• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.248-254
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• 1986

The product specificity of Bacillus ${\alpha}-amylase$ on raw rice starch has teen studied by using HPLC and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Analysis of starch degradation products digested by ${\alpha}-amylase$ showed considerable differences between raw and gelatinized rice. The hydrolysis of raw rice starch resulted in formation of more glucose and maltose than those of gelatinized starch. SEM revealed characteristic enzyme degradation patterns. Hollow curvatures were observed in gelatinized starch, indicating the substrate is hydrolyzed in the interior of the starch chain by Bacillus ${\alpha}-amylase$. In contrast, raw starch were hydrolyzed from the end of the substrate, resulting in pinholes over the surface of the starch granules.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 2013

Partially hydrolyzed cellulose acetate (CA) fibers were prepared by treating CA fibers in aqueous $Na_2CO_3$ solutions of various concentrations. The deacetylation of CA fibers was confirmed through FTIR spectra and WAXD patterns. The hydrolysis was confined to the surface part of the CA fiber by controlling the treatment conditions. The resultant fibers had a sheath-core structure with a sheath component of regenerated cellulose and a core of non-hydrolyzed cellulose acetate. The SEM images of the surface-hydrolyzed CA fibers, the core of which was dissolved out using acetone as the solvent, showed that the sheath thickness increased with increasing alkaline concentration, indicating an increase in the hydrolyzed fiber, i.e., regenerated cellulose. Polarized FTIR analysis of the polyimide film rubbed with velvet fabrics of surface-hydrolyzed CA fibers showed that polyimide molecules were preferentially oriented to the rubbing direction.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.234-241
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• 2007

Biological amendments consisting of suspensions of selected microorganisms are often used in conjunction with various organic materials for amending soils to improve soil quality and plant growth. The effects of the biological amendment on chemical and biological properties of soil were investigated for a biological amendmentalone and when combined with different organic materials includingmunicipal compost (MC), poultry litter (PL), and cover crops (red clover (RC) and spring oats). A liquid preparation of a biological amendment called Effective Microorganisms was sprayed on the tested plots three times over a two-year period. Effective Microorganisms alone did not influence pH, K, or organic matter content in soil. However, increases in P in PL-treated soils in fall of both years andCa in MC-treated soil in fall 2001, and decreases in Ca, Mg, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) in RC-planted soil were associated with EM. Increased dehydrogenase(DH) activitiesassociated with Effective Microorganismswere only detected in July (P=0.0222) and October (P=0.0834) for RC-planted soils in the first year. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysisappeared to be enhanced by Effective Microorganisms in soils untreated or treated with MC and oatsbut only sporadically during the sampling period. FDA hydrolysis in both PL- and RC-treated soils as well as DH activity in PL-treated soils decreased with Effective Microorganisms treatment. Effective Microorganisms did not influence substrate utilization patterns expressed by the BIOLOG assay. We conclude that Effective Microorganisms effects on soil chemical and biological properties varied depending on the added organic materials. Effective Microorganisms periodically increased soil DH activity and FDA hydrolysis with RC and with MC plus oats, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.519-523
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• 1992

The patterns on the proteolysis of mussel protein using a commercial enzyme preparation were investigated. The best one among six commercial enzyme preparations for the manufacture of mussel extract was Corolase PP, based on the degree of hydrolysis (DH). When the raw mussel paste, without water addition, was adjusted to pH 6.5, added 0.1% (w/w dry basis) of Corolase PP. and reacted at $50^{\circ}C$ for four hours, it reached the maximum value of DH (79%). The precooking of raw mussel decreased the efficiency of extraction and hydrolysis of the protein, due to the inactivation of the autolytic enzymes contained in the mussel. During the course of proteolysis, major free amino acids such as glycine, alanine, glutamic acid and lysine, representing a characteristic brothy taste of mussel were replaced with free hydrophobic amino acids including valine, methionine, isoleucine, and leucine. The electrophoretic pattern and HPLC-GPC pattern of mussel protein hydrolysates during the hydrolysis were observed and also discussed.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.80-88
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• 2003

In order to establish the enzymatic hydrolysis system improving of taste and flavor in the preparation of soy protein hydrolysates using the enzymes with excellent hydrolytic ability and different hydrolysis pattern of soy protein, Degree of hydrolysis(DH) and surface hydrophobicity under the optimal conditions of enzyme reaction, hydrolysis patterns by the SDS electrophoresis and sensory evaluation of soy protein hydrolysates by enzyme reactions were investigated. Four enzyme reactions were highly activated at pH 7.0, 45$^{\circ}C$ under the optimal conditions. As result of changes on the pattern of soy-protein hydrolysates by SDS-electrophoresis, high molecular peptides of hydrolysates by No. 5(Mucor circinelloides M5) and No. 16(Bacillus megaterium B16) enzymes were slowly decrease and 66KD band of these were remained after 3hours reaction. Production of low molecular peptides of hydrolysates by No. 4(Aspergillus oryzae M4) and No. 95(Bacillus subtilis YG 95) enzymes were remarkably detected during the proceeding reactions. As results of HPLC analysis, low molecular peptides of 15∼70KD were mainly appeared during the proceeding enzyme reactions. And, the more DH was increased, the more SDS-surface hydrophobicity was decreased. Hydrolysates by No. 4 enzyme was not only the highest DH of all hydrolysates, but the strongest bitter taste in a sensory evaluation. Sweat taste among the hydrolysates showed little difference. But, when combinative enzymes were treated, combinative enzyme of No. 4(Aspergillus oryzae M4)and No. 16(Bacillus megaterium B16) showed the strongest sweat taste. In conclusion, we assumed that it will be possible to prepare the hydrolysates having functionality when soy-protein were hydrolyzed by these specific enzymes.

• Clean Technology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.84-89
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• 2013

The running blots between patterns during electroless nickel electroless palladium immersion gold (ENEPIG) surface finish of printed circuit board (PCB) are investigated and a proper solution is presented. Computational chemistry is first employed to understand the process and experiments are then designed to verify the proposed ideas. A $PdCl_2$ activator which has relatively weak chemical bonding to the epoxy resin is introduced to prevent the formation of palladium seeds on the epoxy resin and a couple of operational measures such as increasing HCl concentration and lowering the temperature of Pd activation process are executed to prevent a further hydrolysis of $PdCl_2$ to more stable $Pd(OH)_2$ in aqueous solution. Computational chemistry provides thermodynamic backgrounds for experiments and their results. This combined approach is expected to be very useful in the research of relevant processes.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.52-57
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• 1989

Large and small starch granules were isolated and characterized from kernels of Hiproly barley. Average size of large granules were $28-30{\mu}m$ and that of small granules were $6{\mu}m$. The small granules consist of 95% of total starch granules. Large granules contained more amylose than small granules. Distribution of isoamylase-debranched starch components, X-ray diffraction patterns, gelatinization characteristics by differential scanning calorimetry, and starch-granule susceptibility to acid were investigated. Large granules contained more long B chains of amylopectin and had the lower ratios of Fr. III to Fr. II , which represent one of the structural characteristics of amylopectin, than those of small granules. Small granules had higher conclusion temperature and smaller heat of gelatinization than those of large granules by D.S.C.. Both granules had A-type pattern of X-ray diffractopgrams, but hydrolysis of granules with acid showed different A-type patterns between large and small granules.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.265-272
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• 2004

The pharmacokinetics of CKD-732 (6-0-4-[dimethyl-aminoethoxy)cinnamoyl]-fumagillolㆍhemioxalate) was investigated in male SD rats and beagle dogs after bolus intravenous administration. The parent compound and metabolites obtained from in vitro and in vivo samples were determined by LC/MS. The main metabolite was isolated and identified as an N-oxide form of CKD-732 by NMR and LC/MS/MS. CKD-732 was metabolized into either M11 or others by rapid hydroxylation, demethylation, and hydrolysis. The blood level following the intravenous route declined in first-order kinetics with $T_{1}$2/$\beta$ values of 0.72-0.78 h for CKD-732 and 0.92-1.09 h for M11 in rats at a dose of 7.5-30 mg/kg. In dogs, $T_{1}$2/$\beta$ values of CKD-732 and M11 were 1.54 and 1.79 h, respectively. Moreover, AUC values increased dose dependently for CKD-732 and M11 in rats and dogs. The CLtot and Vdss did not change significantly with increasing dose, indicating linear pharmacokinetic patterns. The excretion patterns through the urine, bile, and feces were also examined in the animals. The total amount excreted in urine, bile, and feces was 2.13% for CKD-732 and 1.29% for M11 in rats, and 1.58% for CKD-732 and 2.28% for M11 in dogs.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.196-201
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• 1992

Characteristics on lintnerization of dry type (Suwon 147) and moist type (Hwangmi) sweet potato starches were investigated. Chain distribution of lintnerized starches was also studied by debranching with pullulanase. Hydrolytic patterns of two starches showed two distinct stages and hydrolysis extents of Suwon 147 starch were lower than those of Hwangmi starch. The relative crystallinities of Suwon 147 starches were higher than those of Hwangmi starch. The elution profiles of lintnerized starches were composed of two peaks about degree of polymerization (DP) 25 and DP 15. The elution profiles of debranched samples showed only one peak about DP 15 and peak DP of Suwon 147 lintnerized starch was higher than that of Hwangmi.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2018

Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the high-efficiency anaerobic digestion of organic wastes with high fat content. Specifically, the analysis focused on biogas production performance with a focus on carbon number and the double bond count of the long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs), which are hydrolysis products of triglycerides. Methods: Experiments were performed under mesophilic anaerobic conditions with a feed-to-microorganism ratio (F/M) of 1.0. Biogas production performance was analyzed through biogas production patterns, lag-phase, and the time required for 90% biogas production (T90). Results: Biogas production increased when the content of unsaturated LCFAs (containing relatively large numbers of carbon atoms) increased. In substrate containing LCFAs with four or more double bonds, although the initial lag-phase in biogas production was shortened, development of a three-step lag-phase resulted in decreased biogas production. These results suggest that high rates of anaerobic digestion are possible when the LCFAs have high unsaturated fatty acid content with three or fewer double bonds. Conclusions: When various types of LCFAs are digested anaerobically, biogas production performance can be improved if the unsaturated fatty acid content and number of double bonds are optimized for maximum production.