• Toxicological Research
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• v.17
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• pp.257-261
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• 2001

Recently, a traditional medicine called Gouteng-san, which consists of eleven herbs, was reported to be effective in treating vascular dementia with a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Gout-eng-san is also used for patients with vascular dementia in combination with Si-Wu-Tang. The effect of Gouteng-san and Si-Wu-Tang on deficit of learning behavior was investigated using step-down passive avoidance task in mice. Hot-water extract of Gouteng-san (1.5 and 6 g/kg, p.o.) significantly prolonged the step-down latency shortened by scopolamine. The extract of Uncaria hook (150 mg/kg, p.o.), one of the component herb of Gouteng-san, significantly prevented the decrease in the latency after scopolamine. Hot-water extract of Si-Wu-Tang (1.5 and 6 g/kg of dried herbs, p.o.) prevented dose-dependently scopola-mine-induced disruption qf learning behavior. Si-Wu-Tang also prevented the ischemia-induced deficit of learning behavior. Both hot water extract of peony and angelica (1.5 g/kg, p.o.), which are component herbs qf Si-Wu-Tang, prevented the scopolamine-induced learning behavior deficit. Scopolamine (10 uM) suppressed long-term potentiation (LTP) of population spike in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampal slices. Peoniflorin (0.1~ 1uM) extracted from paeony root significantly ameliorated scopolamine-induced inhibition of LTR These results suggest that improvement of deficit of learning behavior by Gouteng-san and Si-Wu-Tang is mediated by direct and/or indirect activation of the cholinergic system in the brain.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.49-64
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• 2009

Objectives : The water and methanol extracts of Aconitum carmichaeli(Aconiti Tuber Preparat) were investigated for their anti-depressant effects. Methods : In this study, reserpine-induced hypothermia test, tail suspension test and hot plate test. Additionally, the brain monoamine oxidase activity was determined in vivo. Results: In the reserpine-induced hypothermia test, both extracts suppressed the fall of body temperature compared to the control group in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting the inhibition on hypothermia. In the tail suspension test, the methanol extract dose-dependently reduced the duration of immobility by 28.4% at a dose of 1 g/kg compared to control group, which is more effective than the water extract. In the hot plate test, the water extract and methanol extract increased the jump latency time compared to the control group, showing the inhibition rate of 198% and 182%, respectively, at a dose of 1 g/kg. Methanol extracts potently inhibited the brain monoamine oxidase activity in an in vivo assay compared to the control group, showing 84.6% inhibition, but the water extract revealed very weak activity. Conclusions : Above results suggested that the extract of Aconitum carmichaeli can be useful for the prevention and treatment of depression.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1185-1190
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• 2008

When 10 kinds of herbal medicines were fractionated into hexane, MeOH, cold-water, and hot-water extracts, hot-water extracts from Acanthopanax senticosus (AS), Glycyrrhiza uralensis (GU), Cichorium intybus (CI), and Polygonatum odoratum (PO) showed the potent intestinal immune system modulating activity (1.72-, 1.62-, 1.60-, and 1.53-fold of control at $100{\mu}g/mL$, respectively). Especially, hot-water extracts from AS (215% compared with the control) and GU (187%) also had macrophages stimulating activity and mitogenic activity of splenocytes (7.1- and 6.5-fold) at $100{\mu}g/mL$. In addition, the effects of hot-water extracts from herbal medicines on anticancer activities were studied in mice. Hot-water extracts from AS and GU enhanced cytotoxicity of natural killer cell against cancer cell, Yac-1 (37 and 34% cytotoxicity) at E/T ratio 100:1, and colon 26-M3.1 cancer cell lines had significantly inhibited (82.1 and 75.2%) in experimental lung metastasis. These results suggest that hot-water extracts from A. senticosus and G. uralensis can be used as biological response modifiers to stimulate immune system and inhibit tumor.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.354-358
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• 1998

The influence of hot water extracts and tannin obtained from persimmon leaves on xanthine oxidase were investigated. Above two samples had higher inhibitory effect against xanthine oxidase by hot water extracts and tannin obtained from persimmon leaves was 92.4% and 92.1% by addition of 2.0 mg/$m\ell$ of the hot water extracts and the tannin, respectively. The inhibitions by the hot water extracts and the tannin were of competitive mode with respect to xanthine as a substrate.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2016

To enhance the physiological activities of roasted coffee (RC), 30 kinds of green coffee beans (GCB) with different cultivating areas and varieties were fermented with Monascus ruber mycelium (MR) by solid-state culture. After the dried MR-fermented GCB was subjected medium roasting, each RC was extracted with hot-water. Among the hot-water extracts, the highest yield was the hot-water extract of RC from MR-fermented Indonesia Mandheling GCB (15.5%). However, the hot-water extract of RC from MR-fermented Ethiopia Sidamo GCB showed significantly higher polyphenolic contents (3.08 mg GAE/100 mg) and ABTS free radical scavenging activity (25.41 mg AEAC/100 mg). Meanwhile, the hot-water extract of RC from MR-fermented Vietnam Robusta GCB showed not only the effective inhibition of $TNF-{\alpha}$ level (73.7% inhibition of LPS-stimulated control) from LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells but also significant inhibition of lipogenesis (63.5% inhibition of lipid differentiation control) in 3T3-L1 pre-adipose cells. In conclusion, these results suggest that roasted coffees from Ethiopia Sidamo and Vietnam Robusta green coffee beans fermented with Monascus ruber mycelium using solid-state culture could have industrial applications as functional coffee beverages.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.797-802
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• 2011

I assessed the B($a$)P content from the Ginseng extract, Red ginseng extract, and Ssangwha extract which have high viscosities. It wasn't easy to extract oil from these samples, consequently measuring of B($a$)P was difficult. In order to know the exact detecting contents, I injected standard material of B($a$)P to the above extractions and pre-treated for measurement but it was also difficult to measure of contents exactly. To improve of detecting method, I removed mucinous materials using a 85% phosphoric acid solution or 10% citric acid solution and then processed continuously with $60^{\circ}C$ hot water. The analysis revealed that extracting the samples contained B($a$)P determined the rate of each 70%, 55%, 67% could increase. As a result the detecting method of B($a$)P contents could be improved.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1416-1422
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• 2009

To observe the difference and change of the efficacy and ingredient appearing according to whether semen zizyphi spinosae has been roasted and its extraction method, locomotor activity, anticonvulsant activity, sleeping effect of each hot water and UMPM low temperature extracts of roast and raw semen zizyphi spinosae were measured through animal tests. Roast semen zizyphi spinosae showed superior pharmacological efficacy than raw semen zizyphi spinosae. Also, hot water extraction method showed superior pharmacological efficacy than low temperature extraction method(UMPM) that uses ultrasonic waves and microwaves. In short, it was shown that herbal medicine's extraction method needs to maximize medicinal effects by trying optimum extraction methods according to efficacy by considering characteristics of each herbal medicine. Together, there's also the need for in-depth studies on water-soluble ingredients of semen zizyphi spinosae that may be extracted through full hot water extraction method.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 2011

Objectives : The objective of this study is to study the effects of hot aqueous extract and ethanol extract from Paeoniae Radix Rubra on nitric oxide(NO) and prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ production in macrophage. Methods : Paeoniae Radix Rubra were extracted in 2 ways. one was extracted with hot aqueous for 4 hr in $100^{\circ}C$ and the other one was extracted with 70% ethanol for 4 hr in $70^{\circ}C$. RAW264.7 cells, a mouse macrophage lines, were incubated with different concentrations of the extract for 30 min and then stimulated with LPS at indicated times. Cell toxicity was determined by MTT assay. The concentrations of NO and $PGE_2$ were measured by griess assay and enzyme immunoassay(EIA). Results : The hot aqueous and ethanol extracts of Paeoniae Radix Rubra significantly inhibited the NO productions in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The hot water extract of Paeoniae Radix Rubra significantly inhibited the $PGE_2$ productions in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions : Our results demonstrated that Paeoniae Radix Rubra extract is able to significantly inhibit the production of NO, $PGE_2$ expression. Hot aqueous extract of Paeoniae Radix Rubra has more effective anti-inflammation than ethanol extract.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2022

In this study, the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant efficacy of camellia subcritical water extracts (SWE, 135 ~ 180 ℃, 70 bar) was compared with 70% ethanol and hot water extracts. Among these extracts, the yield (57.9%) of the subcritical water extract, which was extracted under the condition of 180 ℃ and 70 bar was the highest, which increased the extraction yield by more than two times compared to the hot water extract (28.1%). The results of the nitric oxide (NO) production inhibition activity experiment using RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed that subcritical water extracts had superior effects in inhibiting the production of NO without cytotoxicity than 70% ethanol and hot water extracts. In addition, DPPH and ABTS⁺ radical scavenging activity experiments showed that the radical scavenging activity of subcritical water extract was similar to that of 70% ethanol and hot water extract. Moreover, the content of gallic acid was determined by HPLC and the quantity was about 1.62 mg/g for the SWE (165 ℃, 70 bar), which was the highest among all of the extracts. Based on these results, it is concluded the SWE of C. japonica flowers could be potentially applicable as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative ingredients in cosmetic formulations.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.844-850
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• 2014

This study was conducted to examine the physiological activities of Lespedeza cundata extracts. The extraction yield of 50% ethanol extract (17.60%) was higher than that of hot water extract (12.60%). The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the 50% ethanol extract were 242.26 mg/g and 160.73 mg/g, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of the hot water and 50% ethanol extracts were 92.07% and 96.38%, respectively. The superoxide radical scavenging activities of hot water and 50% ethanol extracts on $250{\sim}1,000{\mu}g/mL$ were 54.89~85.68% and 44.50~94.46%, respectively. The tyrosinase inhibition activity of the 50% ethanol extract at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ (63.31%) was the highest. The nitrite scavenging activity of the 50% ethanol extract was higher than that of the hot water extract. The nitric oxide production of 50% ethanol extract ($7.15{\sim}20.61{\mu}M$) improved with an increase in the treatment concentration. The hot water and 50% ethanol extracts at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ inhibited the proliferation of the cancer cell lines A549, HeLa, Hep3B, and Sarcoma180. There results suggest that the 50% ethanol Lespedeza cuneata extracts may be useful as a functional food material in the food industry.