• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.41-52
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aims to provide implications for the government's housing supply policy by analyzing the factors that determine the type of real estate holding and household debt. This study started from the awareness that the determinants of household debt differ depending on the type of real estate holding. Research design, data and methodology: Real estate ownership type was classified and analyzed into 4 models: model 1 (1 household 1 house and self-resident), model 2 (1 household multiple real estate ownership and self-resident), model 3 (1 household 1 house and rent residence), model 4 (1 household holds a large number of real estate and rent residence). The analysis method used multiple regression analysis. The dependent variable was household total debt. As independent variables, household debt, annual gross household income, financial assets, real estate net assets, annual repayment, demographic & residential characteristics were used. Results: 1) Model 4 has the highest household debt and the highest gross income, Model 2 has the most real estate mortgage loans and real estate net asset, and Model 1 has the highest real estate mortgage payments. 2) The positive factor of common household debt determinants is real estate net assets, and the negative factor is financial assets. 3) It was the net assets of real estate that acted as a positive factor in common for the four models. In other words, the more financial assets, the less household debt. It was analyzed that the more net assets of real estate, the more household debt. The annual repayment of financial liabilities had no influence on household debt, while the annual repayment of loan liabilities and household debt had a positive relationship. Conclusions: 1) It is necessary to introduce benefits and systems that can increase the proportion of household financial asset. Specific alternatives include tax benefits and reduced fees for financial asset investment. 2) In the case where a homeless person prepares one house for one household, it is necessary to prepare various support measures according to the income level. The specific alternative is to give additional points for pre-sale or apply an interest rate cut incentive for mortgage loans.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.31-57
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• 2019

This paper investigates the determinants of household splitting and offers the implication on relative poverty. Household splitting is more likely among high-income households, and also ensued by an increase in the number of job holders and household income, which indicate that household splitting has the nature of a normal good. A counter-factual analysis suggests that the relative poverty rate ould have been only one-third to one-eighth of the actual rate among the old households if they had lived together with their children. These results indicate that the social policy toward the old households without due consideration on the children's financial capability is quite likely to bring about the inefficiency of wasting tax money on essentially non-poor households.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.51-62
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• 1992

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the ratio of under-reported business income and related tax to that which is actually reported. The business income and tax are vulnerable to being under-reported. Information about the business income and thus income tax is private information. Without information costs, the tax agency cannot collect all the information about the business income and income tax. In Korea there are more than 600,000 proprietors. Therefore, the costs to investigate the accuracy of the taxpayes' reports are substantial. The tax agency sets a level over which proprietors should report income ratio to total sales, which induces the under-report. To estimate the ratio of under-reported tax, the expenditure method is employed. By this method, the under-reported income can be easily presumed based on expenditures since expenditures are closely related to income. First, the consumption function is estimated by using cross-section data of 1986-89. Generally, the estimation results show the expected sign of the coefficients of the explanatory variables such as income, wealth, and family size. Second, the extent of under-reported business income and related tax is estimated by using the estimation results. The estimated ratios of under-reported tax and income to the actual tax and income fall in the range of 13~39% and 8~25% respectively. This estimation confirms the increasing tendency of the tax detection ratio in previous studies. However, it should be noted that this study is not based on data of the tax report but those of the urban household survey. Therefore, there still remains the possibility that the ratio of under-reported tax could be underestimated.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.75-107
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• 2014

For the purpose of carbon mitigation, Korea needs to introduce stronger market-based economic incentives to promote environmentally-friendly behaviors of consumers. In particular, the government could consider introducing tax benefits on income taxation for green consumption, as well as public education and campaign, to stimulate environmentally-friendly consumption behaviors. In this respect, using an analysis of Input-Output and Household Income and Expenditure Survey in Korea, this paper designs four major scenarios related to income tax benefits for green consumption, and then explores the economy-wide effects of those proposed policies.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.57-77
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• 2017

To prevent the disincentive of labor supply under the current welfare system, we suggest the safety income system, a Korean version of negative income tax. Under the proposed system, for example, a household with four members whose annual income is less than 50 million wons will get financial support from the government. Under the safety income system, labor supply increases and so does the gross domestic product. The disposable income of low-income households increases, which alleviates the income gap among households. Analyzing the Household Income and Expenditure Survey data, we show that under the safety income system the disposable income differentials among households are reduced much more than under the current welfare system or under the universal basic income system.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 1993

The reformed family law was enforced from Jan.1,1991 and the claim to division of matrimonial property in case of divorce, a newly enacted right in the law, is expected to increase the economic position of married women. By this system, married woman can claim her share in the matrimonial property in case of divorce if she verifies her contribution to it. But actually, household work of housewives has not been evaluated properly as compared with their husbands' work in deciding of property division rate, because there is no economic base about the value of household work. So, this study verified wives' role of contribution to matrimonial property and compared their work hours with their husbands. As the result, following suggestions can be presented. 1. The contribution rates of husband and wife to the matrimonial property have to be acknowledged equally and, in case of employed wife, her rate has to be evaluated higher than her husband. 2. Because the property division is not a solatium but a transfer of wife's share, responsibility which marriage has dissolved should not be taken more to women than men. 3. Decision of division rate has to be made regardless the amount fo property unless there are special reasons. 4. The donation tax and inheritance tax should not be imposed on matrimonoal property which was returned to wife from her husband.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.45 no.12
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• pp.1201-1211
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• 2012

This paper constructed the single country sequential dynamic CGE model to analyze the economic impacts of subsidizing water industry under the GHG emission abatement policy in Korea. We introduced the carbon tax to reduce the GHG emission and made two scenarios. One is to transfer the total tax revenue to household. The other is to mix the tax transfer and water industry support. Our Simulation results show that the macroeconomic effects might be positive by subsidizing water industry compared with the pure tax transfer. However, the support of water industry doesn't contribute to head for the non-energy intensive economy because it's economic activity highly depend on fossil energy and energy intensive products as intermediate demand. This means that it is important to make efforts on the cost effective measures such as energy technology progress, alternative energy development, and energy efficiency improvement in water industry against climate change policy.

• Journal of East-Asian Urban History
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• v.1
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• pp.25-54
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• 2019

Kyoto, which was Japan's political and cultural capital for more than a millennium before the dawn of the modern era, shows distinctive characteristics formed in the process of urban modernization. A citizen plaza perfectly fit to a modern city is lying on the east side, but a delayed urban reconstruction in the city center due to a strong conservative self-government awareness, as well as a delayed modernization of tax system, caused disorderly urban sprawl to appear in the suburbs. Thanks to the enactment of urban planning law enacted in 1919 by the government (Ministry of Internal Affairs) and an increasing awareness about the necessity and rationality of urban planning projects, urban renovation took place at a rapid pace. In the meantime, new ways of urban design were sought for and experimented to conserve it as a historical city against the city' quickly changing landscape.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.1-32
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• 2008

This study examined the income distribution effect of the environmental taxes in the energy sector by applying the Urban Family Survey and the Household Income and Expenditure Survey to the Kakwani index. The results analyzed are as follows: first, taxes of the non-transportation energy sector show progressive tax schemes, while those of transportation energy show regressive ones. Second, we calculated the scenario-specific progressivity index on basis of the existing energy price structure. Contrary to the previous works claimed to be regressive, the progressivity in scenario I got higher than before, except for the congestion taxes. Also, the index by the total sum of taxes in scenario II showed just a little bit higher progressive tax system. In scenario III, both the value added tax and the total sum of taxes have a little regressive structure, but the indexes in the environmental taxes, heat capacity taxes, and those which the environmental tax and the congestion tax and heat capacity taxes are summed up, are in general progressive. Third, subsidizing the tax revenues raised from the environmental taxes to the poor classes by a simulation approach shows more progressive as expected, implying the more subsidy the higher the progressivity index. As a result, it is said that the implementation of the environmental taxes has no negative impact on the income distribution, and the subsidy of the tax revenue raised from it to the poor can make the income inequality improve.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.177-183
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze the affecting factors and debt characteristics with household debt. The method of analysis was used SPSS 22.0. The main results were as follows. First, psychological debt burden group were found to be lower academic background, more household members, job in agriculture, forestry and fisheries and women among demographic characteristics. This suggests the need for the governments who are interested in the risk from household debt. Second, psychological debt burden group showed higher level of debt and average monthly debt repayments. This study implies that it is necessary to do financial education and consulting. Third, psychological debt burden group seemed that the households with more the average monthly interest payments and repayments on income, the more total liabilities compared to total assets. As the ages get higher, it was gradually increased. It suggests that the development of psychological counseling program for debtor with household debt. Other factors(property prices or the financial environments) will be dealt with in the subsequent studies.