• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.81-89
• /
• 2019

Many authors have examined the impact of public spending on economic growth. This study uses ordinary least-squares technique to test the effect of state budget expenditure with two major components: development investment expenditure and recurrent expenditure on Vietnamese economy for the period 2000-2017. The empirical results show that the state budget expenditure of Vietnam has positive effect on the economy, however each main component has different impacts. Recurrent expenditure has significant positive impact on Vietnamese economy while there has no evidence to affirm the relationship between the development investment expenditure and the economic growth. Vietnamese government should restructure the state budget to enhance the positive effect on the economy. In the short run, Vietnam should not increase development investment expenditure due to low efficency in public investment. In the long run, it is necessary to economize recurrent expenditure to reserve a reasonable proportion of state budget for development investment expenditure to build infrastructure for developing the economy. The state budget expenditure should be restructured towards prioritizing recurrent expenditure on human and social relief, reducing public administration expenditure, allocating investment capital from the state budget for key and pervasive projects, avoiding spreading out investments as well as crowding out private investments.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.95-108
• /
• 1982

The purpose of this study was to analyze the growth and development of tooth germ and dental arch related to the bone growth during the fetal period. From 70 maxillae and 61 mandibles of the fetus aged 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 months, X-ray films were taken and measured. The results were as follows; 1. There was remarkable bone growth in the anterior and posterior area of palatum osseum, that were the intetior portion of both deciduous canines anteriorly and the intero-posterior portion of both deciduous second molars posteriorly, where there was active bone growth and radiate formation of bony trabeculae was found. 2. The Growth of anterior tooth germ was greater than that of posterior tooth germ, so anterior tooth germs were crowded. Especially in maxilla, the tooth germs of deciduous lateral incisors were located inside of dental arch and the tooth germs of deciduous canines were located outside of dental arch. 3. Crowding amount increased with the fetal age because the growth of tooth germs was greater than that of jaw bone. 4. In the growth of upper dental arch, the increase of width was greater than that of length. 5. There was proportional relationship between the area of Palatal Trapezoid and the fetal age.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.27-42
• /
• 1992

IN urban areas, public outdoor recreation opportunities are limited, traditional funding sources are being eraded, and crowding as well as ecological damage appear inevitable, these developments may require new analysis on the prospective policy of park, with the evaluation of the trend of amenity resources and recreation values, 16 parks were taken as informants in Deagu city area, the data for this research were collected 2,942 samples by the on-site-interview. The abstracted results of amenity elements were revealed as institutions and resource types, the attraction of resources was about twice as much as that of institutions. The resources is to be classified into two items ; national resources and human resources. The former is about five times as mcuh atractive as the latter. The attraction of natural resources consists in the atmospheric factors(35%), the biological factors(28%), the topographical factors(19%), and the scenery factors(18%). While, the attraction of human resources consists in the cultural factors(54%), the social factors(46%). The attraction of the base institutions is very low. The attraction of the static institution is three times as much as that of that of the dynamic institution. The above tendency is a general trend in Daegu city. But when we are taking into consideration in datail, we find that there is great difference among the green tract of land of the park. When the amenity resources of one's destination was used for the value of recreation, the pattern of attraction variables as a physical characteristics could explain 58%. Based on those result, this study is a small but important guidence for decision makings concerning to the allocation of scarce amenity resources.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.11-24
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study is to present data on the human activities responding to the physical environment of ‘Ulsan’s Grand Parks by evaluating user behavior and activity, visiting motivations, and user satisfaction. This study was conducted using multi-methods such as interviews and questionnaires surveys. The main findings of this study can be summarized in six parts as follows: \circled1 Behavior patterns showed that the users visited the park left within 30 minutes and the frequency of visits was 1 or 2 times per week. They spent their time mostly on ‘walking’ and ‘picnicking’. The users visited regardless of the seasons or the day of the week. \circled2 The priorities for improvements were analyzed as follows: the users expressed their demands for ‘shadowing facilities’ like shelters and pergolas because they used these facilities frequently. Also, the users would like an ‘event program’, ‘sign system’ and ‘guide program’. \circled3 Analysis of the the user’s perception of the park showed that they perceive the park as ‘representative source of the landscape and open space in Ulsan and place for making contact with nature. \circled4 In examining the visiting motivations of the users of Ulsan Grand Park, it was revealed that people use the park for ‘time with family and friends’, ‘to escape from city life’, ‘to relieve fatigue. As a result of factor analysis, 4 factors were identified such as ‘physical motive(MF1)’, ‘exploratory motive(MF2)’, ‘social motive(MF3)’ and ‘emotional motive(MF4). \circled5 Park users’ evaluation for park facilities showed that people are satisfied with most of the facilities and especially, they have high level of satisfaction for ‘footpaths’, ‘squares’ and ‘picnicspace’. The evaluation of the park user’s of activity reveals that they are content with nearly all the variables. Especially, they have high level of satisfaction for the variables of ‘convenience for dynamic activities’, ‘making of a beautiful atmosphere, ‘accessibility from the outside’ and, ‘convenience in group activitie. Factor analysis of the park user’s of activity revealed 5 factors such as ‘convenience and interest factor (AF1)’, ‘park maintenance, management and use program(AF2)’, ‘visual beauty(AF3)’, ‘safety and accessibility(AF4)’ and ‘crowding(AF5)’. \circled6 Regression analysis was employed to get the predictor factors of overall satisfaction with a result of 60.0%($R^2$). The variance was explained as ‘quality of the picnic space’, ‘convenience and interest factor while using the park’, ‘park program for maintain and management in the park’, ‘visually beauty while using the park’, ‘safety and accessibility of the parks’, ‘quality of the pond’, ‘crowding’, ‘quality of the square’.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.26 no.8
• /
• pp.881-886
• /
• 2016

Cephalanthera erecta (Thunb. ex, Murray) is an herbaceous and a member of the genus Cephalanthera in the family Orchidaceae. The species is an herbaceous and has reputed Chinese medicinal value. It has been investigated the population density and spatial distribution of this species at Mt. Ahop in Korea during 2015. The spatial pattern of C. erecta was analyzed according to several patchiness indexes, population uniformity or aggregation under different sizes of plots by dispersion indices, and spatial autocorrelation. The mean crowding (M*) and patchiness index (PAI) showed positive values except one small plot (2 m × 2 m). Most natural individuals of C. erecta for plots were not uniformly distributed in the forest community. The small plots (2 m × 2 m, to 8 m × 16 m) of C. erecta were uniformly distributed in the forest community and large plots (16 m × 16 m and 16 m × 32 m) were aggregately distributed. Significant aggregations by Moran's I of C. erecta were partially observed within IV classes (12 m). Dissimilarity among pairs of individuals could found by more than 18.0 m. In conclusion, the geographic distribution of C. erecta is not even with varying degrees of size of plots and human activities give rise to density effects in the plots at Mt. Ahop in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.96-103
• /
• 2023

Generally, human stampedes and crowd collapses occur when people press against each other, causing falls that may result in death or injury. Particularly, crowd accidents have become increasingly common since the 1990s, with an average of 380 deaths annually. For instance, in Korea, a stampede occurred during the Itaewon Halloween festival on October 29, 2022, when several people crowded onto a narrow, downhill road, which was 45 meters long and between 3.2 and 4 meters wide. Precisely, this stampede was primarily due to the excessive number of people relative to the road size. Essentially, stampedes can occur anywhere and at any time, not just at events, but also in other places where large crowds gather. More specifically, the likelihood of accidents increases when the crowd density exceeds a turbulence threshold of 5-6 /m². Meanwhile, festivals and events, which have become more frequent and are promoted through social media, garner people from near and far to a specific location. Besides, as cities grow, the number of people gathering in one place increases. While stampedes are rare, their impact is significant, and the uncertainty associated with them is high. Currently, there is no scientific system to analyze the risk of stampedes due to crowd concentration. Consequently, to prevent such accidents, it is essential to prepare for crowd disasters that reflect social changes and regional characteristics. Hence, this study proposes using digital topographic maps and crowd-density risk simulations to develop a 3D model of the region. Specifically, the crowd density simulation allows for an analysis of the density of people walking along specific paths, which enables the prediction of danger areas and the risk of crowding. By using the simulation method in this study, it is anticipated that safety measures can be rationally established for specific situations, such as local festivals, and preparations may be made for crowd accidents in downtown areas.