• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.2969-2974
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• 2011

It is about the study of life satisfaction with type of employment(entrepreneur/paid employee), social factor(social capital), and psychological factor(self efficacy) in Seoul. The empirical results using Seoul Welfare Panel showed that psychological factor was the most powerful, and economic (household income levels) and social factor were in order. Type of employment was also significantly affected on life satisfaction, and paid employee's life satisfaction was higher than entrepreneur's one. In case of paid employee, psychological(self-efficacy) and social(norms, informal networks of participation, non-profit trust) factor in addition to the economic factor were significantly. In case of entrepreneur, economic and psychological factor and only norm among social factors were significant. Finally, The implications for politicians and local public officials were reported.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.195-218
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyze the phenomenon of poverty among North Korean settlers in Korea in terms of its magnitude, the severity, and its determinants by comparing it with the South Korean poor. The data used for this analysis were the second Korean Social Welfare panel data for the South Koreans and the third longitudinal study on North Korean settlers in the South. The average household income of the North Korean settlers reached about 70% of the South Korean counterparts. The percentage of the North Korean households that earn 200% of the poverty line was about the same as the South Koreans, which indicates the improvement of the economic status of the long-term settlers in the South. However, the North Korean settlers below 100% of the poverty line were twice as much , and those under 50% of the poverty line were 8 times more than their South Korean counterparts. Despite the improved economic status of the long-term North Korean settlers in the South, those who still live below the poverty line tend to remain in poverty, which is chronic and severe. The determinants of the North Korean settlers' poverty were identified as age, number of household members in employment, alcohol problem and health satisfaction level. Policy implications were discussed in conclusion.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.57-78
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• 2004

The economic crisis in $1997{\sim}1998$ caused massive unemployment and unprecedentedly increased the number of the poor in Korea. As many unemployed families fell into poverty, the poverty rate skyrocketed to higher than 10 percent. Not later than 2000, unemployment late got back to normal and real average income among urban households approached to the income level prior to the economic crisis. Although the economic crisis has been passed through, poverty was not decreased to the low level prior to the crisis by 2000. Why does it remain high? This study attempts to provide an answer to this question by analysing the poverty trend over the 1990s. Data come from the National Survey of Household Income and Expenditures 1991, 1996, and 20001. Results show that poverty was rapidly reduced in the first half period of the 1990s. This reduction in poverty is largely explained by steady and rapid economic growth. Modest improvement in income inequality also contributed. In contrast, the poverty rate considerably increased in the latter half of the 1990s. Average income was not fully recovered to its prior level, which reflected the economic crisis and the subsequent economic stagnation. Worsened income inequality led to higher poverty rate too. In addition, demographic changes increased the share of economically vulnerable types of families, such as families headed by single parents and the elderly. The most significant factor in explaining the higher poverty rate was extended income differential among non-elderly adults, while the next was the increased number of the elderly families. Yet, findings a little differ depending on which concepts of poverty to adopt. In the analyses based on the concept of absolute poverty, economic growth the most significantly affected the poverty trends in the 1999s. Changes in income inequality played the most important role in explaining the trend in relative poverty. Adopting the concepts of quasi-absolute poverty, which is preferred in this study, results show that rapid economic growth significantly reduced poverty in the first half of the 1990s and both worsened income inequality and stagnated economic growth increased poverty in the latter 1990s.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.71-130
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• 2008

Using data from the Korean Labor & Income Panel Study (KLIPS), this study investigates private income transfers in Korea, where adult children have undertaken the most responsibility of supporting their elderly parents without well-established social safety net for the elderly. According to the KLIPS data, three out of five households provided some type of support for their aged parents and two out of five households of the elderly received financial support from their adult children on a regular base. However, the private income transfers in Korea are not enough to alleviate the impact of the fall in the earned income of those who retired and are approaching an age of needing financial assistance from external source. The monthly income of those at least the age of 75, even with the earning of their spouses, is below the staggering amount of 450,000 won, which indicates that the elderly in Korea are at high risk of poverty. In order to analyze microeconomic factors affecting the private income transfers to the elderly parents, the following three samples extracted from the KLIPS data are used: a sample of respondents of age 50 or older with detailed information on their financial status; a five-year household panel sample in which their unobserved family-specific and time-invariant characteristics can be controlled by the fixed-effects model; and a sample of the younger split-off household in which characteristics of both the elderly household and their adult children household can be controlled simultaneously. The results of estimating private income transfer models using these samples can be summarized as follows. First, the dominant motive lies on the children-to-parent altruistic relationship. Additionally, another is based on exchange motive, which is paid to the elderly parents who take care of their grandchildren. Second, the amount of private income transfers has negative correlation with the income of the elderly parents, while being positively correlated with the income of the adult children. However, its income elasticity is not that high. Third, the amount of private income transfers shows a pattern of reaching the highest level when the elderly parents are in the age of 75 years old, following a decreasing pattern thereafter. Fourth, public assistance, such as the National Basic Livelihood Security benefit, appears to crowd out private transfers. Private transfers have fared better than public transfers in alleviating elderly poverty, but the role of public transfers has been increasing rapidly since the welfare expansion after the financial crisis in the late 1990s, so that one of four elderly people depends on public transfers as their main income source in 2003. As of the same year, however, there existed and occupied 12% of the elderly households those who seemed eligible for the National Basic Livelihood benefit but did not receive any public assistance. To remove elderly poverty, government may need to improve welfare delivery system as well as to increase welfare budget for the poor. In the face of persistent elderly poverty and increasing demand for public support for the elderly, which will lead to increasing government debt, welfare policy needs targeting toward the neediest rather than expanding universal benefits that have less effect of income redistribution and heavier cost. Identifying every disadvantaged elderly in dire need for economic support and providing them with the basic livelihood security would be the most important and imminent responsibility that we all should assume to prepare for the growing aged population, and this also should accompany measures to utilize the elderly workforce with enough capability and strong will to work.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.45-57
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• 2016

The average income of forestry household was only 54.3% of urban workers's and 67.6% of farms household's income based on the data from statistics Korea in 2012. This indicates that forestry, which is a labor-intensive primary industry, has the limitation for creating added value. On the other hand, the demands for forest healing and forest experiential program have been continuously increased with new lifestyle focusing on the quality of life and increased leisure time. Therefore, it is necessary to establish comprehensive policies to increase added value except forestry to respond forest demands. The project utilizing forest healing can be on of solutions to meet forest demands. Thus, this research intends to investigate an economic revitalization plan for mountain villages with forest healing. The characteristics of forest healing facilities and contents of forest healing programs were examined through internet searching, fields surveys, and expert interviews. Total 186 concepts, 8 categories, and 24 subcategories were derived from raw data of surveys. The application process of forest healing was also provided to encourage local economy of mountain areas. This research offers application procedure of the forest healing for regional economic vitalization in Mountain Villages interviews using grounded theory by Strauss and Corbin(1988) as well as NVio11. This research contributes to prepare the base of future quantitative studies by providing strategies and suggestions for the application plans of forest healing programs. In addition, this research offers basic data for the policies to establish and manage forest healing villages.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.227-249
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• 2010

The purposes of this article are to criticize social services, and to consider alternative caring policies and social economic regime to cope with caring blank, in the view point of A. Gorz. According to Gorz, in the value of growth of capitalism, people who are in charge of household affairs and caring work make inroads into the wage market. At this point, as caring blank is occured, social services are emerged. These new aspects are 'Commodification and Rationalization of Private Life'. This article suggests alternative ideas to these aspects. First, universal care giver·breadwinner model, second, the dominance of eco-reason and shorter working hours.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.283-309
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• 1992

This study examines work and family life of married women employed in a manufacturing industry. Data were gathered from the use of fact-to-face interview method from a sample of 230 married working women. The major findings of this study can be summarized as follows : (1) With high rates of change of job, most of the respondents remain unstable in their working situation. It was shown that the important factors influencing job satisfaction of married women are women's life cycle, degree of contribution of wife's income toward total family income, and husband's attitude toward wife's empolyment. The degree of job satisfaction is also strongly influenced by labor structural factors such as pay, work environment and fringe benefits. (2) The amount of household labor time was limited by job-related factors rather than by family-related factors, because among these working women employment itself is necessarily for their subsistance. (3) It was shown that wives participated more actively in their marital communications than their husbands. Most of the respondents showed the syncratic type of the decision making patterns, but this results does not necessarily mean wives exercised an equal power with their husbands. The economic factors and the emotional instability of the husband are the ones mostly influencing marital conflicts of the employed women. It was found that the respondents easily revealed marital conflicts related to personal problems of their husbands(such as extramarital affairs, gambling and alchoholism). However, they tried to overcome the structural conflicts related to authoritarian attitudes of their husbands or economic problems without any complaints. (4) Mothers have difficulty in controlling their adolescent children, due to the weakening of parental authority. Although most of the respondents perceived their employment as having negative impacts on their children, they still have high expectations toward their children. Inspite of low degree of father role expectations and facther role performance of their husbands, most of the respondents anticipated expressive roles as well as traditionally instrumental role from their husbands. Finally, these findings would help us determine family welfare policies in Korea. Improvements in paid and household labor structure of married women should be accomplished at the national level. Also, the acting programs for parent education, marital councelling services, and law enforcement for equal employment between men and women should be provided in our society.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.407-419
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• 2024

Objectives: This study was conducted to measure financial toxicity (FT) among patients with cancer in Vietnam using the COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST) and to describe the cost management strategies employed by these patients. Methods: This comprehensive cross-sectional study enrolled 634 patients from 2 specialized oncology hospitals in Vietnam. Using COST cut-off scores, FT was classified as none/mild (≥26), moderate (14-25), or severe (≤13). Cost management strategies, or coping mechanisms, were classified into 4 groups: lifestyle changes, financial resource strategies, treatment modifications, and support seeking. Results: The prevalence of FT was 91.8%, with 51.7% of participants demonstrating severe and 40.1% exhibiting moderate FT. Severe FT was significantly associated with female, low education level, unstable employment, low household economic status, and advanced cancer stage. The most common coping strategies were as follows: among lifestyle changes, reducing spending on basic items and leisure activities (78.7%) and cutting back on essential household expenses (66.4%); among financial resource strategies, borrowing money from relatives or friends (49.1%) and withdrawing funds from retirement or savings accounts (34.1%); within treatment modifications, switching treatment facilities or doctors due to cost concerns (9.3%); and within support seeking, obtaining help from welfare or community organizations (18.8%). All strategies were significantly more likely to be used by patients with severe FT. Conclusions: FT was highly prevalent among patients with cancer. Most patients relied on lifestyle adjustments and coping strategies, underscoring the need for improved financial support systems to alleviate the economic burden associated with cancer care.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.123-130
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• 2017

This study investigates the variables associated with the conspicuous consumption patterns of children consumers. The empirical analysis was done on materialism, recognition of advertising, self-regulation ability, and impulsive consumption. The results were as follows. First of all, children consumers tend to a little higher self-directed conspicuous consumption than others-oriented conspicuous consumption. Second, as a result of analyzing conspicuous consumption according to social demographic characteristics, a high tendency of conspicuous consumption was shown in groups that think their household economic status is upper middle class. Third, the variables affecting conspicuous consumption patterns of children consumers were materialism, recognition of advertising, and impulsive consumption. Materialism, recognition of advertising, and impulsive consumption had a positive effect.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.13-28
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality of life for the people living in Kyungsan areas and to suggest welfare policies for the improvement of their quality of life. The research was based on the quality of life model including 10 domains such as community environments, community services, housing , family, social network, education, health, employment and household labor, leisure, and economic security. The survey was carried out in Kyungsan city and its neighboring areas. Using 686 cases, the regional differences were examined with regard to the important variables from 10 domains. Based on the findings, policy implications were suggested to improve the quality of life for the people living in Kyungsan city and its neighboring areas.