• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.48-48
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• 2017

도시지역에서는 이상강우, 돌발홍수와 더불어 급속한 도시화에 따라 침수 발생의 위험성이 증가하고 있다. 지자체에서는 빗물펌프장, 지하저류조 등을 이용하여 적극적으로 침수대책을 강구하고 있지만, 저지대 침수피해는 계속적으로 발생하고 있다. 2013년 7월 서울 경기북부 강원영서에 발생한 집중호우로 1명이 사망하고 피해액은 94,036백만원이 발생하였다. 춘천시 효자동 저지대지역의 주택침수는 인근 하천의 수위가 높아져 내수배제 및 하수도 처리 능력이 부족하여 침수가 발생하였다. 2014년 8월 경남지역에 발생한 집중호우로 2명 사망하였고, 피해액은 134,158백만원에 이르렀으며, 도시화 토지피복변화로 인한 홍수량이 증가하여 피해가 가중되었다. 이에 따라 도시 내 정확한 도시유출 및 침수해석을 통하여 과거 침수양상을 재현하고 앞으로 발생할 수 있는 침수피해를 방지할 수 있도록 침수 예 경보 시스템을 개발하여 도시침수에 대비하고 도시주민들의 인명과 재산피해를 경감하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 도시지역의 관망해석에 적합한 모형을 선택하여야 하며, 그 모형의 매개변수를 결정하여야 한다. 도시유출해석 및 관망해석을 위하여 SWMM 모형을 선정해서 유역분할조건, 매개변수에 대한 최적 검정과정을 제시하여, 1D-2D 연계모형을 통해서 침수지역예측의 정확도를 증대시키고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 서울시 강남역 주변 일대의 5개 배수분구을 대상으로 도시유출해석을 위한 최적화 모의를 위하여 1D-2D모형의 연계해석하였다. 실제 강우사상을 적용하여 매개변수와 소유역 개수를 달리하여 자동최적화기법인 PEST를 이용하여 최적인자를 도출하여, 실제 배수맨홀의 수위관측 자료를 이용하여 비교 보정을 하였다. 도시유출해석뿐만 아니라 내수침수시의 최적인자 도출을 위해 2차원 범람해석을 통하여 NDMS 자료를 이용하여 비교 보정을 한 뒤 다른 강우사상을 이용하여 검증을 하여 도시침수 해석의 정확도를 개선을 위한 최적인자들을 검토하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 2021

It takes a long period to conduct the test on soil water retention curve (SWRC) in unsaturated soils. To improve such a problem, the high air entry disk has been replaced by micro-membrane. After the soil water retention test, the results by the micro-membrane were compared with those by the ceramic disk. Multiple samples in 5 regions were used to validate that SWRCs by micro-membrane are equivalent to those by ceramic disk. Therefore, a quick procedure based on micro-membrane has been developed, which makes it available to acquire much soil water retention data. The data of SWRCs were obtained for total 29 samples using ceramic disk or micro-membrane. For Korean weathered soils, the unsaturated hydraulic characteristics are sorted by three groups. Based on van Genuchten model, the group is divided by the parameter n, and the value of n could be correlated to the void ratio as each function.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Systems Engineering
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.97-109
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• 2020

On March 11, 2011, an earthquake followed by a tsunami caused an extended station blackout (SBO) at the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP Units. The accident was initiated by a total loss of both onsite and offsite electrical power resulting in the loss of the ultimate heat sink for several days, and a consequent core melt in some units where proper mitigation strategies could not be implemented in a timely fashion. To enhance the plant's coping capability, the Diverse and Flexible Strategies (FLEX) were proposed to append the Emergency Operation Procedures (EOPs) by relying on portable equipment as an additional line of defense. To assess the success window of FLEX strategies, all sources of uncertainties need to be considered, using a physics-based model or system code. This necessitates conducting a large number of simulations to reflect all potential variations in initial, boundary, and design conditions as well as thermophysical properties, empirical models, and scenario uncertainties. Alternatively, data-driven models may provide a fast tool to predict the success window of FLEX strategies given the underlying uncertainties. This paper explores the applicability of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to identify the success window of FLEX strategy for extended SBO. The developed model can be trained and validated using data produced by the lumped parameter thermal-hydraulic code, MARS-KS, as best estimate system code loosely coupled with Dakota for uncertainty quantification. A Systems Engineering (SE) approach is used to plan and manage the process of using AI to predict the success window of FLEX strategies under extended SBO conditions.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.7
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• pp.2491-2509
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• 2022

As an important device in the nuclear island, the nuclear coolant pump can continuously provide power for medium circulation. The vane is one of the stationary parts in the nuclear coolant pump, which is installed between the impeller and the casing. The shape of the vane plays a significant role in the pump's overall performance and stability which are the important indicators during the safety serve process. Hence, the bionic concept is firstly applied into the design process of the vane to improve the performance of the nuclear coolant pump. Taking the scaled high-performance hydraulic model (on a scale of 1:2.5) of the coolant pump as the reference, a united bionic design approach is proposed for the unique structure of the guide vane of the nuclear coolant pump. Then, a new optimization design platform is established to output the optimal bionic vane. Finally, the comparative results and the corresponding mechanism are analyzed. The conclusions can be gotten as: (1) four parameters are introduced to configure the shape of the bionic blade, the significance of each parameter is herein demonstrated; (2) the optimal bionic vane is successfully obtained by the optimization design platform, the efficiency performance and the head performance of which can be improved by 1.6% and 1.27% respectively; (3) when compared to the original vane, the optimized bionic vane can improve the inner flow characteristics, namely, it can reduce the flow loss and decrease the pressure pulsation amplitude; (4) through the mechanism analysis, it can be found out that the bionic structure can induce the spanwise velocity and the vortices, which can reduce drag and suppress the boundary layer separation.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 1998.05b
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• pp.3-3
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• 1998

In this pressentation it is argued that the heterogeneity of a hydrologic attribute which may seem to be nonstationary at one scale, may become stationary at a larger scale. The fundamental reason for transformation from nonstationarity to stationarity whith the increase in scale is the phenomenon of coarse-graining of the hydrologic processes with increasing scale. Due to the phenomenon of aliasing, a particular scale hydrologic process heterogeneity which is observed as a nonstationary process at that scale, may be observed as a stationary process at a higher(larger) scale whose size is bigger than the stationary extent of the lower scale heterogeneity. As one goes through a hierarchical sequence of larger and larger scales for observations, one would eliminate nonstationarities which emerge at some lower scales at the expense of losing information on the high frequency fluctuations of the lower scale heterogeneities which will no longer be observed at the larger sampling scales. We call this phenimenon as the "coarse-graining in hydrologic observations". In this presentation, it is also argued that by the coarse-graining of hydrologic processes due to the averaging and aliasing operations at increasing scales, the conservation laws corresponging to these scales may still be quite parsimonious, and need not be more complicated as the scales get larger. It is shown that shen a higher(larger) scale process is formed by averaging a lower(smaller) scale process in time or space, the high frequency components of the lower scale process will be eliminated by the averaging operation. Thereby, the resuliiting average hydrologic dynamics, free from the effects of the high frequency components of the lower scale process, can still be quite simple in form. This is demonstrated by means of some recent upscaling work on the solute teansport conservation equation for hetergeneous aquifers. By means of this solute transport example, it is also shown that for the ensemble average form of a hydrologic conservation equation to be equivalent to its volume-average form at any scale, the parameter functions of that conservation equation at the immediately lower scale must be ergodic.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.240-240
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• 2020

강우 시 우수관로 내부의 수리 거동(유속, 수위)에 영향을 미치는 대표적인 매개변수는 관로의 조도계수와 손실계수 등이 있다. 이 중 조도계수는 관로 내부의 퇴적 및 협잡물로 인한 조도높이 변화에 따른 관로 내의 수리학적 거동을 평가할 수 있는 매개변수이며 손실계수는 관로의 확대, 축소, 만곡 등에 의한 에너지 감쇄 효과에 따른 관로 내 수리학적 변화를 평가할 수 있는 매개변수이다. 본 연구에서는 서울시 주요 배수구역에 대해 관로 조도계수 및 손실계수 변화에 따른 수위, 유속 변동성을 SWMM으로 분석하였다. 연구에 적용한 대상 배수구역은 반포 02 (방배1), 안양천 13 (봉천1), 성내 05 (길동), 안양천 11(신림4), 반포 03 (방배2), 안양천 01 (오류1), 성내 03 (천호)로 총 7개 배수구역이다. 모형수행을 위한 조건으로 조도계수는 0.015 ~ 0.120 구간에 대해 0.003 단위로 증가시키며 총 12개 CASE를 적용하였으며 손실계수는 0.0 ~ 0.5 구간에 대해 0.1 단위로 총 6개 CASE를 적용하였다. 관로 수리특성에 따른 수심, 유속의 변화량 분석 결과는 관로 및 유역의 크기별로 변화의 폭이 매우 크므로 상자-수염그림(Box-whisker plot) 이용하여 중간값의 변화 정도를 검토하였다. 조도계수 증가에 따른 수심증가, 유속 감소치의 중간값을 분석한 결과 조도계수가 0.013에서 0.034로 증가 시 수심은 40.6% 증가하고 유속은 47.4% 감소하는 것으로 검토되었다(그림 1, 2). 한편, 손실계수 증가에 따른 수심증가, 유속 감소치의 중간값을 분석한 결과 조도계수가 0.0에서 1.6으로 증가시 수심은 15.7% 증가하고 유속은 15.0% 감소하는 것으로 검토되었다. 이상과 같은 연구의 성과는 우수관로 내부의 다양한 여건 변화가 강우 시 관로 내 수리특성에 미치는 영향을 판단하기 위한 기초 자료로 활용할 수 있으며 향후, 우수관로 모니터링 결과와 연계하여 유지관리 방안 수립에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.23-39
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• 2014

An artificial rainwater reservoir installed in urban areas for recycling rainwater is an eco-friendly facility for reducing storm water effluence. However, in order to recycle the rainwater directly, the artificial rainwater reservoir requires an auxiliary system that can remove non-point source pollutants included in the initial rainfall of urban area. Therefore, the conventional soil filtration technology is adopted to capture non-point source pollutants in an economical and efficient way in the purification system of artificial rainwater reservoirs. In order to satisfy such a demand, clogging characteristics of the sand filter layers with different grain-size distributions were studied with real non-point source pollutants. For this, a series of lab-scale chamber tests were conducted to make a prediction model for removal of non-point source pollutants, based on the clogging theory. The laboratory chamber experiments were carried out by permeating two types of artificially contaminated water through five different types of sand filter layers with different grain-size distributions. The two artificial contaminated waters were made by fine marine-clay particles and real non-point source pollutants collected from motorcar roads of Seoul, Korea. In the laboratory chamber experiments, the concentrations of the artificial contaminated water were measured in terms of TSS (Total Suspended Solids) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and compared with each other to evaluate the performance of sand filter layers. In addition, the accumulated weight of pollutant particles clogged in the sand filter layers was estimated. This paper suggests a prediction model for removal of non-point source pollutants with theoretical consideration of the physical characteristics such as the grain-size distribution and composition, and change in the hydraulic conductivity and porosity of sand filter layers. The lumped parameter ${\theta}$ related with the clogging property was estimated by comparing the accumulated weight of pollutant particles obtained from the laboratory chamber experiments and calculated from the prediction model based on the clogging theory. It is found that the lumped parameter ${\theta}$ has a significant influence on the amount of the pollutant particles clogged in the pores of sand filter layers. In conclusion, according to the clogging prediction model, a double-sand-filter layer consisting of two separate layers: the upper sand-filter layer with the effective particle size of 1.49 mm and the lower sand-filter layer with the effective particle size of 0.93 mm, is proposed as the optimum system for removing non-point source pollutants in the field-sized artificial rainwater reservoir.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.16 no.4 s.50
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• pp.411-427
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• 2006

This study aimed to recognize characteristics of groundwater flow in fractured bedrocks based on zonal pump-ing tests, slug tests, water quality logs and borehole TV camera logs conducted on two boreholes (NJ-11 and SJ-8) in the city of Naju. Especially, the zonal pumping tests using sin91e Packer were executed to reveal groundwater flow characteristics in the fractured bedrocks with depth. On borehole NJ-11, the zonal pumping tests resulted in a flow dimension of 1.6 with a packer depth of 56.9 meters. It also resulted in lower flow dimensions as moving to shallower packer depths, reaching a flow dimension of 1 at a 24 meter packer depth. This fact indicates that uniform permissive fractures take place in deeper zones at the borehole. On borehole SJ-8, a flow dimension of 1.7 was determined at the deepest packer level (50 m). Next, a dimension of 1.8 was obtained at 32 meters of packer depth, and lastly a dimension of 1.4 at 19 meters of packer depth. The variation of flow dimension with different packer depths is interpreted by the variability of permissive fractures with depth. Zonal pumping tests led to the utilization of the Moench (1984) dual-porosity model because hydraulic characteristics in the test holes were most suitable to the fractured bedrocks. Water quality logs displayed a tendency to increase geothermal temperature, to increase pH and to decrease dissolved oxygen. In addition, there was an increasing tendency towards electrical conductance and a decreasing tendency towards dissolved oxygen at most fracture zones.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.157-167
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• 2008

The aeration of an overtopping wave on a vertical structure generated by a plunging wave was investigated through laboratory measurements of void fraction. The overtopping wave occurring after wave breaking becomes multi-phased and turbulent with significant aeration, so that the void fraction of the flow is of importance. In this study, fiber optic reflectometer and bubble image velocimetry were employed to measure the void fraction, velocity, and layer thickness of the overtopping flow. Mean properties were obtained by ensembleand time-averaging the repeated instantaneous void fractions and velocities. The mean void fractions show that the overtopping wave is very high-aerated near the overtopping wave front and relatively low-aerated near the deck surface and rear free surface of the wave. The flow rate and momentum of the overtopping flow estimated using the measured data show that the void ratio is an important parameter to consider in the multiphase flow. From the similarity profiles of the depth-averaged void fraction, velocity, and layer thickness, one-dimensional empirical equations were obtained and used to estimate the flow rate and momentum of the overtopping flow.

• Clean Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.302-310
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• 2019

A constructed wetland with the aerobic tank and anaerobic/anoxic tank connected in series was employed in order to treat highly polluted stream water. The aerobic tank was maintained aerobic with a continuous supply of air through the natural air draft system. Five pilot plants having different residence times were employed together to obtain parameters for the best performances of the wetland. BOD and COD removals at the aerobic tank followed the first order kinetics. COD removal rate constants were slightly lower than BOD. The temperature dependence of COD (θ = 1.0079) and BOD (θ = 1.0083) was almost the same, but the temperature dependence (θ_N) of T-N removal was 1.0189. The SS removal rate was as high as 98% and the removal efficiency showed a tendency to increase with increasing hydraulic loading rate (Q/A). The main mechanism of BOD and COD removal at the anaerobic/anoxic tank was entirely different from that of the aerobic tank. BOD and COD were supplied as the carbon source for biological denitrification. T-P was believed to be removed though the cation exchange between orthophosphate and gravels within the anaerobic and anoxic tanks. The wetland could successfully be operated without being blocked by the filtered solid which subsequently decomposed at an extremely fast rate.