• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.83-87
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• 2000

The mortalities of the monkeys that have been raised in Everland Zoological Gardens within a designated period (1976-1999) were retrospectively analyzed based on the clinical charts and/or autopsy reports. During that period, a total of 161monkeys from 8 species were died. Noninfectious and traumatic factors, respiratory and digestive disorders account for the majority of cause of death. 62% of the death was concentrated in the winter season. The mortality of female and male was 53 and 47%, respectively. The mortality of adult monkey(62%) due to neoplasia and senile changes.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.9 no.8
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• pp.487-506
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• 1971

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.120-130
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• 2000

Studies on the relation between socio-economic factors and metermal and child health have found that poverty, lack of edcation, inappropriate health serives are affecting to maternal and child health. The Gender Related Development Index (GDI) focuses on equality between men and women as well as on the average achiement of all people taken together, using same cariables as the Human Development Index (HDI) which are life expectancy, literacy rate, and per capita GDP. This research is to inverstigate whether HDI and GDI are useful determinants for maternal infant mortality. Using 146 UN member countries date, we condented multiple regression analysis for maternal and infant mortality with three models which are Model(individual variables-literacy rate, per capita GDP), Model(HDI) and Model(GDI). The results showed that HDI and GDI are powerful determinants of both maternal and infant mortality, respectively HDI($\beta$=-1.18, t=3.3; $\beta$=1.04, t=5.1) GDI($\beta$=-1.44, t=3.9; $\beta$=1.28, t=6.5) The higher power in model with GDI for both maternal and infant mortalities represented that GDI was more powerful determinant of maternal and infant mortality, than HDI respectively HDI($R^2$=0.824, $R^2$=0.842), GDI($R^2$=0.834, $R^2$=0.865). In conclusion, the maternal and infant mortalities are explained by GDI than HDI and may be lower in the societies where there are less discimination between men and women.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.2041-2047
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• 2016

Background: Liver cancer (LC) is the sixth world most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death. Due to the importance and necessity of awareness about the incidence and mortality of diseases to perform prevention programs, this study focused on data for LC and its relationship with the human development index (HDI) and its components in Asia in 2012. Materials and Methods: This ecological study was based on GLOBOCAN data for Asian countries. We assessed correlations between standardized incidence rates (SIR) and standardized mortality rates (SMR) of LC with HDI and its components using of SPSS18. Results: A total of 582,420 incident cases and 557,097 deaths were recorded in Asian countries in 2012. The five with the highest SIR were Mongolia, Lao PDR, Vietnam, Republic of Korea and Thailand and those with the highest SMR were Mongolia, Lao PDR, Vietnam, Cambodia and Thailand. A negative relation was observed between HDI and LC for SIR of 0.049 (P=0.748) and for SMR of 0.07 (P=0.645), with life expectancy at birth a positive relation for SIR of 0.061 (P=0.687) and a negative relation for SMR of 0.079 (P=0.603), with the average years of education a negative relation fo SIR of 0.476 (p=0.952) and for SMR of 0.032 (P=0.832), and with the country income level per person a negative relation for SMI of 0.11 (p=0.465) and for SMR of 0.113 (P=0.455). Conclusions: The incidence of LC is more in less developed and developing countries but statistically significant correlations were not found between standardized incidence and mortality rates of LC, and HDI and its dimensions.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.253-264
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• 2010

This study investigates the relationship between daily mortality and heat stress in Seoul, using perceived temperatures (PT) derived from a heat budget model. During the summer season, observed PT intensity showed the biggest magnitude of summer heat stress from the middle 10 days of July to the first 10 days of August. The elderly (65 and above) were found to be the most vulnerable to heat stress. The threshold PT, with a significant increase in excess mortality, was $38^{\circ}C$. No time lagged effect was observed with summer heat stress, while a high correlation was observed between anomalies in PT and relative deviation of mortality. A comparison of the heat index and the discomfort index with excess mortality revealed that the discomfort index underestimated excess mortality, whereas the heat index could not appropriately explain the increase in excess mortality correlated with the increase in excess heat. In contrast, PT was found to be the weather element that best represents excess mortality due to heat stress, and is thus expected to serve as a more reliable forecast index of human biometeorology.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.11-22
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was to examine the influences of community characteristics on the mortality rates. Community characteristics included socioeconomic environmental characteristics, health care resources, and health lifestyle practice. Methods: This study used secondary data whose units of analyses were 249 administrative districts. Mortality rates were estimated with hierarchical regression models entered in the order of (1) socioeconomic environmental characteristics, (2) health care resources, and (3) health lifestyle practice. Results: About 70% of mortality rate was explained by socioeconomic environmental characteristics, health care resources, and health lifestyle practice. In particular, socioeconomic environmental characteristics showed the strongest impact on mortality rate. Among socioeconomic characteristics, community with lower rate of households headed with college or more, lower number of inhabitants per on-premise license, higher rate of population in poverty, and rural region showed higher mortality rate. Among health care resources, community with higher number of inhabitants per doctor and lower number of inhabitants per hospital bed showed higher mortality rate. Among health lifestyle practice, community with higher current smoking rate and lower moderate physical activity practice rate showed higher mortality rate. Conclusions: The results suggest that policy makers should take into account socioeconomic environmental characteristics of community in developing community-based health promotion rather than focusing on lifestyle changes of residents.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.301-309
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• 2015

Objectives: While recent studies showed that coffee consumption reduced the risk of all-cause mortality, no study has examined the effect of coffee consumption on all-cause mortality related to sleep disorders. We aimed to examine whether sleep-related disorders would differently affect the association between coffee consumption and the risk of all-cause mortality among 8,075 adults aged 40 to 69 years. Methods: In a prospective cohort study, the study participants were biennially followed up for 12 years from 2001 to 2012. On each follow-up visit, the participants underwent comprehensive tests including anthropometric examinations, interviewer-administered questionnaires, and biochemical tests. Coffee consumption frequency and the amount were measured using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Using death certificate data from Korean National Statistical Office, the vital status of each study participant was identified. Sleep-related disorders were examined with interviewer-administered questionnaires. We estimated Hazard ratios and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals from Cox Proportional Hazard models. Multivariable models were established after adjusting for center, total caloric intake, age, gender, body mass index, physical activity, education, smoking, drinking, hypertension, diabetes, total cholesterol, c-reactive protein, energy-adjusted food groups of refined grains, vegetables, fruits, meat, fish, and dairy. Results: Compared with those who had no coffee consumption, participants who had about three cups of coffee per day showed a reduced risk of all-cause mortality, after adjusting for covariates. Those who had a sleep-related disorder showed no significant effect of coffee consumption on the risk of all-cause mortality, whereas those who had no sleep-related disorders showed significantly reduced risk of all-cause mortality. Conclusions: Our findings suggested that approximately three cups of coffee per day would be beneficial to reduce the risk of all-cause mortality only among adults with no sleep-related disorders. Coffee consumption should be prudent for those with sleep-related symptoms.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.21
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• pp.9433-9437
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• 2014

This study provides the first systematic literature review of cervical cancer incidence and mortality as well as human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype prevalence among women with cervical cancer in the Pacific Island countries and territories. The cervical cancer burden in the Pacific Region is substantial, with age standardized incidence rates ranging from 8.2 to 50.7 and age standardized mortality rate from 2.7 to 23.9 per 100,000 women per year. The HPV genotype distribution suggests that 70-80% of these cancers could be preventable by the currently available bi- or quadrivalent HPV vaccines. There are only few comprehensive studies examining the epidemiology of cervical cancer in this region and no published data have hitherto described the current cervical cancer prevention initiatives in this region.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.311-317
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• 2001

YHB6211, a newly developed recombinant human granulocyte colonystimulating factor, was administered at dose levels of 0, 3, 15, and 75 $\mu$g/kg/day intravenously to the pregnant New Zealand White rabbits (20 rabbits per group) during the organogenetic period, days 6 to 18 of gestation. All dams were subjected to Caesarian section on day 28 of gestation and their fetuses were examined for external, visceral, and skeletal abnormalities. No abnormalities in clinical signs, body weight changes, gross findings, mortality, and external appearance were found in all dams and fetuses exposed to 0, 3, and 15 $\mu$g/kg/day of YHB6211. However, in the group treated with 75 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/day of YHB6211, maternal body and uterine weights, fetal body weights and length, and the number of live fetuses were significantly decreased and further fetal mortality was remarkably increased. It is suggested that YHB6211 may have no side effect up to the dose level of 15 $\mu$g/kg/day, and there would be no teratogenicity for fetuses of rabbits up to 75 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/day even if it may have some toxic effects over 75$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/day for dams and fetuses of rabbits.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2013

This study focuses on spatial/temporal relationship deaths caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). Several studies have found links between these two diseases. By looking for clusters in mortality of Alcohol and HIV related deaths this study contributes to the field through the identification of exact spatial/temporal time of high and low occurrence risks based on the observed over the expected number of deaths. This study does not provide political or social interpretations of the data. It merely wants to show where clusters are found.