• 생태와환경
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• 제33권4호통권92호
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• pp.342-349
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• 2000

본 연구는 1993${\sim}$1994년 대청호에서 호수 형태 및 수리수문학적 변동에 대한 몬순강도의 영향을 평가하였다. 연구기간 동안, 강우, 유입수 및 방류량과 같은 수리수문학적 변수들은 뚜렷한 연간 대조를 보였다. 계절별 강우에 따르면, 강우량의 큰 격차는 7${\sim}$8월 장마기간에 일어났으며, 강으로부터의 유입량, 방류량 및 수체류 시간에 영향을 주었다. 1993년 총 유입량은 1994년에 비해 4배 이상을 넘었으며, 특히 1993년 하절기 유입량은 1994년 하절기에 비해 8배 이상을 상회하였다. 연평균 호수의 수체류 시간은 1993년, 1994년에 각각 93.2일, 158.6일로서 뚜렷한 대조를 보였으며, 장마기간에 가장 큰 차이를 보였다. 호수의 형태적 특성은 연간 대조적인 수리 수문학적 차이를 반영하여, 호수면적, 체적, 만 형성도, 및 평균수심은 1993년에 장마전 부터 장마후까지 계속적으로 증가한 반면, 1994년은 같은 기간에 대해 감소하였다. 이런 결과는 1993년 호수물의 얕은 연안대와의 접측 면적이 1994년에 비해 증가하여 저질과 영양염류 교환의 증가를 가져왔다. 또한 대청호수계면적과 호수면적의 비는 평균 해수면 80m에서 60.7로서, 국내 인공호인 소양호 및 안동호에서의 값보다 2${\sim}$3배 컸고, 자연호 보다는 10배 이상 컸다. 이런 호수 형태 및 수리 수문학적인 특성은 부영양화 현상을 조절하는 가장 중요한 인자중의 하나인 호수내 영양염류 농도에 영향을 주는 것으로 사료된다. 기존의 영양염류 부하량 모델은 계절적으로 안정된 유입량 및 수체류 시간하에서 적용될 수 있다고 가정하기 때문에, 하절기 변동이 극대화되는 우리나라 상황에서 호수 영양염류를 산정 예측할 때 Mass-Balance Model 이용은 신중을 기해야 된다고 사료된다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제31권6B호
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• pp.499-505
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• 2011

저수지내에서의 탁수층의 혼합거동은 연중 온도변화에 영향을 받으며, 특히 여름철에 발생하는 한 개 내지 두 개의 수온약층과 이에 따라 밀도가 다른 연직층 분포에 의해 변화한다. 이와 같은 밀도성층은 연직방향의 혼합을 제한하고 저수지내에서 다양한 수리학적인 거동을 야기한다. 따라서 저수지내에서는 특정 수질 문제를 해결하기 위해 선택취수를 수행할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 이와 같은 선택취수의 효울을 해석하기 위하여 성층흐름의 수리학적 특성에 관한 실험연구를 수행하였다. two-tank 기법을 이용한 성층수조에서 밀도경사와 유량을 변수로 한 각 조건별 취수구 주변의 수리학적 특성을 입자영상유속계(PIV)를 이용하여 측정하였다. 측정된 유속장을 이용하여 Richardson 수에 따른 선택취수의 효율에 대한 상관관계를 제시하였다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.185-195
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• 1994

Masan bay is one of the polluted enclosed bays, which has red tides problem and the formation of oxygen deficient water in the bottom layer. Most important factors that cause eutrophication and red tide is nutrient materials containing nitrogen and phosphorus which stem from terrestrial sources and nutrients released from sediment. Therefore, to improve of water quality, reduction of these nutrient loads should be indispensible. At this study, the three-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic and eutrophication model, which were developed by Institute for Resources and Environment of Japan, were applied to analyze the processes affecting the phytoplankton production and also to evaluate the effect of water quality improvement plans on phytoplankton production. In field sorvey, the range of concentrations of chlorophyll-a at surface area was found to be 29.17 - 212.5mg/m3, which were exceeding eutrophication criteria. The constant currents defined by integrating the simulated tidal currents over 1 tidal cycle showed the counterclockwise eddies in the southern part of Budo. The general directions of constant currents were found to be southward at surface and northward at bottom over all the bay. The eutrophication model was calibrated with the data surveyed in the field area in June, 1993. The calculated results are in fairly good agreement with values within relative error of 30%. The pollutant load from the sources such as the input from terrestrial release from the sediment was reduced by the rate of 50, 70, 90, 98% to effect of phytoplankton production. Phytoplankton production was reduced to of the 90% reduction of the input loads from terrestrial sources and 8% in 90% reduction of the load from sediment.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.261-269
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• 2013

The chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process is widely used in semiconductor manufacturing process for planarization of various materials and structures. Point-of-use (POU) filters are used in most of the CMP processes in order to reduce the unwanted micro-scratches which may result in defects. The performance of the POU filter is depends on type and size of the abrasives used during cleaning process. For this reason, there is a need to evaluate POU filters for their filtration efficiency (FE) with different types of abrasives. In this study, we developed filter test system to evaluate the FE of POU using ceria and silica abrasives (slurry). The POU filter is roll type capsule filter with retention size of 0.2 ${\mu}m$. Two POU filters of different make are evaluated for FE. We observed that both POU filters show similar filtration efficiency for silica and ceria slurry. Results reveal that the ceria slurry and the colloidal silica particle are removed not only by mechanical way but also hydrodynamic and electrostatic interaction way.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.475-484
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• 2008

The word 'Saemangeum' indicates an estuarine tidal flat in the southwestern part of the Korean peninsula. The Saemangeum Reclamation Project was launched as a national project in 1991 to reclaim a large coastal area of $401\;km^2$ by constructing a 33-km long dyke. The final dyke enclosure in April 2006 has transformed the tidal flat into lake and land. An integrated oceanographic study has been conducted since 2002 as a part of the Government Action Plan to monitor and assess changes in the marine environment. Prior to the dyke enclosure, the coastal environment in the Saemangeum was a complex system governed by tidal motion, estuarine processes, and coastal circulation of the Yellow Sea. The dyke construction has radically changed not only the estuarine tidal system inside the dyke, but also the coastal marine environment outside the dyke. Post to the dyke enclosure, subsequent changes such as red tide, hypoxia, and coastal erosion/deposition occur successively. Red tides appear almost the year round in the inner area. Even under the condition that the sluice gates are fully open, the water quality does not improve as much as the developers would expect, mainly due to the critical reduction of the hydrodynamic stirring power. We will introduce details of our monitoring program and significant changes in the Saemangeum marine environment, based on observations and model results.

• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
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• 해양환경안전학회 2003년도 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.191-200
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• 2003

Gunsan coastal area is one of region increasing pollution problems. One of the most important factors that cause eutrophication is nutrient materials containing nitrogen and phosphorus which stem from excreation of terrestial sources. At this study, the three-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic and ecosystem model, which was developed by Institute for Resources and Environment of Japan, were applied to analyze the processes affecting the eutrophication. The residual currents, which were obtained by integrating the simulated tidal currents over 1 tidal cycle, showed the presence of a typical. Density driven currents were generated westward at surface and eastward at the bottom in Geum estuary area where the fresh waters are flowing into. The ecosystem model was calibrated with the data surveyed in the field of the study area in annual average. The simulated results of DIN were fairly good coincided with the observed values within relative error of 32.39%. correlation coefficient(r) of 0.99. In the case of DIP, the simulated results were fairly good coincided with the observed values within relative error of 24.26%, correlation coefficient (r) of 0.82. The simulations of DIN and DIP concentrations were performed using ecosystem model under the conditions of 20 ∼ 80% pollution load reductions from pollution sources. In study area, concentration of DIN and DIP were reduced to 20∼80% and under 10% in case of the 80% reduction of the input loads from fresh water respectively. But pollution loads from sediment had hardly affected DIN and DIP concentration. For the environment management of coastal areas, in case of Kunsan area, the most important pollution sources affecting eutrophication phenomenon were found to be the input loads from fresh water.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2009

The EFDC (Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code), a numerical model for simulating three-dimensional (3D) flow, transport, and biogeochemical processes in surface water systems including rivers, reservoirs, and estuaries, was applied to assess the effect of sea water and fresh water exchange rates ($Q_e$) on the mixing characteristics of a conservative pollutant (tracer) induced from upstreams and salinity in Saemangeum Lake, Korea. The lake has been closed by a 33 km estuary embankment since last April of 2006, and now seawater enters the lake partially through two sluice gates (Sinsi and Garyuk), which is driving the changes of hydrodynamic and water quality properties of the lake. The EFDC was constructed and calibrated with surveyed bathymetry data and field data including water level, temperature, and salinity in 2008. The model showed good agreement with the field data and adequately replicated the spatial and temporal variations of the variables. The validated model was applied to simulated the tracer and salinity with two different gate operation scenarios: RUN-1 and RUN-2. RUN-1 is the case of real operation condition ($Q_e=25,000,000\;m^3$) of 2008, while RUN-2 assumed full open of Sinsi gate to increase $Q_e$ by $120,000,000\;m^3$. Statistical analysis of the simulation results indicate that mixing characteristics of pollutants from upstream can be significantly affected by the amount of $Q_e$.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.48-57
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• 2009

A two-dimensional (2D), laterally-averaged hydrodynamic and water quality model, CE-QUAL-W2 was applied to evaluate the performance on simulating the effect of flushing from Daecheong Reservoir on the downstream water quality variations during the flushing events held on November, 2003 and March, 2008. The hydraulic and water quality simulation results were compared with field measurement data, as well as a one-dimensional (1D), unsteady model (KORIV1) that revealed limited capability in the previous study due to missing the resuspension process of river bottom sediments. The results showed that although the 2D model made satisfactory performance in reproducing the temporal variations of dissolved matters including phosphate, ammonia and nitrate, it revealed poor performance in simulating the increase of biological oxygen demand and suspended sediment (SS) concentrations during the passage of the flushing flow. The reason of the error was that the resuspension process of the 2D model is only the function of shear stress induced by wind. In reality, however, as shown by significant correlation between bottom shear stress ($\tau$) and observed SS concentration, the resuspension process can be significantly influenced by current velocity in the riverine system, especially during flushing event. The results indicate that the resuspension of river bottom materials should be incorporated into the water quality modeling processes if $\tau$ is greater than a critical shear stress (${\tau}_c$) for better simulation of flushing effect.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.326-333
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• 2017

The lakes and reservoirs have been reported as important sources of carbon emissions to the atmosphere in many countries. Although field experiments and theoretical investigations based on the fundamental gas exchange theory have proposed the quantitative amounts of Net Atmospheric Flux (NAF) in various climate regions, there are still large uncertainties at the global scale estimation. Mechanistic models can be used for understanding and estimating the temporal and spatial variations of the NAFs considering complicated hydrodynamic and biogeochemical processes in a reservoir, but these models require extensive and expensive datasets and model parameters. On the other hand, data driven machine learning (ML) algorithms are likely to be alternative tools to estimate the NAFs in responding to independent environmental variables. The objective of this study was to develop random forest (RF) and multi-layer artificial neural network (ANN) models for the estimation of the daily $CO_2$ NAFs in Daecheong Reservoir located in Geum River of Korea, and compare the models performance against the multiple linear regression (MLR) model that proposed in the previous study (Chung et al., 2016). As a result, the RF and ANN models showed much enhanced performance in the estimation of the high NAF values, while MLR model significantly under estimated them. Across validation with 10-fold random samplings was applied to evaluate the performance of three models, and indicated that the ANN model is best, and followed by RF and MLR models.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.30-38
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• 2001

조류를 고려한 조종운동방정식을 정립한 후 선박의 운동변수 뿐만 아니라 외력 및 조류의 방향과 속도도 상태변수로 설정하여 비선형 상태방정식과 측정방정식을 표현하였다. 여기서 외력은 3차의 Gauss-Markov 프로세스로 표시하고, 조류의 방향과 속도는 일정하다고 가정하였다. 상태 추정을 위하여 확장 Kalman-Bucy 필터와 고정간격 스무더를 이용하였다. 기존의 Hwang은 실선 시운전 계측값을 이용하여 동유체력미계수 및 조류의 영향을 동시에 확장 Kalman 필터를 이용하여 추정하였으므로 매개변수의 개수가 상당히 많아지는 반면 모델링 전 추정기법을 사용하면 각각의 동유체력미계수를 추정하는 대신에 3방향의 외력과 조류 변수만을 추정한다. 측정잡음이 포함된 시뮬레이션 측정값을 적용하여 조류 변수를 추정하는 경우 실제값이 잘 추정되는 것을 확인하였다.