매우 용이하였으며, Direct comparison법을 시도해 본 결과, 998 ppt의 match quality값을 나타내어 임의의 시료가 적포도주임을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.823-831
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• 1995

Holstein종(種) 빈유우(牝乳牛)에 있어서 케톤증(症)이 제1위내(第1胃內)의 휘발성지방산(揮發性脂肪酸)(VFA)과 혈액화학치(血液化學値)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 알아보고저 시도(試圖)하여, 임상진단상(臨床診斷上) 건강(健康)한 빈유우(牝乳牛) 5두(頭)(제I군)과 산후(産後) 초기(初期)케톤증(症) 빈유우(牝乳牛) 5두(頭)(제II군)를 실험군(實驗群)으로 하여, 출산전(出産前) 5일(日)부터 7일(日) 그리고 출산후(出産後) 5, 10, 15, 20 및 25일(日)에의 VFA를 검사(檢査) 비교(比較)하여 본 바 출산후(出産後) 5일(日)부터 VFA수준(水準)이 점진적으로 증가(增加)됨이 관찰(觀察) 되었는데, 특(特)히 케톤증후군(症候群)의 VFA의 조성(組成)으로서 acetic acid와 caproic acid치(値)가 건강빈유우(健康牝乳牛)군 보다 낮은 것이 관찰(觀察)되었다. 혈액화학치(血液化學値)로서 혈당량(血糖量)은 양군(兩群)이 공(共)히 감소경향(減少頃向)을 보인 반면(反面)에 혈중(血中) 케톤체(體)와 3-hydroxy-butyric acid는 출산후(出産後) 현저(顯著)히 증가(增加)되고 있으며 양군간(兩群間)에는 유의(有意)한 차이(差異)가 없었다. AST수준(水準)은 출산후(出産後) 양군(兩群)에서 일시적(一時的)으로 증가(增加)되었는데, 특(特)히 케톤증후군(症候群)의 경우 건강빈유우군(健康牝乳牛群)들 보다 현저(顯著)히 높았다. 혈중(血中)콜레스테롤, 유리(遊離)콜레스테롤, 콜레스테롤-에스텔, 소지질(燒脂質) 및 총담즙산(總膽汁酸)은 출산후(出産後) 증가경향(增加傾向)을 보였으나, 양군간(兩群間)에는 유의(有意)한 차이(差異)가 없었다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)를 미루어 보아 건강빈유우(健康牝乳牛)에서도 출산후(出産後) VFA치(値)와 혈액화학치(血液化學値)에 조성(組成)이 케톤증후군(症候群)과 비슷한 변화(變化)를 가져 오는 것은 이들 건강빈유우(健康牝乳牛)에서도 산후(産後)에 일시적(一時的)으로 준림상적(準臨床的) 케톤증후(症候)를 유발(誘發)할 수 있다는 것으로 생각된다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.151-162
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• 2018

Anti-diabetes activity of Catharsius molossus (Ca, a type of dung beetle) glycosaminoglycan (G) was evaluated to reduce glucose, creatinine kinase, triglyceride and free fatty acid levels in db mice. Diabetic mice in six groups were administrated intraperitoneally: Db heterozygous (Normal), Db homozygous (CON), Heuchys sanguinea glycosaminoglycan (HEG, 5 mg/kg), dung beetle glycosaminoglycan (CaG, 5 mg/kg), bumblebee (Bombus ignitus) queen glycosaminoglycan (IQG, 5 mg/kg) and metformin (10 mg/kg), for 1 month. Biochemical analyses in the serum were evaluated to determine their anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory actions in db mice after 1 month treatment with HEG, CaG or IQG treatments. Blood glucose level was decreased by treatment with CaG. CaG produced significant anti-diabetic actions by inhiting creatinine kinase and alkaline phosphatase levels. As diabetic parameters, serum glucose level, total cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly decreased in CaG5-treated group compared to the controls. Dung beetle glycosaminoglycan, compared to the control, could be a potential therapeutic agent with anti-diabetic activity in diabetic mice. CaG5-treated group, compared to the control, showed the up-regulation of 48 genes including mitochondrial yen coded tRNA lysine (mt-TK), cytochrome P450, family 8/2, subfamily b, polypeptide 1 (Cyp8b1), and down-regulation of 79 genes including S100 calcium binding protein A9 (S100a9) and immunoglobulin kappa chain complex (Igk), and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoenzymeAsynthase1 (Hmgcs1). Moreover, mitochondrial thymidine kinase (mt-TK), was up-regulated, and calgranulin A (S100a9) were down-regulated by CaG5 treatment, indicating a potential therapeutic use for anti-diabetic agent.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.1728-1736
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• 2006

The effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) waste silage and supplemental polyethylene glycol (PEG) on rumen fermentation and blood components were studied in cattle. Six Holstein steers were fed three diets in a 3${\times}$3 Latin square design, replicated twice. One diet was a control with no added silage, and the other two diets were supplemented (20% of the dry matter) with green tea waste silage either with (PEG) or without PEG (tea). Most of the fermentation parameters including major volatile fatty acids (VFA) were not affected by the diet treatments. The concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in the PEG group and urea nitrogen in the tea and PEG groups were greater than those in the control before morning feeding. The plasma 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid equivalent concentration was not different before morning feeding, but 3 h after morning feeding, its concentrations in both the tea and PEG groups were higher than in the control. Although the concentration of plasma vitamin A in the animals was not affected by feeding green tea waste silage, the concentrations of plasma vitamin E were significantly higher in the tea and PEG groups than in the control, both before and 3 h after morning feeding. The results from the present study suggest that feeding diets containing 20% of the dietary dry matter as green tea waste silage to Holstein steers has no negative impact on their ruminal fermentation, and increases their plasma antioxidative activity and concentration of vitamin E.

• 대한화장품학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한화장품학회 2003년도 IFSCC Conference Proceeding Book II
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• pp.12-25
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• 2003

L-camitine ($\beta$ -hydroxy-${\gamma}$ -trimethyl-ammoniumbutyric acid) is a small water-soluble molecule important in mammalian fat metabolism. It is essential for the normal oxidation of fatty acids by the mitochondria, and is involved in the trans-esterification and excretion of acyl-CoA esters. In this paper, to investigate the relationship between aging and L-camitine, we investigated the effects of in vitro MMP inhibition and activity and expression of UVA-induced MMP 1 in human skin fibroblasts. Fluorometric assays of the proteolytic activities of MMP-l were performed using fluorescent collagen substrates. ELISA (enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay), gelatin-substrate zymography, and RT-PCR ELISA techniques were used for the effects of L-camitine on MMP expression and activity, MMP mRNA expression in UVA irradiated fibroblast. L-camitine inhibited the activities of MMP-l in a dose-dependent manner and the $IC_{50}$/ values calculated from semi-log plots were 2.45mM, and L-carnitine showed strong inhibition on MMP-2 (gelatinase) activity in UVA irradiated fibroblast by zymography. Also, UVA induced MMP expression was reduced 40% by treated with L-carnitine, and MMP-l mRNA expression was reduced dose-dependent manner. Therefore L-carnitine was able to significantly inhibition the MMP activity, regulation of MMP expression in protein and mRNA level. All these results suggest that L-carnitine may be useful as new anti-aging cofactor for protection against UVA induced MMP expression and activity.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1146-1150
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• 2008

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ($PPAR_{\gamma}$), a member of the nuclear receptor of ligand-activated transcription factors, plays a key role in lipid and glucose metabolism or adipocytes differentiation. A lignan compound was isolated from mace (the aril of Myristica fragrans Houtt.) as a $PPAR_{\gamma}$ ligand, which was identified as fragrin A or 2-(4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-propane. To ascertain whether fragrin A has $PPAR_{\gamma}$ ligand-binding activity, it was performed that GAL-4/$PPAR_{\gamma}$ transactivation assay. $PPAR_{\gamma}$ ligand-binding activity of fragrin A increased 4.7, 6.6, and 7.3-fold at 3, 5, and $10{\mu}M$, respectively, when compared with a vehicle control. Fragrin A also enhanced adipocytes differentiation and increased the expression of $PPAR_{\gamma}$ target genes such as adipocytes fatty acid-binding protein (aP2), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). Furthermore, it significantly increased the expression level of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). These results indicate that fragrin A can be developed as a $PPAR_{\gamma}$ agonist for the improvement of insulin resistance associated with type 2 diabetes.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.287-293
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• 2013

This study determined the effects of fucoxanthin on gene expressions related to lipid metabolism in rats with a high-fat diet. Rats were fed with normal fat diet (NF, 7% fat) group, high fat diet group (HF, 20% fat), and high fat with 0.2% fucoxanthin diet group (HF+Fxn) for 4 weeks. Body weight changes and lipid profiles in plasma, liver, and feces were determined. The mRNA expressions of transcriptional factors such as sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1c, Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT1), Cholesterol $7{\alpha}$-hydroxylase1 (CYP7A1) as well as mRNA expression of several lipogenic enzymes were determined. Fucoxanthin supplements significantly increased plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration (P < 0.05). The hepatic total lipids, total cholesterols, and triglycerides were significantly decreased while the fecal excretions of total lipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides were significantly increased in HF+Fxn group (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of hepatic Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), Fatty acid synthase (FAS), and Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) as well as SREBP-1C were significantly lower in HF+Fxn group compared to the HF group (P < 0.05). The hepatic mRNA expression of Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) and Acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) were significantly low while lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) was significantly high in the HF+Fxn group (P < 0.05). There was significant increase in mRNA expression of CPT1 and CYP7A1 in the HF+Fxn group, compared to the HF group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, consumption of fucoxanthin is thought to be effective in improving lipid and cholesterol metabolism in rats with a high fat diet.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.257-267
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• 2017

Background: Heat-processed ginseng, sun ginseng (SG), has been reported to have improved therapeutic properties compared with raw forms, such as increased antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperglycemic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the antiobesity effects of SG through the suppression of cell differentiation and proliferation of mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells and the lipid accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods: To investigate the effect of SG on adipocyte differentiation, levels of stained intracellular lipid droplets were quantified by measuring the oil red O signal in the lipid extracts of cells on differentiation Day 7. To study the effect of SG on fat accumulation in C. elegans, L4 stage worms were cultured on an Escherichia coli OP50 diet supplemented with $10{\mu}g/mL$ of SG, followed by Nile red staining. To determine the effect of SG on gene expression of lipid and glucose metabolism-regulation molecules, messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of genes were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. In addition, the phosphorylation of Akt was examined by Western blotting. Results: SG suppressed the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells stimulated by a mixture of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, dexamethasone, and insulin (MDI), and inhibited the proliferation of adipocytes during differentiation. Treatment of C. elegans with SG showed reductions in lipid accumulation by Nile red staining, thus directly demonstrating an antiobesity effect for SG. Furthermore, SG treatment down-regulated mRNA and protein expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor subtype ${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha ($C/EBP{\alpha}$) and decreased the mRNA level of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c in MDI-treated adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. In differentiated 3T3-L1 cells, mRNA expression levels of lipid metabolism-regulating factors, such as amplifying mouse fatty acid-binding protein 2, leptin, lipoprotein lipase, fatty acid transporter protein 1, fatty acid synthase, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, were increased, whereas that of the lipolytic enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 was decreased. Our data demonstrate that SG inversely regulated the expression of these genes in differentiated adipocytes. SG induced increases in the mRNA expression of glycolytic enzymes such as glucokinase and pyruvate kinase, and a decrease in the mRNA level of the glycogenic enzyme phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase. In addition, mRNA levels of the glucose transporters GLUT1, GLUT4, and insulin receptor substrate-1 were elevated by MDI stimulation, whereas SG dose-dependently inhibited the expression of these genes in differentiated adipocytes. SG also inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473) at an early phase of MDI stimulation. Intracellular nitric oxide (NO) production and endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA levels were markedly decreased by MDI stimulation and recovered by SG treatment of adipocytes. Conclusion: Our results suggest that SG effectively inhibits adipocyte proliferation and differentiation through the downregulation of $PPAR{\gamma}$ and $C/EBP{\alpha}$, by suppressing Akt (Ser473) phosphorylation and enhancing NO production. These results provide strong evidence to support the development of SG for antiobesity treatment.