• 생태와환경
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.358-363
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• 2011

본 연구는 영산강수계 광주지역에 대하여 XAD와 FTIR를 이용하여 자연유기물질에 대한 분포특성을 연구하였다. XAD 8/4 resin을 이용한 NOM fractionation 분석은 친수성 및 소수성을 변별하는데 사용되어졌다. FT-IR은 자연유기물의 구조에서 기능족을 분석하는데 사용되어졌다. XAD 조사에서 영산강본류의 광주상류지점(GJ-1), 광주하류지점(GJ-2), 광주천(GJC), 광주하수처리장(GJS) 등 4개 지점에서 대부분 친수성으로 조사되었다. 다만, 3월에 GJ-1 지점에서는 소수성이 주를 이루었다. 5월에는 수온의 상승과 함께 미생물의 활성의 증가로 4개 지점 공통적으로 친수성으로 조사되었고, 10월에는 3월과 매우 유사한 결과가 되었다. FT-IR 조사에서는 넓거나 높아 뚜렷한 피크들이 주로 지방족 화합물, 특히 OH 그룹, CH, $C-H_2$, $C-H_3$ 및 C-O 알코올 그룹들로 나타났고, 이들은 친수성 물질들이다. FT-IR 조사에서 그 외의 피크들은 약간의 방향족 화합물, 특히 C=O (Ketone) 그룹이 나타났다. 결과적으로 본 연구에서 영산강수계 광주지역은 주로 친수성 물질들이며, 지방족 화합물(OH, C-H etc.)인 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.337-346
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• 2011

24-hr integrated measurements of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in PM2.5 were made between May 5 and September 25, 2010, on a six-day interval basis, at the Metropolitan Area Air Pollution Monitoring Supersite. A macro-porous XAD7HP resin was used to separate hydrophilic and hydrophobic WSOC. Compounds that penetrate the XAD7HP column are referred to hydrophilic WSOC, while those retained by the column are defined as hydrophobic WSOC. Laboratory calibrations using organic standards suggest that hydrophilic WSOC includes lowmolecular aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and carbonyls with less than 4 or 5 carbons, amines, and saccharides. While the hydrophobic WSOC is composed of compounds of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids with carbon numbers larger than 4~5, phenols, aromatic acids, cyclic acid, and humic-like Suwannee River fulvic acid. Over the entire study period, total WSOC accounted for on average 48% of OC, ranging from 32 to 65%, and hydrophilic WSOC accounted for on average 30.5% (9.3~66.7%) of the total WSOC. Based on the previous results, our measurement result suggests that significant amounts of hydrophobic WSOC during the study period were probably from primary combustion sources. However, on June 9 when 1-hr highest ozone concentration of 130 ppb was observed, WSOC to OC was 0.61, driven by increases in the hydrophilic WSOC. This result also suggests that processes, such as secondary organic aerosol formation, produce significant levels of hydrophilic WSOC compounds that add substantially to the fine particle fraction of the organic aerosol.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.143-149
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• 2022

Membrane distillation (MD) has emerged as a sustainable desalination technology to solve the water and energy problems faced by the modern society. In particular, the surface wetting properties of the membrane have been recognized as a key parameter to determine the performance of the MD system. In this study, a novel surface modification technique was developed to induce a Janus-type hydrophilic/hydrophobic layer on the membrane surface. The hydrophilic layer was created on a porous PVDF membrane by vapor phase polymerization of the pyrrole monomer, forming a thin coating of polypyrrole on the membrane walls. A rigid polymeric coating layer was created without compromising the membrane porosity. The hydrophilic coating was then followed by the in-situ growth of siloxane nanoparticles, where the condensation of organosilane provided quick loading of hydrophobic layers on the membrane surface. The composite layers of dual coatings allowed systematic control of the surface wettability of porous membranes. By the virtue of the photothermal property of the hydrophilic polypyrrole layer, the desalination performance of the coated membrane was tested in a solar MD system. The wetting properties of the dual-layer were further evaluated in a direct-contact MD module, exploring the potential of the Janus membrane structure for effective and low-energy desalination.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.976-985
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• 2010

In this study, characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from Lake Paldang and seven other DOM sources (lake plankton, plants, soil, composite, treated sewage) were studied using XAD resin fractionation and 28-day microbial incubation experiment. Distribution patterns of DOM-fractions, which include hydrophilic acids (HiA), hydrophilic bases (HiB), hydrophilic neutrals (HiN), hydrophobic acids (HoA), hydrophobic neutrals (HoN) and the extent of DOM biodegradation (i.e., biodegradability) were different depending on the origins of the DOM samples. The DOM distribution pattern and the biodegradability were found to be effective for distinguishing the different DOM sources. The biodegradability (%) had negative correlations with the content (%) of hydrophobic fractions (Ho) and specific UV absorbance of DOM, which indicate that the Ho fractions contain more aromatic carbon structures and relatively stable during biodegradation, irrespective of the sources. To gain additional insight into the microbial transformation of the DOM, we also investigated the changes in the fraction's distribution for plankton, leaf litter and composite samples after the incubation. The results showed that biodegradation of hydrophilic fraction (Hi) causes an increase in the proportion of Ho (HoA, HoN), while biodegradation of HoA increases the HoN production.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.259-272
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• 1999

In order to enhance the selectivity, productivity and yield of methyl fructoside, which was synthesized by enzymatic glycosylation of sucrose and methanol solution, controlling of surface property of solid support using different immobilization procedures optimized microenvironment of immobilized invertase. Silanization and polyethylene imine coating methods were adopted to give a hydrophobic and hydrophilic environment of immobilized invertase. As a result, polyethyleneimine coating method gave higher loading of enzyme, effective activity, and relative activity than silanization method, because it brought on increasing the functional density of amino group and enhancing the conservation of activity by regulating of hydrophilicity. And then, hydrophilic environment was possible to restraint the assessing of methyl fructoside molecule, which was more hydrophobic than sucrose, fructose, and glucose molecule in the reaction mixture, into .the active site of immobilizedinvertase. Consequently, hydrophilic microenvironment of immobilized invertase by polyethyleneimine coating obtained higher yield and productivity with increasing conversion than silanized and native invertase. Thus, this procedure optimized the microenvironment of immobilized invertase suitable for the enzymatic synthesis of methyl fructoside.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.158-161
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• 1987

A Series of hydrophilic-hydrophobic copolymeric surfaces of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and various alkyl methacrylate (RMA) have been prepared by in-situ solution copolymerization using a redox radical initiator. Contact angles of various probing fluids on the polymeric surfaces were determined in air (hydrophobic environment) and under water (hydrophilic environment). From contact angle data, the dispersive interaction contribution (${\gamma}^d_s$) and the polar contribution (${\gamma}^p_s$) to the total surface free energy (${\gamma}^d_s$) and interfacial energetic quantities (e.g., water-polymer, liquid-polymer interface, etc.) were estimated by surface and interface physicochemical theory. From the comparison of surface energetic components between hydrophobic and hydrophilic media, it is found that surface and interface energetic components of polymeric surface as a representative low-energy surface are highly dependent on environmental fluids. Also, from the correlation between interfacial energetic results and surface energetic criterion of biocompatibility, we found that HEMA/BMA, HEMA/HMA copolymer systems are in the region of biocompatibility.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.357-364
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• 2014

본 연구는 저관리형 옥상녹화에서 보수성을 높일 수 있는 식재지반을 조성하기 위해 친수성 중합체인 hydrophilic polymer의 효용성을 평가하고자 현장실험을 수행하였다. Hydrophilic polymer의 농도는 각각 인공배합토 100kg을 기준으로 0%(대조구), 1.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 10% 등 총 5가지로 구성하였다. 가로 1.0m, 세로 1.0m, 높이 0.3m로 자체 제작한 실험구에 2013년 5월 20일에 각각 10반복의 식물을 정식하였으며 식재기반 내 토양용적수분함량을 모니터링하였다. 또한 현재 이용되는 수종인 눈향나무, 황금줄사철나무 등의 목본류와 잠재종으로 가능성이 높은 통보리사초, 좀보리사초 등의 사초류를 중심으로 식물생육을 측정하였다. 토양의 hydrophilic polymer의 농도에 따른 토양용적수분 함량은 강수량과 상관없이 2.5%이상의 hydrophilic polymer 처리구에서 97%~98%로, 100%에 가까운 토양용적수분 함량을 보였다. 강우 후 27일 동안 토양용적수분함량이 대조구에서 50%~60%를 보인 반면, 1.0%의 hydrophilic polymer 처리구에서는 70%~80%로 약 20%가 증가되었다. 식물생육을 조사한 결과, 황금줄사철나무와 통보리사초는 2.5% 처리구에서 가장 생육이 좋았고, 눈향나무는 1.0% 처리구, 좀보리사초는 0%(대조구)에서 생육상태가 가장 양호하였다. hydrophilic polymer 1.0% 처리구와 2.5% 처리구에서는 모든 식물이 생존하였으나 5.0%와 10.0%의 처리구에서는 식재 후 3개월 이내에 모두 고사하였다. 이는 hydrophilic polymer 배합비는 수종별 특성에 따라 다르게 적용되어야 함을 보여준 결과라 할 수 있다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.605-611
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• 2014

This research was carried out to examine the concentration and fate of dissolved organic matter due to the increased detention time in middle and down stream of the Nakdong River. Aldo the characteristics of biodegradation of DOM were investigated according to the various water sources. The approaches used to characterize DOM biodegradability include the changes in DOC concentration and DOM fraction. Long-term biodegradation test for each organic source was also conducted. As the result, maximum 50% of DOC was reduced during the first 30 days of biodegradation tests. After 30 days, biodegradation of organic matter was continuously progressed, as showing continuous reduction of DOC. While DOC concentration was reduced, SUVA values for the organic matters were increased. Properties of dissolved organic matter by water sources also showed decreasing hydrophilic components while showing increased hydrophobic components. The more rapid reduction of the hydrophilic components than hydrophobic components might be due to the preferential degradation of the hydrophilic components by microorganisms during biodegradation process.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.123-128
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• 2008

The Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) existing in a water includes both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances however, most of the discussion focuses on hydrophobic substances. The hydrophobic fraction was easily removed by absorption or coagulation more than hydrophilic fraction. Therefore, control of the hydrophilic fraction is very important in water treatment process. This study is to determine the variation of DOC, the removal efficiency of DOC, and Trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) after each stage of water treatment process by fractionating Natural Organic Matters (NOM) into hydrophobic and hydrophilic substance. DOC from raw water was fractionated at acidic pH (pH<2) using XAD 8 resin column, into two fraction : hydrophobic substance (i.e. humic substance) adsorbed on XAD 8 and hydrophilic substance which represent the organics contained in the final effluent. THMFP was carried out according to the following set condition: Cl2/DOC=4 mg/mg, incubation at $25^{\circ}C$ in darkness, pH 7 adjust with HCl or NaOH as necessary, and 72hour-contact time. THMs analyzed in this study were chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethan, and bromoform. Sewage was almost evenly split between the hydrophobic (56%) and hydrophilic fraction (44%). But, Aldrich humic substance (AHS) was found to contain less hydrophilics (14%) than hydrophobics (86%). The formation of THMs may depend on the source which is characterized by the composition of organic matters such as AHS and sewage. The THMFP yield of sewage and AHS were assessed as follows. The value of the THMFP reaction yield, AHS $172.65{\mu}g/mg$, is much higher than that of sewage $41.68{\mu}g/mg$. This illustrates possible significant difference in THMFP according to the component type and the proportion of organic matter existing in water source. Apparently AHS react with chlorine to produce more THMFP than do the smaller molecules found in sewage. Water treatment process may reduce THMFP, nevertheless residual DOC (the more hydrophilic substance) has significant THMFP. Further reduction in organic halide precursors requires application of alternative treatment techniques.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.181-193
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• 2006

The hydrophilic or hydrophobic characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from different origins in lake and river waters were investigated using spectrometric and chromatographic analyses of water samples. DOM in a deep, mesotrophic lake (Lake Unmun) was fractionated using three types of ion exchange resins and classified into aquatic humic substances (AHS), hydrophobic neutrals (HoN), hydrophilic acids (HiA), hydrophilic neutrals (HiN), and bases (BaS). The DOM fractionation provided insight into the understanding of the nature of heterogeneous DOM molecules present in different water sources. The UV/DOC ratios were determined for samples from the influent river and lake waters during DOM fractionation and incubation. AHS prevailed over DOM in the lake and river waters. After biodegradation, the relative contribution of AHS in the total DOM became more significant. It indicates that the AHS fraction would increase while water stay long time in the lake.