• 한국도서관정보학회지
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• 제28권
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• pp.447-475
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• 1998

We are seeing a shift of the focus of information service from system-centered(data-centered or intermediary-centered) a n.0, pproach to user-centered a n.0, pproach. Sense-making theory is one of the user- centered a n.0, pproaches. This study focused on user-centered information service paradigm concepts of Dervin's sense-making theory and interpreting sense-making theory in the practical context of library services. The sense-making theory is basically a cognitive a n.0, pproach to information-seeking, in that it recognizes information as something that involves internal cognitive processes. The user of information becomes the focus in this sense-making model. The sense-making theory sees information as subjective, situational, and cognitive. It focuses on understanding information within specific contexts and on understanding how information needs develop and how they are satisfied. It regards the user not as a passive receive of external information but as the center in a active, ongoing process of change. It related to the information needs of users. Dervin's method for studying information needs employs the 'situation-gap-use' metaphor. All information needs stem from a discontinuity or 'gap! in one's knowledge. Dervin believes that information needs can be addressed by understanding the process that each individual goes through in experiencing a gap, in trying to resolve it, and in gaining something (especially new knowledge) from the experience. Sense-making is a process; 'sense' is the product of this process. Sense includes 'knowledge'. However, it includes a host of other subjective factors that reflect an individual's interpretations of a situation including intuitions, opinions, hunches, effective responses, evaluations, questions, etc. For several reasons, however, difficulties are encountered if one attempts a more substantial assessment of the theory. First, it has not yet crystallized into a well-defined theory. Secondly, though the theory has aroused general interest, e.g. within LIS, detailed discussion of its strong and weak points is still lacking. A third source of difficulty is that the basic assumptions of the theory have been explicated metaphorically. If sense-making theory is to be really useful, it needs to be interpreted for library settings. But we have found no attempt to construct an information service based on the theory. Because the research tradition is still relatively young, there are many unanswered questions connected, e.g. with the design of information systems. In any case, e.g. intermediary access systems would be more efficient and effective it their planning could be founded on the user-centered a n.0, pproach.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.153-164
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• 2012

반구대암각화의 주암면은 열변성을 받아 혼펠스화된 암갈색 셰일이 주류를 이룬다. 이 암석의 표면은 일정 깊이의 풍화층(평균 공극률 25%)을 형성하고 있으며 신선한 면(평균 공극률 0.4%)과 광물조성 및 화학조성의 차이를 보인다. 암각화가 새겨지기 이전부터 현재까지 발생한 주암면의 손상된 영역은 약 23.8%로 산출되었다. 또한 박리가 발생한 면적은 전체면적의 약 1.2%를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 색도측정 결과, 암각화의 주암면은 생물학적 및 화학적 훼손요인에 의해 백색 및 황색도가 증가한 것으로 확인되었다. 암각화 주암면의 초음파속도는 평균 2,582m/s로 측정되었다. 이는 2003년도의 값보다 감속한 것으로, 특히 암각화 하부 영역에서 물성이 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 암각화 암반을 구획하여 사면안정성을 분석한 결과, 1구역과 2구역은 평면, 전도 및 쐐기파괴에 의한 위험성이 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 3구역은 전도파괴의 위험성이 높은 것으로 확인되는 등 암각화 및 주변암반은 구조적으로 불안정성을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 3차원 영상분석을 통해 암각화 하부에 있는 공동부위를 모델링하였다. 이 자료를 토대로 공동부위의 안정에 적합한 지질공학적 보강공법이 도입된다면 암각화를 보다 효과적으로 보존할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.329-336
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• 2009

To evaluate the involvement of translation initiation factors eIF4E and eIFiso4E in Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) infection in pepper, we conducted a genetic analysis using a segregating population derived from a cross between Capsicum annuum 'Dempsey' containing an elF4E mutation ($pvr1^2$) and C. annuum 'Perennial' containing an elFiso4E mutation (pvr6). C. annuum 'Dempsey' was susceptible and C. annuum 'Perennial' was resistant to ChiVMV. All $F_1$ plants showed resistance, and $F_2$ individuals segregated in a resistant-susceptible ratio of 166:21, indicating that many resistance loci were involved. Seventy-five $F_2$ and 329 $F_3$ plants of 17 families were genotyped with $pvr1^2$ and pvr6 allele-specific markers, and the genotype data were compared with observed resistance to viral infection. All plants containing homozygous genotypes of both $pvr1^2$ and pvr6 were resistant to ChiVMV, demonstrating that simultaneous mutations in elF4E and eIFiso4E confer resistance to ChiVMV in pepper. Genotype analysis of $F_2$ plants revealed that all plants containing homozygous genotypes of both $pvr1^2$ and pvr6 showed resistance to ChiVMV. In protein-protein interaction experiments, ChiVMV viral genome-linked protein (VPg) interacted with both eIF4E and eIFiso4E. Silencing of elF4E and eIFiso4E in the VIGS experiment showed reduction in ChiVMV accumulation. These results demonstrated that ChiVMV can use both eIF4E and eIFiso4E for replication, making simultaneous mutations in eIF4E and eIFiso4E necessary to prevent ChiVMV infection in pepper.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.81-85
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• 2015

성장촉진제로 항생제 사용이 금지가 된 이후, 가축들의 사망률이 증가되어 항생제 대체제를 개발해야 하는 것이 시급하다. 그러한 대체제 개발에 새로운 접근 중 하나는 숙주의 신체적 기능에 영향을 준다고 알려진 장내미생물생태를 조절하는 것이다. 하지만 가축의 장내미생물에 대한 이해가 인간과 비교하여 볼 때 많이 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 돼지장내미생물생태가 지역적 차이가 있음에 대한 기본적인 정보를 제공한다. 돼지 분변샘플은 제주(n=40), 광주(n=28), 해남(n=30) 농가로부터 채취하였으며, MiSeq을 이용하여 16S rRNA V4 지역을 시퀀싱하였다. 또한 Mothur 파이프라인을 이용하여 MiSeq으로부터 얻은 데이터를 처리하였다. 총 5,642,125 reads를 얻었으며, 에러시퀀스들을 제거한 후 최종적으로 3,868,143 reads가 남았다. Phylum 수준의 taxonomic composition 분석에서는 제주 돼지들이 Firmicutes를 가장 많이 포함하고 있었으며, Operational Taxonomic Units 분포분석에서 또한 지역적 차이에 따라 돼지장내미생물생태가 다르다는 것을 확인하였다. Non-metric multidimensional scaling과 Phyla의 풍부함 사이의 상관관계분석에서는 Actinobacter, Verrucomicrobia, Firmicutes, Fibrobacteres이 세 개의 지역에 있는 돼지들의 장내미생물생태 차이를 나타나게 하는 장내 미생물 요소라는 것을 확인하였다. 그러한 가축의 장내미생물생태는 농장에서 사용하는 사료와 사양관리에 의해 많은 영향을 미치는 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구결과는 돼지장내미생물생태가 지역적으로 많은 차이가 있다는 것을 나타내며, 추후에 가축의 장내미생물생태에 관한 연구는 지역적 차이가 있다는 것을 고려하여 설계해야 될 것이다.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.148-157
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• 2003

Background and Objectives: Individual genetic susceptibilities to chemical carcinogens have been recognized as a major important host factors in human cancers. The cytochrome P450 family (CYPs) and glutathione S-transferase(GST) have been reported to be associated with risks to the smoking-related human cancers. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes like p53 playa key role in tumor progression. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate an association between p53 overexpression and the prevalence of the genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1 and GSTs in Korean head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Materials and Methods: The polymorphisms of CYPIA1 and GSTs were analyzed by PCR and PCR-RFLP in 98 Korean head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients. The expression of p53 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry with anti-p53 Ab (DO7). Results: Overexpression of p53 detected in 45.9% of HNSCC. The odds ratio for p53 overexpression in GSTM1(-), GSTT1(-), GSTP1(val/val) and CYP1A1(val/val) were 1.53, 1.83, 1.17 and 1.47, respectively. Among the combined genotypes, the odds ratio of the CYP1A1 val/val, GSTM1 (-), CYP1A1 val/val, GSTT1(-), and CYP1A1 val/val, GSTT1(-) were 2.0, 2.34 and 4.68, respectively. Conclusion: Based on our results, it might be suggested that p53 overexpression is slightly increased in GSTM1(-), GSTT1(-), GSTP1 val/val, CYP1A1 val/val genotypes. The further study is needed to evaluate the relationship and mechanism between the p53 overexpression and the specific CYP1A1 and GSTs genotypes.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제17권2호통권82호
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• pp.235-240
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• 2007

본 연구는 Affymetrix Arabidopsis DNA chip을 이용하여 비 병원성 인자인 AvrRpt2 단백질에 의해서 특이적으로 전사 과정이 조절되는 애기장대 유전자들을 분리하고 병 저항성 방어체계와 관련한 이들 유전자들의 기능 분석을 시도하였다. 그 중에서 먼저 식물 호르몬인 ethylene의 신호 조절에 관여하는 ERFs (ethylene-responsive element binding factors) 전사조절 유전자 family 중에서 Bla subfamily 그룹으로 알려져 있는 AtERF11 유전자의 병 저항성 관련 기능을 규명하였다. 저항성 유전자 RPS2가 없는 경우에는 비 병원성 인자인 AvrRpt2 단백질은 기주 식물체내의 기초 병저항성을 감소시키고 병원성 세균의 증식을 향상시켜서 병증을 증대시키는 effector로 작용한다는 기존의 연구결과와 유사하게, 저항성 유전자 RPS2가 없는 조건에서 AtERF11 유전자의 발현이 AvrRpt2 단백질의 작용에 의해서 특이적으로 감소되는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 AtERF11 유전자는 식물체의 병 저항성 방어기작에 있어서 positive regulator로서 작용하기 때문에 effector로 작용하는 AvrRpt2 단백질에 의해서 조절되는 것으로 추측하였다. 본 가설을 증명하기 위해 AtERF11의 발현을 증폭시킨 애기장대 형질전화체를 제작하고 P. syringae pv. tomato DC 3000에 대한 병저항성을 실험하였다. AtERF11 유전자가 대량 발현하는 형질전화 된 애기장대에서는 야생종에 비해 대략 100배 이상 세균의 증식이 억제되는 강력한 병저항성을 가진다는 것을 검증하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1141-1149
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• 2018

Objective: Cluster of differentiation 4 protein (CD4) gene is an important immune related gene which plays a significant role in T cell development and host resistance during viral infection. Methods: In order to unravel the relationship of CpG island methylation level of CD4 gene with its gene expression and T lymphocyte subpopulation traits, we used one typical Chinese indigenous breed (Dapulian, DP) and one commercial breed (Landrace), then predicted the CpG island of CD4 gene, determined the methylation status of CpG sites by bisulfite sequencing polymerase chain reaction (BSP), and carried out the correlation analyses of methylation frequencies of CpG sites with mRNA expression and T lymphocyte subpopulation traits. Results: There was one CpG island predicted in the upstream -2 kb region and exon one of porcine CD4 gene, which located 333 bp upstream from the start site of gene and contained nine CpG sites. The correlation analysis results indicated that the methylation frequency of CpG_2 significantly correlated with CD4 mRNA expression in the DP and Landrace combined population, though it did not reach significance level in DP and Landrace separately. Additionally, 15 potential binding transcription factors (TFs) were predicted within the CpG island, and one of them (Jumonji) contained CpG_2 site, suggesting that it may influence the CD4 gene expression through the potential binding TFs. We also found methylation frequency of CpG_2 negatively correlated with T lymphocyte subpopulation traits CD4+CD8-CD3-, CD4-CD8+CD3- and CD4+/CD8+, and positively correlated with CD4-CD8+CD3+ and CD4+CD8+CD3+ (for all correlation, p<0.01) in DP and Landrace combined population. Thus, the CpG_2 was a critical methylation site for porcine CD4 gene expression and T lymphocyte subpopulation traits. Conclusion: We speculated that increased methylation frequency of CpG_2 may lead to the decreased expression of CD4, which may have some kind of influence on T lymphocyte subpopulation traits and the immunity of DP population.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2015년도 추계학술대회 및 정기총회
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• pp.41-41
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• 2015

Oomycetes belong to the kingdom Straminipila, a remarkably diverse group which includes brown algae and planktonic diatoms, although they have previously been classified under the kingdom Fungi. These organisms have evolved both saprophytic and pathogenic lifestyles, and more than 60% of the known species are pathogens on plants, the majority of which are classified into the order Peronosporales (includes downy mildews, Phytophthora, and Pythium). Recent phylogenetic investigations based on DNA sequences have revealed that the diversity of oomycetes has been largely underestimated. Although morphology is the most valuable criterion for their identification and diversity, morphological species identification is time-consuming and in some groups very difficult, especially for non-taxonomists. DNA barcoding is a fast and reliable tool for identification of species, enabling us to unravel the diversity and distribution of oomycetes. Accurate species determination of plant pathogens is a prerequisite for their control and quarantine, and further for assessing their potential threat to crops. The mitochondrial cox2 gene has been widely used for identification, taxonomy and phylogeny of various oomycete groups. However, recently the cox1 gene was proposed as a DNA barcode marker instead, together with ITS rDNA. To determine which out of cox1 or cox2 is best suited as universal oomycete barcode, we compared these two genes in terms of (1) PCR efficiency for 31 representative genera, as well as for historic herbarium specimens, and (2) in terms of sequence polymorphism, intra- and interspecific divergence. The primer sets for cox2 successfully amplified all oomycete genera tested, while cox1 failed to amplify three genera. In addition, cox2 exhibited higher PCR efficiency for historic herbarium specimens, providing easier access to barcoding type material. In addition, cox2 yielded higher species identification success, with higher interspecific and lower intraspecific divergences than cox1. Therefore, cox2 is suggested as a partner DNA barcode along with ITS rDNA instead of cox1. Including the two barcoding markers, ITS rDNA and cox2 mtDNA, the multi-locus phylogenetic analyses were performed to resolve two complex clades, Bremia lactucae (lettuce downy mildew) and Peronospora effuse (spinach downy mildew) at the species level and to infer evolutionary relationships within them. The approaches discriminated all currently accepted species and revealed several previously unrecognized lineages, which are specific to a host genus or species. The sequence polymorphisms were useful to develop a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for detection of airborne inoculum of B. lactucae and P. effusa. Specificity tests revealed that the qPCR assay is specific for detection of each species. This assay is sensitive, enabling detection of very low levels of inoculum that may be present in the field. Early detection of the pathogen, coupled with knowledge of other factors that favor downy mildew outbreaks, may enable disease forecasting for judicious timing of fungicide applications.

• 디지털콘텐츠학회 논문지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

1인 미디어 방송을 지상파방송으로 확장한 새로운 포맷의 "마이리틀 텔레비전"이 많은 화제성지수를 만들어내고 있다. 2015년 4월 첫 방송을 시작해서 동일 시간대 시청률 1위를 지속하고 있다. 시청자가 다음 TV팟을 통해서 프로그램에 직접 참여해 실시간으로 시청자와 진행자가 소통을 하면서 다양한 의견을 프로그램에 반영하고 있다. SNS를 통해서 프로그램에 대한 많은 정보가 확산되면서 프로그램 시청률 상승으로 이어지고 있다. 최근에는 시청률로만 프로그램을 평가했던 부분에서 SNS를 통한 빅데이터 분석을 통해서 프로그램에 대한 화제성지수를 발표하고 있다. 프로그램 시청률과 버즈량과의 상관관계에 대한 연구가 늘어나고 있다. 본 연구에서는 버즈량보다 확대된 개념의 화제성지수가 시청률에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 분석하였다. 연구결과 화제성지수는 시청률에 정의(+) 영향을 미친 것으로 분석되었다. 방송 프로그램에 대한 SNS의 빅데이터 연구에 많은 도움이 될 것이다.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2014년도 추계학술대회 및 정기총회
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• pp.11-11
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• 2014

Fungal pathogens have huge impact on health and economic wellbeing of human by causing life-threatening mycoses in immune-compromised patients or by destroying crop plants. A key determinant of fungal pathogenesis is their ability to undergo developmental change in response to host or environmental factors. Genetic pathways that regulate such morphological transitions and adaptation are therefore extensively studied during the last few decades. Given that epigenetic as well as genetic components play pivotal roles in development of plants and mammals, contribution of microbial epigenetic counterparts to this morphogenetic process is intriguing yet nearly unappreciated question to date. To bridge this gap in our knowledge, we set out to investigate histone modifications among epigenetic mechanisms that possibly regulate fungal adaptation and processes involved in pathogenesis of a model plant pathogenic fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. M. oryzae is a causal agent of rice blast disease, which destroys 10 to 30% of the rice crop annually. Since the rice is the staple food for more than half of human population, the disease is a major threat to global food security. In addition to the socioeconomic impact of the disease it causes, the fungus is genetically tractable and can undergo well-defined morphological transitions including asexual spore production and appressorium (a specialized infection structure) formation in vitro, making it a model to study fungal development and pathogenicity. For functional and comparative analysis of histone modifications, a web-based database (dbHiMo) was constructed to archive and analyze histone modifying enzymes from eukaryotic species whose genome sequences are available. Histone modifying enzymes were identified applying a search pipeline built upon profile hidden Markov model (HMM) to proteomes. The database incorporates 22,169 histone-modifying enzymes identified from 342 species including 214 fungal, 33 plants, and 77 metazoan species. The dbHiMo provides users with web-based personalized data browsing and analysis tools, supporting comparative and evolutionary genomics. Based on the database entries, functional analysis of genes encoding histone acetyltransferases and histone demethylases is under way. Here I provide examples of such analyses that show how histone acetylation and methylation is implicated in regulating important aspects of fungal pathogenesis. Current analysis of histone modifying enzymes will be followed by ChIP-Seq and RNA-seq experiments to pinpoint the genes that are controlled by particular histone modifications. We anticipate that our work will provide not only the significant advances in our understanding of epigenetic mechanisms operating in microbial eukaryotes but also basis to expand our perspective on regulation of development in fungal pathogens.