• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• 제21권6호
• /
• pp.487-492
• /
• 2013

Cytochrome P450 4A11 (CYP4A11) is a fatty acid hydroxylase enzyme expressed in human liver. It catalyzes not only the hydroxylation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, but the conversion of arachidonic acid to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), a regulator of blood pressure. In this study, we performed a directed evolution analysis of CYP4A11 using the luminogenic assay system. A random mutant library of CYP4A11, in which mutations were made throughout the entire coding region, was screened with luciferase activity to detect the demethylation of luciferin-4A (2-[6-methoxyquinolin-2-yl]-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid) of CYP4A11 mutants in Escherichia coli. Consecutive rounds of random mutagenesis and screening yielded three improved CYP4A11 mutants, CP2600 (A24T/T263A), CP2601 (T263A), and CP2616 (A24T/T263A/V430E) with ~3-fold increase in whole cells and >10-fold increase in purified proteins on the luminescence assay. However, the steady state kinetic analysis for lauric acid hydroxylation showed the significant reductions in enzymatic activities in all three mutants. A mutant, CP2600, showed a 51% decrease in catalytic efficiency ($k_{cat}/K_m$) for lauric acid hydroxylation mainly due to an increase in $K_m$. CP2601 and CP2616 showed much greater reductions (>75%) in the catalytic efficiency due to both a decrease in $k_{cat}$ and an increase in Km. These decreased catalytic activities of CP2601 and CP2616 can be partially attributed to the changes in substrate affinities. These results suggest that the enzymatic activities of CYP4A11 mutants selected from directed evolution using a luminogenic P450 substrate may not demonstrate a direct correlation with the hydroxylation activities of lauric acid.

• 수산해양교육연구
• /
• 제27권3호
• /
• pp.735-746
• /
• 2015

Education is the study of work-related education and human aspects. Therefore, it should be understood first fully human. Education is not possible to leave the understanding of human nature. In particular, the history of educational development in China can be grasped by understanding the Humanism Theory. Therefore, to study the evolution of China Humanism Theory to find the historical footprints of Chinese education. Humanism Theory will be able to recognize the impact on educational theory development in China. In conclusion, character education is to increase the economic and social status is revealed and influenced. That the Humanism can grow through training and education is a common opinion of many scholars.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한전기학회 2004년도 하계학술대회 논문집 B
• /
• pp.1409-1411
• /
• 2004

[$80\;\sim\;90\%$ of Information that human masters from outside are image information which depend on sight. So, in case machine takes the place of human's function, role of image processing is very important. However, because human's sight function is formed through evolution and studying for a long time, substituting it for computer attend with unexpected difficulty. In railroad, there are many field which the application of automation system is expected by using computer instead of safety watch that depend on usual human sight, macrography. But, there are many research field and conditions in the railroad when various outside conditions are considered, comparing with another field. This study analyses the recent image processing technology and reviews the task of image processing technology and its direction.]

• Genomics & Informatics
• /
• 제5권4호
• /
• pp.179-187
• /
• 2007

An increasing number of primate genomes are being sequenced. A direct comparison of repeat elements in human genes and their corresponding chimpanzee orthologs will not only give information on their evolution, but also shed light on the major evolutionary events that shaped our species. We have developed REPEATOME to enable visualization and subsequent comparisons of human and chimpanzee repeat elements. REPEATOME (http://www.repeatome.org/) provides easy access to a complete repeat element map of the human genome, as well as repeat element-associated information. It provides a convenient and effective way to access the repeat elements within or spanning the functional regions in human and chimpanzee genome sequences. REPEATOME includes information to compare repeat elements and gene structures of human genes and their counterparts in chimpanzee. This database can be accessed using comparative search options such as intersection, union, and difference to find lineage-specific or common repeat elements. REPEATOME allows researchers to perform visualization and comparative analysis of repeat elements in human and chimpanzee.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제39권1호
• /
• pp.11-16
• /
• 2016

Declines in amphibian populations are occurring worldwide, and have been attributed to many factors, including anthropogenic environmental changes. One of the ramifications of such declines is abnormalities in many amphibian species. A strong association has been detected between human activities and abnormalities in amphibian populations, but studies on this association are largely focused on lentic species. In this study, it was analyzed whether the degree of local human activity was associated with the rate of abnormalities in Bombina orientalis which inhabited lotic environments. We found that the proportions of abnormalities in wild populations of B. orientalis increased, when i) the closest human land use was located within 100 m from the frogs' habitat, and ii) the proportion of human land use within a 300-m radius was high. Our findings suggest that human activity has a negative impact on the fitness of nearby amphibian populations, and that wild populations very close to human-induced disturbance are affected.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
• /
• 통권18호
• /
• pp.37-56
• /
• 2010

영화와 마찬가지로 애니메이션에 있어 장르는 산업적 요구와 관객의 취향이 만들어낸 시스템이다. 그리고 하나의 장르는 특정 유형의 캐릭터, 내러티브, 도상들과 같은 관습의 체계라고 할 수 있다. 이 논문은 <포켓몬스터>와 <디지몬>으로 대표되는 몬스터 애니메이션의 장르의 관습인 캐릭터의 '진화'에 대해 고찰하였다. <게게게노 기타로>에서 시작된 요괴 애니메이션은 <드래곤 볼>에서 중요한 변화를 겪으며 그 하위 장르인 몬스터 애니메이션으로 발전한다. 그리고 <포켓몬스터>와 <디지몬>시리즈는 일본 상업 애니메이션의 특정 장르 안에서 캐릭터 자체의 '진화'를 장르 관습의 요체로 삼아 수많은 캐릭터들을 양산하고 산업적 성공을 거두었다. 몬스터 애니메이션은 이야기 구조보다는 캐릭터성이 극단적으로 강조되는 장르적 특성을 보인다. <포켓몬스터>의 캐릭터들은 하이브리드형, 뮤턴트-중첩형, 변태형, 단순성체형, 내러티브형, 다중진화의 6가지 방식으로 진화하는 패턴을 가지고 있다. <디지몬>의 경우 진화의 방향이 대부분 인간 병기로서 전투형 사이보그로 진화하는 일관된 경향을 보이며 캐릭터들 간의 하이브리드를 극대화하고 있다. 이는 게임과 완구 업계의 산업적 요구가 캐릭터의 수를 엄청나게 늘리는 방향으로 진행되고 있다는 의미이며 탁월한 산업적 전략으로 선택되었다는 뜻이기도 하다. 동시에 시각적으로 반복되는 장르 관습을 극대화한 일본 애니메이션의 산업적 전략 안에 의도하지 않았더라도 국가 이데올로기나 군국 주의적 욕망이 조금이라도 묻어있다면 이것은 적지 않은 우려를 불러일으킨다. 포켓몬 캐릭터의 진화와 디지몬 캐릭터의 진화는 이데올로기 효과의 측면에서 차이를 갖는다는 점을 알 수 있다. 하지만 일부 관객들은 능동적이고 주체적으로 몬스터 애니메이션의 이데올로기적 효과에 저항하고 새로운 놀이의 방식을 발견하고 있다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
• /
• 제29권4A호
• /
• pp.399-414
• /
• 2004

In this paper, an evolution of software reliability engineering in a large-scale software project is summarized. The considered software consists of many components, called functional blocks in software of switching system. These functional blocks are served as the unit of coding and test, and the software is continuously updated by adding new functional blocks. We are mainly concerned with the analysis of the effects of these software components in software reliability and reliability evolution. We analyze the static characteristics of the software related to software reliability using collected failure data during system test. We also discussed a pattern which represents a local and global growth of the software reliability as version evolves. To find the pattern of system software, we apply the S-shaped model to a collection of failure data sets of each evolutionary version and the Goel-Okumoto(G-O) model to a grouped overall failure data set. We expect this pattern analysis will be helpful to plan and manage necessary human/resources fur a new similar software project which is developed under the same developing circumstances by estimating the total software failures with respect to its size and time.

• 천문학회지
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.177-187
• /
• 2003

Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are distant, powerful sources of radiation over the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to gamma-rays. There is much evidence that they are driven by gravitational accretion of stars, dust, and gas, onto central massive black holes (MBHs) imprisoning anywhere from $\~$1 to $\~$10,000 million solar masses; such objects may naturally form in the centers of galaxies during their normal dynamical evolution. A small fraction of AGNs, of the radio-loud type (RLAGNs), are somehow able to generate powerful synchrotron-emitting structures (cores, jets, lobes) with sizes ranging from pc to Mpc. A brief summary of AGN observations and theories is given, with an emphasis on RLAGNs. Preliminary results from the imaging of 10000 extragalactic radio sources observed in the MITVLA snapshot survey, and from a new analytic theory of the time-variable power output from Kerr black hole magnetospheres, are presented. To better understand the complex physical processes within the central engines of AGNs, it is important to confront the observations with theories, from the viewpoint of analyzing the time-variable behaviours of AGNs - which have been recorded over both 'short' human ($10^0-10^9\;s$) and 'long' cosmic ($10^{13} - 10^{17}\;s$) timescales. Some key ingredients of a basic mathematical formalism are outlined, which may help in building detailed Monte-Carlo models of evolving AGN populations; such numerical calculations should be potentially important tools for useful interpretation of the large amounts of statistical data now publicly available for both AGNs and RLAGNs.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.360-363
• /
• 2006

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) contribute to various kinds of genomic instability via rearrangement and retrotransposition events. In the present study the formation of a new human-specific solo-LTR belonging to the HERV-H family (AP001667; chromosome 21q21) was detected by a comparative analysis of human chromosome 21 and chimpanzee chromosome 22. The solo-LTR was formed as a result of an equal homologous recombination excision event. Several evolutionary processes have occurred at this locus during primate evolution, indicating that mammalian-wide interspersed repeat (MIR) and full-length HERV-H elements integrated into hominoid genomes after the divergence of Old World monkeys and hominoids, and that the solo-LTR element was created by recombination excision of the HERV-H only in the human genome.

• 한국균학회지
• /
• 제46권3호
• /
• pp.205-211
• /
• 2018

Fungal endophytes are defined as fungi inhabiting plant tissues, causing no apparent disease. As the agricultural and ecological importance of endophytes has increased, many studies have been performed on various aspects, ranging from basic identification, taxonomy, and evolution to secondary metabolites with potential for human use. In the Korean Peninsula, conifers are the most commonly found evergreen trees, with approximately 30 to 60 reported taxa. Studies on the effect of conifer-associated endophytes on the host plants are required for the preservation and conservation of coniferous forests which decline by climate change and deforestation. This review summarizes the diversity of endophytic fungi in coniferous trees of Korea and their relationship with host plants.