• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.385-392
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• 2020

Objectives: This study evaluates soft tissue changes of the upper lip and nose after maxillary setback with orthognathic surgery such as Le Fort I or anterior segmental osteotomy. Materials and Methods: All 50 patients with bimaxillary protrusion and skeletal Class II malocclusion underwent Le Fort I or anterior segmental osteotomy with backward movement. Soft and hard tissue changes were analyzed using cephalograms collected preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. Results: Cluster analysis on the ratios shows that 2 lines intersected at 4 mm point. Based on this point, we divided the subjects into 2 groups: Group A (less than 4 mm, 27 subjects) and Group B (more than 4 mm, 23 subjects). Also, each group was divided according to changes of upper incisor angle (≥4°=A1, B1 or <4°=A2, B2). The correlation between A and B groups for A'/ANS and Ls/Is (P<0.001) was significant; A'/A (P=0.002), PRN/A (P=0.043), PRN/ANS (P=0.032), and St/Is (P=0.010). Variation of nasolabial angle between the two groups was not significant. There was no significant correlation of vertical movement and angle variation. Conclusion: The ratio of soft tissue to hard tissue movement depends on the amount of posterior movement in the maxilla, showing approximately two times higher rates in most of the midface when posterior movement was greater than 4 mm. The soft tissue changes caused by posterior movement of the maxilla were little affected by angular changes of upper incisors. Interestingly, nasolabial angle showed a different tendency between A and B groups and was more affected by incisal angular changes when horizontal posterior movement was less than 4 mm.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.41
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• pp.169-183
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• 1998

The Tartan, the representative check pattern and traditional costume of Scothand, is the most popualr checker which has inherited from the clans of the Scotch Highlands in the ancient times and continued to develop. It is a symbol of the Scotch culture and tadition and widely used in various ways according to status, birthplace purpose and use. Therefore, this study was intended to inquire into Tartan check. The purpose of this study attempted to make a systematic investigation of the characteristic of the Tartan check. the checker using vertical and horizontal lines which was the universal plastic element and inquire into it in terms of era, designers and combined works. By doing so, this study attempted to investigate the phase of the Tartan check in world fashion and further forecast the future of checker design applicable to the 21th-Century fashion. In addition it, attempted to investigate the features of Scottch costume unknown in our academic circles and inquire into the proless in while the Scottch has retained the originality of its own which suppressed by neighboring countries. This study could find out that the checker is the element of infinite applicability in the future. It is expected that the sophisticated and beautiful design using the checker will be presented by many Korean designer through the overall and systanatic study of the checker. On the other hand, to make an empirical study costume of other races, a comprehensive examination should be made of the social and cultural background against which locals are using their costume, through the survey of their real costume and on-spot research. It this respect, this study has some limitation in time and data collection. Besides the analysis of costume through materials and photos in museums as well as the study of cloth material and accurate colors was not con여cted in this in this study. This will remain to be study of in the future.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.98-98
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• 2014

Due to the simple vertical structure of magnetic field, pores can be exploited to study the transport of mechanical energy by waves along the magnetic field to the chromosphere and corona. For a better understanding of physics of pores, we have investigated chromospheric traveling features running across two merged pores from their centers at the speed about 55 km s-1, in the active region AR 11828. The pores were observed on 2013 August 24 by using high time, spatial, and spectral resolution data from the Fast Imaging Solar Spectrograph (FISS) of the 1.6 meter New Solar Telescope (NST). We infer a LOS velocity by applying the bisector method to the Ca II $8542{\AA}$ band and $H{\alpha}$ band, and investigate intensity and the line-of-sight velocity changes at different wavelengths and different positions at the pores. We find that they have 3 minutes oscillations, and the intensity oscillation from the line center is preceded by that from the core ($-0.3{\AA}$) of the bands. There is no phase difference between the intensity and the LOS velocity oscillations at a given wavelength. The amplitude of LOS velocity from near the core spectra is greater than that from the far core spectra. These results support the interpretation of the observed wave as a slow magnetoacoustic wave propagating along the magnetic field lines in the pores. The apparent horizontal motion and a sudden decrease of its speed beyond the pores can be explained by the projection effect caused by inclination of the magnetic field with a canopy.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.525-539
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• 2020

A site containing buried solid waste and treated water and oil storage containers from a leather manufacturing plant was studied through soil and groundwater pollution and electrical resistivity surveys with the aim of identifying areas polluted by leachate generated by landfilling with leather waste and leakage wastewater. It was found that TPH and Zn exceeded environmental standards for soil pollution and, for leachate and groundwater, Cr(VI) concentrations exceeded standard levels for groundwater quality. An electrical resistivity survey was used to elucidate soil and groundwater pollution characteristics and diffusion pathways. Ten survey lines were set up with an electrode spacing of 5 m in a dipole-dipole array. The hydraulic characteristics of soil determined by groundwater contamination surveys matched well the low-resistivity-anomaly zones. Electrical resistivity surveys of areas containing contaminated soil and groundwater that have irregular strata due to waste reclamation are thus useful in highlighting vertical and horizontal pollutant diffusion pathways and in monitoring contaminated and potentially contaminated areas.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.7-16
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• 2012

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to look into the change of area and space organization percentage of wards in main general hospitals in Busan and Gyeongnam. Method : Patient area, nursing area, service area, training area, common area were classified for functional space organization. Patient area was reclassified to bedroom and comfort area, and common area was reclassified into vertical circulation, horizontal circulation and facility area. Also, method of area calculation was chosen standard to wall center-lines following building act 911 and functional space area of each hospital was estimated and comparatively analyzed. Result : For hospitals completed before 2000, area ratio by functional space for patient area, nursing area, service area and common area showed 53.6%, 10.2%, 0.8%, and 35.3% respectively. For hospitals completed after 2000, area ratio by functional space for patient area, nursing area, service space, and common area showed 49.2%, 12.6%, 1.1%, and 37.2% respectively. Implications : Through this study, change of percentage of space organization of main general hospitals in Busan Gyeongnam can be understood. Also because most studies on area organization of general hospital wards were focused on the capital area, this study provides basic material for future studies related to area of general hospital wards in Busan Gyeongnam.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.279-286
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• 2011

Purpose: Chin is located in a prominent position, and is important to balance and harmony of the face. Genioplasty is widely performed with patients' high satisfaction, yet being relatively simple procedure. Recently in analysis of dentofacial trait, three rotational variables of yaw, pith, and roll are considered with three translational variables (forward/backward, up/down, right/left). And we could correct chin deformity effectively by applying the three rotational variables with three translational variables in genioplasty. Methods: Twenty-eight patients who have chin deformity underwent osseous genioplasty. Preoperative photography, facial three dimensional computed tomography, and cephalography were taken while chin deformities were accessed. The chin deformity was classified into four categories; macrogenia, microgenia, asymmetric chin deformity, and combined chin deformity groups. According to the nature of chin deformities and the patients' desire, preoperative plans were formulated, in consideration of three rotational variables and translational variables. Through intraoral approach, anterior mandible was exposed in the subperiosteal plane between the mental foramens and beneath the mental foramens. In the anterior mandible, vertical and horizontal grid lines with 5 mm intervals were marked to confirm the spatial location of osteomized bone segment after osteotomy. Chin repositioning was done in consideration of axial rotation and planar translation. Results: Most of the patients had achieved satisfactory results with few complications. By considering the three rotational variables, it was possible to make the chin repositioning effectively. One of the patients complained about insufficient chin correction. In other case, persistent sensory impairment around chin was observed. Conclusion: In conclusion, it is worthwhile to apply preoperative analysis and operative procedures in consideration of a three rotational variables with three translational variables in genioplasty.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.461-473
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• 2022

Energy-saving block and invisible multiribbed frame composite wall (EBIMFCW) is an important shear wall, which is composed of energy-saving blocks, steel bars and concrete. This paper conducted seismic performance tests on six 1/2-scale EBIMFCW specimens, analyzed their failure process under horizontal reciprocating load, and studied the effect of axial compression ratio on the wall's hysteresis curve and skeleton curve, ductility, energy dissipation capacity, stiffness degradation, bearing capacity degradation. A formula for calculating the peak bearing capacity of such walls was proposed. Results showed that the EBIMFCW had experienced a long time deformation from cracking to failure and exhibited signs of failure. The three seismic fortification lines of the energy-saving block, internal multiribbed frame, and outer multiribbed frame sequentially played important roles. With the increase in axial compression ratio, the peak bearing capacity and ductility of the wall increased, whereas the initial stiffness decreased. The change in axial compression ratio had a small effect on the energy dissipation capacity of the wall. In the early stage of loading, the influence of axial compression ratio on wall stiffness and strength degradation was unremarkable. In the later stage of loading, the stiffness and strength degradation of walls with high axial compression ratio were low. The displacement ductility coefficients of the wall under vertical pressure were more than 3.0 indicating that this wall type has good deformation ability. The limit values of elastic displacement angle under weak earthquake and elastic-plastic displacement angle under strong earthquake of the EBIMFCW were1/800 and 1/80, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.71-83
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to find out the characteristics of landscape details in representing symbolic images in memorials on the themes of war, tragedy, and the democratization movement. In considering the characteristics of memorial landscapes, the researcher divided the characteristics of landscape details into 3 analysis categories. They are the symbolic application of landscape elements, the embodiment of landscape details, and the organization of landscape details to represent symbolic images, for example, memory, mourning, reflection, healing, glory, and identity. Among details in 24 memorials designed in or after 1970. 133 symbolic details were selected including 64 items in Korea. The analysis revealed that among 30 elements used by designers for memorialization, walls, ponds, sculptures were used more often than other elements in representing the meaning of mourning, reflection, and healing that are the basic function of memorial. In regard to detail form, the designers used basic shapes like circles, squares and rectangles, horizontal and vertical lines to heighten the symbolic effect of shapes in confined form. Stone and water utilized from nature were also used as main materials because of their materiality meaning of death, eternity, life, and healing. The techniques of using lighting, fire, and sound were introduced to make details more effective. Details were organized in harmony and repetition to represent the flew of time and space in symbolic images. The study identified the following characteristics of memorial landscapes in Korea that were different from other country first, in designing memorials, most designers in Korea have been more focused on the organization of space than the details in memorials, and so, they have been neglecting to deliver symbolic image through detail design, while depending mainly on the introduction of art works. Lastly, because they introduced traditional elements which have little relation with the symbolic image needed, there have been many details which inaccurately represent symbolic meanings.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.33-49
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• 2002

With the wide range of movement, the movement of neck accompanies the body surface change of neck and shoulders. And neck corresponds to the collar of garment, meaning that the body surface change of this part affects the construction of patterns for collars. So the purpose of this study was to manifest the changes of body surface in the neck and shoulder accompanied with the movement of the neck and to draw up the facts worth consideration when constructing the collar pattern. In this study, the draft of body surface of neck and shoulder was drawn up by gypsum method according to the 5 movements (standing at attention, neck bending - front, back, right, left). The length of body surface was measured and analyzed by ANOVA, post hoc test, correlation and regression analysis using SPSS 10.0 for Windows. The variation of the surface of neck was remarkable in the vertical lines than the horizontal ones. So the height of collar should be established considering the range of movement of the neck. It was the raising amount of c.f(center front) of neck and girth of neckbase (back) that were proved to have significantly varied after movement. With correlation analysis done, in every movement, the raising amount of side and the girth of neckbase had remarkably positive relation. The movement of the neck accompanied the variation of body surface in the shoulder as well. It was the part of scapula and side of neckbase that the variation was notable, suggesting that the surplus is needed in these parts.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.9B no.4
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• pp.509-516
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• 2002

This paper proposes an efficient algorithm which recognizes the mixed document image consisting of the images, texts, tables, and straight lines. This system is composed of three steps. The first step is the detection of rotation angle for complementing skewed images, the second is detection of erasing an unnecessary background region and last is the classification of each component included in document images. This algorithm performs preprocessing of detecting rotation angles and correcting documents based on the detected rotation angles in order to minimize the error rate by skewness of the documentation. We detected the rotation angie using only horizontal and vertical components in document images and minimized calculation time by erasing unnecessary background region in the detecting process of component of document. In the next step, we classify various components such as image, text, table and line area included in document images. we applied this method to various document images in order to evaluate the performance of document recognition system and show the successful experimental results.