• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.93-97
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• 2006

To investigate whether GyeongshinhaeGihwan 1(GGT1), an anti-obesity herbal medicine widely used in oriental medicine, regulates the expression of obesity-related genes, we measured the changes in mRNA levels of these genes by GGT1 in human growth hormone transgenic (hGHTg) obese male rats, and these effects by GGT1 were compared with those of reductil (RD), an anti-obesity drug approved by FDA. Rats received once daily oral administrations of autoclaved water, RD, or GGT1 for 8 weeks. At the end of study, rats were sacrificed and tissues were harvested. Total RNA from adipose tissue, liver and kidney was prepared and the mRNA levels for LPL (lipoprotein lipase), PPAR $\gamma$ (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma), PPAR$\delta$ (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-delta), leptin, TNF$\alpha$ (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), and internal standard G3PDH (glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase) were analyzed by RT-PCR. PPAR$\gamma$ mRNA levels of liver and kidney were decreased in drug-treated groups compared with control group and the decrease of PPAR$\gamma$ expression was more prominent in GGT1 group than in RD group, suggesting that GGT1 is effective in the inhibition of adipogenesis and lipid storage by decreasing the PPAR$\gamma$ expression. In contrast, PPAR$\delta$ mRNA levels of adipose tissue and kidney were increased by RD and GGT1 , and the magnitudes of increase were higher in GGT1 group than in RD group, indicating that GGT1 stimulates fatty acid oxidation and energy metabolism by activating PPAR$\delta$ expression, Compared with control and RD groups, GGT1 group had higher concentrations of serum leptin, a well-known inhibitor of appetite. However, The mRNA levels of leptin, LPL, and TNF$\alpha$ were not changed by GGT1 and RD, compared with DW. These results demonstrate that GGT1 not only decreases PPAR$\gamma$ expression of liver and kidney, but also increases PPAR$\delta$ expression of adipose tissue and kidney, leading to the regulation of obesity and that these effects were more pronounced in GGT1 group compared with RD group. In addition, GGT1 seems to prevent obesity by increasing the serum leptin levels.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.3-9
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• 2005

Obesity can be defined as a metabolic disease due to an increased fat accumulation in the body caused by an imbalance of calorie intake and output The prevalence of obesity has increased substantially over the past 2-3 decades in developed and developing countries. The health impact of weight gain is so marked that obesity has now been classified as a major global public health problem In order to investigate the effect of diet conversion and oral administration of Platycodon grandiflorum extracts on the treatment of obesity, male Spraque-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: a group converted to normal diet (Control group), a group maintained high fat (30%) diet (H), and two groups with Platycodon grandiflorum extract added to the previously mentioned two groups. All animals were fed high fat diet for 7 weeks to induce the obesity. Then they were divided as mentioned above. Animals were fed experimental diet and Platycodon grandiflorum extract (150 mg/ml/rat/day) for 7 weeks. Body weight, adipose tissue weight (subcutaneous, epididymal, peritoneal fat pads) and serum lipids (total cholesterol and triglyceride) showed some differences among groups. The Platycodon grandiflorum feeding markedly decreased both body weight and adipose tissue weight in control group compared to H, high fat diet maintaining, group. Platycodon grandiflorum extracts significantly decreased the concentrations of serum lipids compared to H group. Fat cell numbers and sizes were significantly reduced in the oriental medicinal herb extract administrated group. Increased fatty acid binding protein (FABP) expression in high fat diet group was decreased by the dietary conversion to normal diet and the oral administration of Platycodon glandiflorum extracts. In contrast, there was no significant effect on FABP expression in the high fat maintenance group. In this study, the conversion from high fat diet to low fat or normal diet had a beneficial effect on body weight loss and serum lipid profiles. Dietary Platycodon glandiflorum extracts had an additive beneficial effect on the prevention and treatment of obesity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.185-195
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• 2024

Purpose: The carbohydrate-restricted diet has been recognized to be effective into preventing and alleviating lifestyle-related diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The rare sugar ᴅ-allulose is a functional monosaccharide with anti-obesity effects. In the present study, we examined the effects of dietary ᴅ-allulose on body fat accumulation in rats fed severely carbohydrate-restricted diets containing high concentrations of different fats, beef tallow, or soybean oil. Methods: Male Wistar rats (n = 35, 3-week-old) were divided into 5 groups: One chow-fed control (C) group, and four carbohydrate-restricted groups, namely, beef tallow (B), beef tallow + ᴅ-allulose (BA), soybean oil (S), and soybean oil + ᴅ-allulose (SA), with free access to the diet and water for 8 weeks. The B and BA diets contained 23% beef tallow and 2% soybean oil, whereas the S and SA diets contained 25% soybean oil. Furthermore, the BA and SA diets contained 5% ᴅ-allulose. Results: The final body weight, weight gain, and food intake were significantly higher, and food efficiency was significantly lower in the control group compared to the other carbohydrate-restricted groups. Intra-abdominal adipose tissue, carcass fat, and total body fat weights were not influenced by dietary fat type or ᴅ-allulose supplementation, except for the epididymal adipose tissue weight. In contrast, carbohydrate restriction suppressed body weight gain in rats, but remarkably increased body fat accumulation. Conclusion: Under carbohydrate-restricted conditions, no anti-obesity effects of dietary ᴅ-allulose were observed, regardless of the dietary fat type. The causes of these effects are unknown. However, they may be influenced by a very low carbohydrate and high protein diet. Further research is required to elucidate the effects of ᴅ-allulose under various nutrient compositions with different fat, carbohydrate, and protein energy ratios.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.167-177
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 사람의 지방조직(human adipose tissue-derived stem cells, HAD), 탯줄(human umbilical cordderived stem cells, HUC), 그리고 양막(human amnion-derived stem cells, HAM)유래 줄기세포를 분리하여 세포의 형태 및 성장속도를 비교하고, 역전사 중합효소 연쇄반응과 면역세포화학 염색법을 이용하여 유전자와 단백질 발현을 비교 분석하였다. 또한 지방유래 줄기세포를 이용하여 심장근육세포로의 분화를 유도하였다. 본 연구 결과, 탯줄과 양막유래 줄기세포의 형태는 매우 유사하였으며, 지방유래 줄기세포의 형태는 다른 것으로 나타났다. 분열시간은 탯줄유래 줄기세포가 가장 빨랐으나 총 분열 횟수는 양막유래 줄기세포와 같았으며, 지방유래 줄기세포의 총 분열횟수가 가장 많았다. 세 종류 줄기세포의 유전자와 단백질 발현은 비슷한 양상을 나타냈다. 지방세포, 골세포, 연골세포로의 분화 유도 결과 세 종류의 줄기세포 모두 분화 유도되었다. 또한, 심장세포 특이 유전자의 발현 분석 결과 세 종류의 줄기세포에서 유사한 발현 양상을 나타냈다. 이 중 지방유래 줄기세포를 24시간 동안 $10\;{\mu}M$ 5-azacytidine 처리 후 기본 배양액에서 4주 동안 배양하거나 또는 5-azacytidine 처리 후 bone morphogenic protein-2(BMP-2)와 fibroblast growth factor-10(FGF-10) 또는 BMP-4와 FGF-4 또는 BMP-4와 FGF-8이 첨가된 배양액으로 4주 동안 배양하여 심근세포로의 분화를 유도하였다. 분화 유도 후 심장세포 특이 유전자 발현을 분석 결과 cardiac myosin light chain-1(Cmlc-1)과 L-type calcium channel ${\alpha}1C$ subunit(${\alpha}1C$) 유전자의 발현이 증가하였다. 그러나 troponin T(TnT), troponin I(TnI) 그리고 potassium channel Kv4.3 subunit (Kv4.3) 유전자의 발현은 증가하지 않았다. 본 연구 결과, 지방, 탯줄 및 양막유래 줄기세포는 특성이 매우 유사한 것으로 나타났으며, 심장 질환 치료를 목적으로 하는 세포 치료에 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 또한, 적절한 배양조건 하에서 성장인자와 cytokine들을 처리하여 심장세포로의 분화 유도가 이루어진다면 임상적용에 유용한 세포로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1996년도 제4회 추계심포지움
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• pp.55-64
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• 1996

mouse chromesome2에 있는 agouti locus는 정상적으로는 털색깔을 조절하는 gene이다. mouse agouti gene은 최근에 cloning 되었고 131 amino acid peptide와 consensus signal peptide를 encode한다고 보고되었다. 이 논문에서 interspecies-DNA hybridization approach를 이용하여 mouse agouti gene의 human homologue를 cloning 하였다. Sequence analysis 결과, 이는 mouse gene에 85% 유사하였고 consensus signal peptide sequence 를 포함하는 132 amino acid를 coding하였다. somatic-cell hybrid mapping pannel과 Fluorescence-in-situ hybridization에 의한 chromosomal mapping을 한 결과, agouti gene은 MODY (maturity onset diabetes of the young), myeloid leukemia locus 등이 위치한 human chromosome 20q 11.2에 mapping 되었다. 성인 tissue로부터 추출한 RNA를 이용한 발현연구에 의하면 human agouti gene은 adipose tissue와 teatis에 발현되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.55-62
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• 2013

Bone tissue engineering is one of the important therapeutic approaches to the regeneration of bones in the entire field of regeneration medicine. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are actively discussed as material for bone tissue engineering due to their ability to differentiate into autologous bone. MSCs are able to differentiate into different lineages: osteo/odontogenic, adipogenic, and neurogenic. The tissue of origin for MSCs defines them as bone marrow-derived stem cells, adipose tissue-derived stem cells, and, among many others, dental stem cells. According to the tissue of origin, DSCs are further stratified into dental pulp stem cells, periodontal ligament stem cells, stem cells from apical papilla, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, dental follicle precursor cells, and dental papilla cells. There are numerous in vitro/in vivo reports suggesting successful mineralization potential or osteo/odontogenic ability of MSCs. Still, there is further need for the optimization of MSCs-based tissue engineering methods, and the introduction of genes related to osteo/odontogenic differentiation into MSCs might aid in the process. In this review, articles that reported enhanced osteo/odontogenic differentiation with gene introduction into MSCs will be discussed to provide a background for successful bone tissue engineering using MSCs with artificially introduced genes.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권6호
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• pp.1397-1410
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• 2021

The present study was designed to determine the influence of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on adipogenesis-related gene regulation in bovine intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) adipose cells during differentiation. Bovine IM and SC adipocytes were isolated from three 19-mo-old, crossbred steers. Adipogenic differentiation was induced upon cultured IM and SC preadipocytes with various doses (0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1 µM) of ATRA. After 96 h of incubation, cells were harvested and used to measure the gene expression of CCAAT/Enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD), and Smad transcription factor 3 (Smad3) relative to the quantity of ribosomal protein subunit 9 (RPS 9). Retinoic acid receptor (RAR) antagonist also tested to identify the effect of ATRA on PPARγ -RAR related gene expression in IM cells. The addition of ATRA to bovine IM decreased (p < 0.05) expression of PPARγ. The expression of PPARγ was also tended to be downregulated (p < 0.1) in high levels (10 µM) of ATRA treatment in SC cells. The treatment of RAR antagonist increased the expression of PPARγ in IM cells. Expression of C/EBPβ decreased (p < 0.05) in SC, but no change was observed in IM (p > 0.05). Increasing levels of ATRA may block adipogenic differentiation via transcriptional regulation of PPARγ. The efficacy of ATRA treatment in adipose cells may vary depending on the location.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.1087-1094
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• 2005

세포 생장과 대사에 있어서 glucose의 세포내 도입은 대부분 동물세포에 필수적이며 이와 같은 도입은 glucose transport protein에 의하여 수행된다. glucose transport protein 중에 GLUT4는 사람과 설치류의 지방조직과 골격근에 있어서 인슐린 자극에 의하여 glucose을 세포내로 도입하는 중요한 역할을 수행한다. 본 연구에서는 한우로부터 이와 같은 GLUT4 유전자를 동정하고 그 발현을 조사하였다. 한우 GLUT4 유전자는 1527bp의 open reading frame으로 구성되어 있으며 509개의 아미노산을 암호화하고 있었다. 그리고 한우 GLUT4 아미노산을 홀스타인, 사람, 생쥐와 비교한 결과 매우 높은 상동성을 나타내었다. 한우 각 조직에 있어서 GLUT4 mRNA의 발현을 확인한 결과 심장에서 가장 높은 발현을 나타내었으며 갈비, 등심, 대장에서는 낮은 발현을 보였다. 그리고 피하지방과 소장지방에서 GLUT4의 발현을 확인하기 위하여 RT-PCR을 수행한 결과 지방조직에서도 발현을 확인할 수 있었다. 한우 intramuscular preadipocyte 세포가 지방세포로 분화하는 과정에 있어서 GLUT4의 발현을 RT-PCR로 확인한 결과 분화에 따라 점차 줄어드는 경향을 나타내었다. 이와 같은 결과는 한우 지방조직에서의 GLUT4 기능은 사람과 생쥐에서의 기능과 다르다는 것을 나타낸다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.307-317
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• 2012

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the isolation and characterization of multipotent human periodontal ligament (PDL) stem cells and to assess their ability to differentiate into bone, cartilage, and adipose tissue. Methods: PDL stem cells were isolated from 7 extracted human premolar teeth. Human PDL cells were expanded in culture, stained using anti-CD29, -CD34, -CD44, and -STRO-1 antibodies, and sorted by fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS). Gingival fibroblasts (GFs) served as a positive control. PDL stem cells and GFs were cultured using standard conditions conducive for osteogenic, chondrogenic, or adipogenic differentiation. Results: An average of $152.8{\pm}27.6$ colony-forming units was present at day 7 in cultures of PDL stem cells. At day 4, PDL stem cells exhibited a significant increase in proliferation (p < 0.05), reaching nearly double the proliferation rate of GFs. About $5.6{\pm}4.5%$ of cells in human PDL tissues were strongly STRO-1-positive. In osteogenic cultures, calcium nodules were observed by day 21 in PDL stem cells, which showed more intense calcium staining than GF cultures. In adipogenic cultures, both cell populations showed positive Oil Red O staining by day 21. Additionally, in chondrogenic cultures, PDL stem cells expressed collagen type II by day 21. Conclusions: The PDL contains multipotent stem cells that have the potential to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. This adult PDL stem cell population can be utilized as potential sources of PDL in tissue engineering applications.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.531-534
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• 2010

Purpose: Lipobean$^{(R)}$s, widely used in lipodissolving techniques, contain phosphatidylcholine and sodium deoxycholate as its main substances. They have been approved only as medication for liver disease by the FDA. However, they have been used under various clinical settings without exact knowledge of its action mechanism. The authors designed an in vitro study to analyze the effects of different concentrations of phosphatidylcholine and sodium deoxycholate on adipocytes and other types of cells. Methods: Human adipose-derived stem cell were cultured and induced to differentiate into adipocytes. Fibroblasts extracted from human inferior turbinate tissue, and MC3T3-E1 osteoblast lines were cultured. Phosphatidylcholine solution dissolved with ethanol was applied to the culture medium at differing concentrations (1, 4, 7, 10 mg/mL). The sodium deoxycholate solution dissolved in DMSO applied to the medium at differing concentrations (0.07, 0.1. 0.4. 0.7 mg/mL). Cells were dispersed at a concentration of $5{\times}10^3$ cells/well in 24 well plates, and surviving cells were calculated 1 day after the application using a CCK-8 kit. Results: The number of surviving cells of adipocytes, fibroblasts and osteoblasts decreased as the concentration of sodium deoxycholate increased. However, all types of cells that had been processed in a phosphatidylcholine showed a cell survival rate of over 70% at all concentrations. Conclusion: This study shows that sodium deoxycholate is the more major factor in destroying adipocytes, and it is also toxic to the other cells. Therefore, we conclude that care must be taken when using Lipobean$^{(R)}$s as a method of reducing adipose tissue, for its toxicity may destroy other nontarget cells existing in the subcutaneous tissue layer.