• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.3943-3955
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• 1975

The purposes of this study are to evaluate the utilization characteristics of electrical power consumption, to grasp the present trends in the use of electrical equipments, to estimate the demand factor and load factor being held, and to evaluate the efficiency of electical uses for the recently electrified farms cultivating paddy rice. For the purposes, 109 sample farms located in eleven villiages electrified in six different years from 1968 to 1973, were chosen at random and investigated on 35 items concerning to electrical uses and wiring systems. The survey was carried out in 1975, in the vinicity of Suweon city. The results are summarized as follows: i) The average annual power consumption on sample farms is considered to be low, being 242.9 Kwh. in 1974, and varied according to the different electrified year and size of cultivated land, respectively. It has significant positive correlation to the area of farm, too. ii) Between the number of year of electrical uses and the power consumption, there is very significant positive correlation, which could be expressed as Y=43.041+16.108 X, where X represents the number of years of electrical uses. The annual increment of power consumption is much greater at the beginning of the electrification than that at the later years, its average being approximately 20 percent. However, it is recommended that any estimation of long-term increments should be carefully investigated. iii) The monthly power consumption varies considerably throughout a year, in which the heaviest farm load occurs in November. Observing the seasonal variation of consumption, the winter-time is the heaviest season while the summer is the lowest. The result implies house lighting is chief contribution to the present electrical consumption on the farms. Comparing the variation of monthly consumption ratios between the sample farms and industries, the electrical uses on the farms are independant of the industrial uses, and further, the agricultural uses are of inverse pattern to the farms from the results that there is negative correlationship between them, iv) The number of electrical equipments used on the farms are occupied chiefly by lighting sources. Next to the lighting sources, household appliances of small quantity and some motors are used. The mean electrical quantity is about 1, 127.4 watt, which corresponds to about 37.6 per cent to the contracted quantity. The composition of quantity is chiefly occupied by the electrical motor of about 1.5 hp., single-phased. The number of the annual utilization hours of each equipment is tabulated in Table IV-5. In contradiction to the high utilization of lighting sources and small household appliances, the motor is poorly used for approximately 22 hours in a year. v) More than 55 per cent of farms want to purchase new electrical equipments such as small household appliances and electrical motors in their number. The impulse of purchasing such items is stimulated by the contacts to the mass media and their knowledge on such equipments. Consequently, the increase of electrical uses could be prompted by such trials as education and demonstration. vi) The demand and load factors on the farms vary considerably according to the greater variation of the power consumption, daily or monthly. The daily demand factor is 22.4 per cent and load factor 18.6 per cent, while the annual demand factor is 1.3 per cent and load factor 70 per cent approximately. Therefore, the low efficiency of construction cost requires re-evaluation of the present contracted quantity of 3 Kw. or increase of electrical uses. vii) The electrical energy on the farms devoted chiefly to lighten the farm residences does not contribute to the farm incomes. Consequently, the cost of electrical consumption presses considerably upon the farm economy. Therefore, there is great need to build up the electrical uses on the farms through the development of new works and techinques to utilize any electrical equipments on the production of farm products. Further more, such the development should be related to increase the actual income of the farm consumers.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find differences in the demographics of toxic exposed patients and substance between call based poison information data and hospital based poison information data. Methods: Seoul 1339 call-response data were used as call based poison data and toxic related injury surveillance data of the Korean center for disease control and prevention (KCDC) were used as hospital based poison data. Age, sex, the kind of exposed substance, reasons for exposure, and exposure routes were compared between two data sets. We analyzed the presence or not of documentation on the name and amount of exposed substance, symptoms after exposure in call based poison data. Results: Seoul1339 poison data included a total of 2260 information related to toxic exposure and KCDC poison data included 5650 poison cases. There was no difference in sexual distribution. Pediatric exposure and accidental exposure were more common in call based poison data. The most common exposed substances were household products in call based poison data and medicines in hospital based poison data, respectively. Documents regarding amount and time of toxic exposure and symptoms after toxic exposure were not recorded exactly in call based poison data. Conclusion: There were significant differences in age, reasons for toxic exposure, and the kinds of exposed substances. Poison information data from both pre-hospital and hospital must be considered.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.598-607
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• 2008

Bast fibers were applied for various usages from fabrics to household care products long time ago. In this study, we investigated the physical characteristrus of water retted & chemically rotted fibers of Yucca, New Zealand hemp, Corn, Kuzu vine, Indian mallow, and Mulberry paper that have been harvested by domestic cultivation. Water retting is more effective than chemical rotting for six kinds of plant fibers. When all fibers were rotted chemically with 1% sodium hydroxide, only Kuzu vine and Indian mallow were retted. Indian mallow, Yucca, New Zealand hemp, and Com fibers have higher tensile strength than any other fibers. The crystallinity of Kuzu vine, Indian mallow, Yucca, New Zealand hemp, and Corn was as low as 60% but Yucca, New Zealand hemp were flexible. Yucca had fewer lumina whereas New Zealand hemp more lumina in cross sectional shape. Especially com fibers have a structure like sponge, and Indian mallow had a net shape. The longitudinal section of New Zealand hemp showed smooth and long shape. Mulberry paper was proved to be short and thin, which is quite appropriate for making paper. In this study, we found that plant fibers for living material could be used for cloth materials.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2010년도 추계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.137.1-137.1
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• 2010

For Indonesia, sustainable energy supply is an important factor to preserve the stable economic growth. One important strategy is development of renewable energy, which has not been fully exploited yet. The paper examines the potency of renewable energy in Indonesia. Currently, biomass composes 23% of total primary energy supply, while geothermal and hydropower has a combined share of 3%. But according to the overall potency of renewable energy, hydropower is found to have the highest available resource of 76 GW, followed by biomass and geothermal by 49.81 GW and 28.53 GW, respectively. Although the solar radiation is only at modest level ($4.80kWh/m^2/day$), the tropical all year sunlight can boost the competitiveness of solar photovoltaic and thermal application. As for wind energy, the average speed of 3-6 m/s requires the development of low speed wind turbine. The examination of electricity and petroleum product prices through international comparison for non-OECD countries shows fifth lowest price level for both of petroleum products and electricity for industrial use. As for household electricity price, Indonesia is placed the second among all the countries compared. The energy subsidy and price structure are examined in detail because it could be a source of hindrance to renewable energy promotion. The examination of renewable energy potency in this study could provide insights about recent development of renewable energy in Indonesia. As an outcome of policy examination, the price comparison analysis suggests Indonesia to reduce or even remove the energy subsidies in the long run. These findings can be utilized to formulate effective policies for renewable energy promotion.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.637-653
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study examined the associations between food consumption frequency of Korean adults and self-perceived chewing difficulty, using the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ, 112 items) from 2013-2016 of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). SUBJECTS/METHODS: Subjects were divided into not difficult in chewing (NDC) and difficult in chewing (DC) groups, with 24.17% being classified into DC. Males and females consumed 35 and 37 items less frequently than the other sex, respectively. Due to the remarkable gender difference in food consumption, gender-stratified one-sided survey regression analysis was performed after adjusted for the effect of age, household income, and self-rated health status. RESULTS: Thirty-four items of FFQ were significantly less consumed by the DC group. Females exclusively consumed less beverages and alcohol while males showed the same for fruits and milk·dairy products. Consumption frequency of 8 items such as steamed potatoes·grilled potatoes, stir fried beef, other kimchi·fresh vegetable kimchi, orange, sour pork·pork cutlet, tteokbokki and green tea were significant only in males. In contrast, 17 items including cooked rice with other grains and legumes, boiled egg·steamed egg, Korean cabbage kimchi, banana, and tofu stew·soft tofu stew were significant only for females. Finally, items that showed significance for both were 9 items including loaf bread, ready-to-eat cereal, steamed sweet potatoes·grilled sweet potatoes, stir-fried lotus roots·stir-fried burdock, green laver salad·brown seaweed salads, apples, tomato·cherry tomatoes, squid (raw, dried shredded, boiled, stir-fried), and curd type yogurt. CONCLUSIONS: Findings in this study suggest chewing difficulty may be an important nutritional issue that has to be dealt with for healthful food consumption, with distinct interest of gender.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.103-112
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of socioeconomic status on the eating-out satisfaction, eating-out expenditure, meal balance and dietary attitude of 251 married females in Youngnam Area. The monthly frequency of eating out with family was 2.5 visits with an expenditure of 116,000 won in this study. Korean food was the most frequently selected type of board for breakfast, lunch and dinner. The respondents satisfied with the taste of the food the most, whereas least satisfied with the sanitation. The average expenditure for eating-out was 62,000 won per visit with the average of 39,000 won in the lowest income group and 78,000 won in the highest one. Regarding the meal balance score, the overall score was 3.48 with the lowest score(2.98) being recorded for the dairy products and the highest score(3.95) for vegetables. As for the dietary attitude score, breakfast scored the highest(3.79) and consideration of balanced workload, exercise, rest and dining activities received the lowest score(2.57). Meal balance and attitude scores were not significantly different among the eating-out expenditure levels. The eating-out expenditure demonstrated a positive correlation with total food expenditures, household income, educational attainment and others. The low income group who had low meal balance scores and dietary attitude scores tended to spend proportionally more on eating-out. In conclusion, the studies revealed that the respondents favored the Korean food and did not satisfied with the sanitation most when eating-out. In terms of eating-out expenses, the group with the highest income and educational attainment spent the most on eating-out and food expenditures.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.267-273
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• 2015

Recently, a wide range of products incorporating cutting-edge technology are being introduced in various sectors of design. Belkin's WeMo or Phillips' Hue are representative examples. In this context, the color-responsive lighting bookcase is a design product that would satisfy the needs of contemporary consumers who seek entertainment in their purchases. By installing lightings that change color according to the user's behavior, this design reconceptualizes the bookcase as a source of entertainment rather than a mundane object of household furnishing. The lighting apparatus can be detached and reattached, serving as stand-alone equipment. The lighting bookcase is modularized, comprising extensions equipped with MCU (Micro Controller Unit), RGB LED and color sensors. The bookcase as a whole is extendable towards four directions up to nine units with the lighting bookcase at the center. The extended, multiple lighting bookcases are wired to receive power from the main bookcase, and are equipped with RGB LEDs but not with MCUs or color sensors. Receiving power and color signals from the main lighting bookcase, the sub-bookcases feature changing shades of color. Also, it includes IoT(internet of Things). This study is a proposal of a design product, modularized to control the shades of the bookcase lighting using these sensors.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2004

Marketing of traditional doenjang (a kind of fermented soybean product) is now focusing on its health advantages, being proven to have anti-viral, anti-cancer and anti-oxidant effects. The purpose of this study is to investigate the consumption patterns of traditional doenjang in the households managed by different generations of women living in Gyeonggi area. Six hundred housewives answered the questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed on 590 subjects using SAS (ver 8.1). Chi-square tests and General Linear Models were used. The age distribution of housewives was as follows: 42.9% were in their 30s; 40.9% were in their 40s; and 16.2% were in their 50s. 57.5% of subjects graduated with high school education while 72.8% of subjects did housework only. Overall, 47.2%, prepared their doenjang themselves, while the remainder purchased it or received it from relatives. This percentage differed however according to age group, as self-preparation of doenjang was found in only 22% of housewives in their 30s, but increased to 83% of subjects in their 50s. 53.4% of subjects had their doenjang donated to them by relatives, compared with only 3.1 % of subjects in their 50s. Most of dishes using doenjang were soups and stews. Those housewives in their 50s made significantly higher use of doenjang in soup, wrapping vegetables (ssamjang), seasoning, and flat cake (jangttok). Doenjang dishes were prepared for the husband in the family 59.2% of the time, followed by housewives 15.4% of the time. Annual consumption of doenjang was 5.1kg. and Kanjang was 4.4L per household; there was no significant difference between the age groups respecting annual consumption. From such results, we may assume a decrease in home-made doenjang among younger generations and an increase in the amount of purchased doenjang. We can predict an increased need for doenjang of better quality. Also the development of new products such as ready-to-eat or fast food variants would better serve the trend towards convenience.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.347-365
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• 2020

In South Korea, social, the number of single-person households has rapidly increased because of financial factors. Since single-person households have characteristics differentiated from general households, many enterprises pay attention to them that appear as important consumers. This study conducted a survey with consumers in their 20s to 50s in single-person households, nationwide who had an experience of purchasing HMR. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: First, of the benefits pursued in dietary life, the pursuit of nutrition a negative (-) impact on RTH type and did not have any impacts on the RTE and RTC types. The pursuit of taste had a positive (+) impact only on the RTE type while it did not have any impact on the RTH and RTC types. The pursuit of convenience had positive (+) impacts on all RTH, RTE and RTC types, while the pursuit of price sought did not have any impact on all types. Second, of the preferences by each HMR type, preferences for the RTH and RTC types had positive (+) impacts on purchase intention while preference for the RTE type did not have any impact on purchase intention. Third, of the benefits pursued in dietary life, the pursuits of taste and convenience had positive (+) impacts on purchase intention while the pursuits of nutrition and price did not have any significant impacts on purchase intention. In addition, of the benefits pursued in dietary life, the pursuit of convenience had a significant impact on purchase intention mediated by preference by each HMR type. As a result, taste of HMR and the aspects of convenience act as factors inducing purchases, and products in the various forms of taste and convenience in order to appeal consumers who pursue taste and convenience.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 한국정밀공학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1030-1033
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• 2002

In this study, it is important that we have an understanding of the metal flow for manufacturing condenser tube in porthole die extrusion, because this need to provide for household appliances market that is expected to grow into the major market of the cooling system hereafter. Condenser tube is mainly manufactured by conform exclusion. However, this method was not satisfied a series of the needs for manufacturing condenser tube as compared with porthole die extrusion. The deforming skill recently is required high-productivity, high-accuracy and reducing lead-time, thus it is essential to substitute conform exclusion by porthole die exclusion. Porthole die extrusion has many advantages such as improvement of productivity, reduction of production cost etc. In general, the porthole die extrusion process consists of three stages(dividing, welding and forming stages). In order to obtain the detailed mechanics, to assist in the design of proper die shapes and sizes, and to improve the quality of products, porthole die extrusion should be analyzed in as non-steady state as possible during the entire process to evaluate detailed metal flow, temperature distribution, welding pressure and extrusion lead, and therm stress analysis was practiced to obtain effective stress and elastic deformation value. A analytical results provide useful information the optimal design of the porthole die for condenser tube.