• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.324-335
• /
• 1998

This study describes the extent of recognition of problems to the aged in a future society, the recognition and necessity of day care facilities, and the service contents and patterns preferred as a method of mediation for nursing the aged and increasing their quality of life. It also tries to certify the relations between those subjects. The result of the study is as follows: 1. Concerning problems of the aged of social significance the aged of the next generation consider the difficulties in nursing the aged to be the most important at 63.6%. 2. Concerning the nursing of parents, 49.4% of those answered 'children should take care of their parents and live together', while 46.7% answered that 'it is enough for children to provide an economic support, not necessarily living together. 3. Concerning information of day care facilities, 66.9% answered that they have no information. 4. Concerning the use of day care facilities, 54.6% answered that 'they would under certain circumstances', and 21.0% that 'they had better use them in the future'. 5. Concerning the feelings of the aged using day care facilities, 46.6% say 'they do not look poor', and 33.4% said that 'they look a little poor'. 6. Concerning the reasons for using day care facilities, 56.1% answered' because children do not proride care', and 48.5% answered 'because their economic ability is not sufficient'. 7. Concerning the programs potentially needed, food supply, medical services and physical therapy were ranked in that order. 8. Concerning social facilities necessary for the aged, centers that specialize in dementia, free day care facilities, home care services, and fee - based day care centers were ranked in that order. 9. Concerning institutions providing day care, welfare centers for the aged, those centers auxiliary to hospitals, asylums, and individuals were ranked in that order. 10. Concerning the responsibity running day care facilities, social workers, doctors/nursing assistants, nurses, and entrusted visitors were ranked in that order. Based on the results of this study, the study proposes that the study of applied cases of therapy in day care facilities for the aged continue.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.59 no.5
• /
• pp.11.1-11.7
• /
• 2017

Background: Use of prebiotics in companion animal nutrition is often considered advantageous over probiotics because of the ease of handling, ability to withstand processing and storage etc. While most of the studies on prebiotic use in dogs have been done with processed food as basal diet, the response in relation to homemade diet feeding is not very well explored. Methods: The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation on nutrient digestibility, hindgut fermentation, immune response and antioxidant indices in dogs. Ten Spitz pups were divided into two groups: control (CON) with no supplementation, and experimental (MOS) wherein the basal diet was supplemented with MOS at 15 g/kg diet. All dogs were fed on a home-prepared diet for a period of 150 days. The study protocol included a digestion trial, periodic blood collection and analysis for lipid profile and erythrocytic antioxidants. Immune response of the animals was assessed towards the end of the feeding period. Results: Results revealed no significant (P > 0.05) variations in palatability score, intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients between the groups. Faecal score, faeces voided, faecal pH, concentrations of ammonia, lactate and short-chain fatty acids were comparable (P > 0.05) between the two groups. Cell-mediated immune response, assessed as delayed-type of hypersensitivity response, was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the MOS group. The percent of lymphocyte sub-populations CD4+ and ratio of CD4+:CD8+ were also significantly (P < 0.05) higher in MOS group. The serum IgG levels were similar (P > 0.05) in both the groups. Supplementation of MOS lowered (P < 0.05) serum total- and LDL- cholesterol levels, when compared with the control group. The erythrocytic antioxidant indices were similar (P > 0.05) between the two groups. Conclusions: The results indicated that supplementation of MOS at the rate of 15 g/kg in the diet of dog augmented the cell-mediated immune response and serum lipid profile without any influences on digestibility of nutrients, hindgut fermentation and antioxidants indices.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.93-105
• /
• 2002

This study was aimed at identifying on the state and knowledge toward smoking and passive smoking in middle school students. The data were collected from 6th. to 18th. August, 2001. Subject were 125 middle school students who were participated in the Smoking Cessation Program of S Health Agency in Busan. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS program for frequency, percent, mean, and chi-square test. The smoking related state and attitude of subjects were as follows; the nurmber of the smoking students are 10(8.0 %) at present, 19(15.2 %) at past experience, 53(42.4 %) having at present smoking friends, 73(58.4 %) having at present smoking family. Also the smoking starting time of present or past smoking experience was the middle school; 12(9.6 %) and elementary school; 11(8.8 %). They started because of the peer group members; 12(9.6 %), curiosity; 8(6.4 %), and looking good; 7(5.6 %). The passive smoking related state and attitude of subjects were as follows; the number of the passive smoking aware rates are very well level; 71(56.8 %), well level; 54(43.2 %). The exposed experience to passive smoking was always; 38(30.4 %), sometimes; 86(68.8 %), not experience; 1(0.8 5). The place of exposure to passive smoking was game rooms; 67(53.6 %), house; 30(24.0 %), fast food place or cafeteria; 10(8.0 %), and street or in a vehicle ; 3(2.4 %). The main smoker to passive smoking exposure was unknown person; 61(48.8 %), grand parents or parents; 43(34.4 %), brothers or friends; 8(6.4 %), teachers; 4(3.2 %). The chief complant of passive smoking exposure was dyspnea; 36(28.8 %), coughing; 34(27.2 5), dizziness; 21(16.8 %), no symptom; 18(14.4 %). The mostly affected smoker to passive smoking exposure was parents; 52(41.6 %), brothers or friends; 48(38.4 %). The health affected perception to passive smoking exposure was very affected; 109(87.2 %), not affected; 3(2.4 %). In conclusion, it can be well recognized that considerable number of middle school students is exposed to the passive smoking in their homes and by unknown persons, but, their knowledge and attitude toward the exposure to passive smoking is not effective. Therefore, it is hoped that regular smoking education program at school and restriction campaign in home and the public place is necessary.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.9-14
• /
• 1975

Growth retardation and a variable degree of body disproportion are recognized features of malnutrition, and mild and moderate protein-calorie malnutrition(PCM). Among the various body measurements suggested to assess the prevalence of all grades of PCM as judged by growth retardation and by body disproportion, the 'mid-upper-arm circumference'-abbreviated to 'arm-circumference' has been suggested as a potential useful simple field index for the assessment of PCM showing that the measurement would give composite information simultaneously on three important effects on PCM-deficit in the muscle protein reservoirs, availability of calorie stores in the form of subcutaneous fat, and growth failure. And this is selected because of its easy accessibility, and less involvement with clinical edema. This study is conducted to make a comparison between the percentage of Korean weight for age standards and the percentage of mid-upper-arm circumference for age standards of 175 preschool children aged $3{\sim}72$ months who are selected among the low-income residents in Seoul. In this study, a comparison is made between the results obtained by expressing the observed weight of the child as a percentage of Korean standard, referred to as 'weight-for-age' and the observed arm-circumference expressed as a percentage of the age-specific arm standard of Jelliffe, referred to as 'arm-for-age'. All the measurements were taken following the techniques described by Jelliffe. The left mid upper arm was measured using a glass-fibre tape and the Fairbanks Morse beam balance was used for weighing. 80% level of weight for age Korean standard and 85% level of arm for are Jelliffe standard were used as an upper borderline limit for PCM. Comparing the 80% weight-for-age and the 85% arm-for-age standard as an upper limit for PCM, for children aged $3{\sim}72$ months, results in 84.6% agreement with the sensitivity of 86.4% and its specificity of 83.5%. If arm circumference alone had been measured and judgement made on this basis, then only 5.1% of the children would have been 'wrongly' classified. And there is a moderately close correlation between arm circumference and weight for age as the data in Table 4 shows. The problem therefore lies in the standard for arm circumference in normal children and in determining what is the lower limit of normal. Once this is clearly difined, one can rely more confidently on arm circumference measurements alone for the nutritional assessment of early childhood.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.206-226
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of eating with family or alone on the self-rated mental or physical health and then work out strategies of making people recognize the importance of eating with family and its practice. Study subjects were 610 primary school 5th- and 6th-grade students in Daejeon Area. A questionnaire survey was carried out. 57.9% of students had working mothers. The frequency of meal in a day was $2.90{\pm}0.42$ and this frequency was lower in students who had working mothers (p < 0.05). The frequency of skipping breakfast (times/week) was $1.02{\pm}1.77$. The frequencies of eating alone (times/week) were $1.04{\pm}1.65$ for breakfast and $0.97{\pm}1.52$ for dinner. Also, the frequency of eating alone for dinner was higher in students who had working mothers (p < 0.001). When the frequency of eating alone for breakfast or dinner was higher, the frequencies of skipping breakfast and dinner were also higher (for all, p <0.01). When the frequency of eating alone for breakfast or dinner was higher, the self-rated positive mental health were lower (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 respectively) and the self-rated negative mental health (for dinner, p < 0.05) and the self-rated negative physical health was higher (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 respectively), thus presenting negative health. The frequencies of eating with family (times/week) were $3.37{\pm}2.50$ for breakfast and $4.14{\pm}2.19$ for dinner. Also, the frequency of eating with family for dinner was lower in students who had working mothers (p < 0.01). When the frequency of eating with family for breakfast was higher, the frequency of skipping breakfast was lower (p < 0.01). When the frequency of eating with family for dinner was higher, the frequency of skipping dinner was lower (p <0.01). In addition, when the frequency of eating with family for breakfast or dinner was higher, the self-rated positive mental health were higher (for both, p <0.01) and the self-rated negative mental health was lower (for breakfast, p < 0.01) and self-rated negative physical health were lower (for both, p <0.01), thus presenting positive health. Therefore, in order to maintain positive health, it is necessary to recognize the importance of eating with family at home and educate people to carry out a systematic and continuous dietary life, thus increasing eating with family and reducing eating alone and skipping a meal.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.210-218
• /
• 1987

In the previous report, we isolated and purified one of tendering enzyme 'ficin' from fig latex. In this study, various crude ficin concentrations and reaction time were employed to investigate the contents of free amino acids and other free nitrogen compounds after the treated with beef round muscle. 1. Free amino acids contents increased with the increase of temperature and time during the aging of beef at $1^{\circ}C$ and $8^{\circ}C$, and the increasing rate was remarkably high when fresh beef was treated with ficin. In the case of ficin treatment after various cooking, steaming showed the highest increase in free amino acid contents among three cooking methods such as boiling, steaming and pan broiling. The increased amounts of free amino acids in three groups-aging beef at $1^{\circ}C$ for 3 days, fresh beef treated with ficin(0.1%, 2hrs) and beef treated with ficin(0.1%, 2hrs) after cooking were 13%, 293% and 137% respectively. In contrast to aging group, the amount of free amino acids in other two groups treated with ficin was superiorly increased. 2. The amounts of total free nitrogen, free non-protein nitrogen and $NH_3-nitrogen$ increased with the increase of temperature and time during the aging of beef at $1^{\circ}C$ and $8^{\circ}C$, and the increasing rate was remarkably high in fresh beef treated with ficin. In the case of ficin treatment after cooking, steaming gave larger amount of total and non-protein nitrogen than other two cooking, e.g. boiling and panbroiling. The increasing rate of nonprotein nitrogen to the total nitrogen of fresh beef treated with ficin(0.1%, 2hrs) was 75 times greater than that of aging fresh beef at $1^{\circ}C$ for 3 days.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.167-176
• /
• 1999

Shoot morphological characteristics were affected by plant population densities in alfalfa. Shoots per plant, yield per shoot, yield per plant, and stem diameter increased with decreasing alfalfa population density. Winter survival was maximized at a plant population of $45plants\;m^{-2}$ or less. The grams of TNC per root increased as the stand density decreased. The lowest LT 50 occurred at the lowest stand density ($16plants\;m^{-2}$ having 25 cm plant spacing) and the highest LT 50 was attained at the highest stand density($494plants\;m^{-2}$ having 4.5 cm plant spacing). There were no differences in shoot morphology, winter survival, and cold hardiness in between 'Algonquin'and 'Vernal'. From this study, high stand density of alfalfa ($278plants\;m^{-2}$ or more) appears to be of little advantage compared to low stand density in terms of winter survival and cold hardiness.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.260-267
• /
• 2012

This study was survey about the oral health knowledge and behaviors with alternative school students results are as follow. 1. As a result of this study, toothbrushing period was the largest with 29.5% in students of doing 'after dinner.', The appearance of taking food of containing sugar for preventing caries was the largest with 53.3% in students who responded as saying of 'tending to be not so.', A path of acquiring information on oral health knowledge was the highest with 72.0% in neighbor and family. 2. A review of Toothbrushing frequency per day, this was the largest with 45.2% in execution with 3 times, There were difference depending on grade, sex, a path of go to school, come home from school, financial status. 3. A review of the oral hygiene auxiliary supplies, this was the largest with 64.5% in students who used it, There were difference depending on the higher school year in the high school, financial status. 4. as a result of taking snack of students, it was similar to two or three times with 37.7%, one time with 34.6% per day, there was difference depending on financial status. taking drink was similar to non-drink with 38.0%, one time with 37.7%, there were difference depending on grade, financial status in a statistics.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.68-83
• /
• 1977

영양실태조사 및 사람을 대상으로 하는 많은 영양적 연구에서 요중(尿中) 여러 성분(成分)들의 배설량을 측정하기 위해 만 하루의 소변을 완전히 채취하기는 매우 어려우므로 임의시간(任意時間)의 소변을 채취하여 사용한다. 이 경우엔 흔히 요성분(尿成分)의 농도는 요중(尿中) 크레아티닌을 양(量)을 기준으로 하여 표시되는데, 크레아티닌은 요중(尿中) 일일(一日) 배설량이 개인에 따라 알정하고 요양(尿量)에는 상관없이 비교적 일정한 속도로 배설 된다고 간주되기 때문이다. 그러나 비교적 높은 발생율을 갖는 세균재(細菌在) 요도염(尿道炎)에서는 감염균(感染菌)이 크레아티닌을 파괴할 가능성이 있고 따라서 이 경우의 요중(尿中) 크레아티닌의 여러 용도(用途)는 비합리적으로 될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 이 가설을 규명하려고 한다. 첫 실험에서는 감염균(感染菌)이 요소(尿素)를 암모니아로 파괴함으로써 형성되는 요(尿)의 알칼리성에 대한 크레아티닌의 안정성(安定性)을 알아 보았다. 건강인(健康人)의 요중(尿中) 크레아티닌과 완충액에 용해시킨 순수 크레아티닌을 pH $4.5{\sim}9.0$으로 조정하여 $37^{\circ}C$에서 6일간 배양시켰다. 잔존한 크레아티닌을 측량한 결과, 크레아티닌은 완충용액이나 요(尿)에서서 모두 산성 pH에서 보다 알칼리 pH에서 더욱 안정(安定)함을 보여주었다. 1일간 배양 후엔 거의 변화(變化)가 없었고 6일 후에나 $4.2{\sim}8.0%$의 감소율을 나타냈을 뿐이다. 두번째 실험에서는 감염균이 크레아티닌을 성장(成長)을 위한 질소급원으로 사용하는지를 결정하기 위해 세균성(細菌性) 요도염(尿道炎)에서 자주 발견되는 13종류(種類)의 박테리아를 건강인(健康人)의 요(尿)와 크레아티닌을 질소급원으로 하는 합성배지(合成培地)에 $37^{\circ}C$로 배양하였다. 대부분의 박테리아는 크레아티닌함양(含量)을 감소시키지 않았다. 그러나 Pseudomonas aeruginosa와 Klebsiella pneumoniae는 합성배지중(合成培地中)의 크레아티닌을 상당량 파괴시켰고, 그 파괴율은 그들 성장율과 평행하였다. 배양 6일후에는 크레아티닌이 Pseudomonas aeruginosa에 의해 처음 양(量)(500mg/100m1) 의 12.8%가, Kleobsiella pneumoniae에 의해서는 11.8%가 감소되었다. 감소율은 크레아티닌의 처음 농도가 낮을수록 커져서 50mg/100ml 일 때는 각각 21.1%와 28.2%이었다. 더욱이 Klebsiella pneumoniae는 황산암모늄과 요소(尿素)같은 다른 질소급원이 크레아티닌과 공존(共存)할 때에도 크레아티닌을 어느 정도 파괴함을 보여 주었다. 결론으로, 세균성(細菌性) 요도염(尿道炎)환자의 요(尿)의 알칼리성은 요중(尿中) 크레아티닌양(量)에 중요한 영항을 주지 못한다. 그러나 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서 사용된 Klebsiella pneumoniae와 가능하게는 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 같은 몇 감염균(感染菌)은 크레아티닌을 그들 성장(成長)의 질소급원으로 사용하여 요중(尿中) 크레아티닌양(量)을 저하시킬지도 모른다. 특히 요(尿)에 요소(尿素), 요산(尿酸)같은 다른 질소급원이 크레아티닌에 비해 비교적 낮은 비율로 존재할 때에, 예(例)를 들면 저(低)단백식사(食事)인 경우, 감염균에 의한 크레아티닌의 파괴율이 더 클 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.239-262
• /
• 2010

This study looks at the patterns of married women's lifestyles and verifies whether there are differences in their preferences, the will to continue shopping, and the importance of healthy foods. The paper analyzes the relative influence of each lifestyle pattern on the level of satisfaction with healthy foods. The results of the analysis of this study are as follows. To find patterns in the lifestyles of married women ages 20s to 50s, the factors were analyzed and five lifestyle patterns were extracted: health managing type, fashion pursuing type, self-expressing type, family-oriented type, and eco-friendly type. If we examine the purchasing of healthy foods for each lifestyle, women with a self-expressing lifestyle gain more information from news articles, books, and salespeople than from other information sources. Women of the health managing, family-oriented, and eco-friendly types had high purchasing frequencies and amounts. A cluster analysis was carried out to categorize the different groups being investigated into lifestyle types. They were categorized into the four clusters: active multiple-oriented type; fashion, self-expressing compromising type; passive well-being oriented type; and family and health managing type. It has been verified that there are differences among the clusters in terms of the level of importance of products, contributions to health, as well as distribution and management of healthy foods. To be more specific, the level of importance of the products as well as their distribution and management manifested as being higher among the active multiple-oriented type and the family-oriented and health managing types. The level of importance of contributions to health scored high among all groups, except the passive well-being oriented type. The active multiple-oriented type and the family-oriented and health managing types showed a high level of preference and will to continue purchasing healthy foods, while the fashion and self-expressing compromising types and passive well-being oriented type showed a low level of preference and will. In order to find patterns in the level of satisfaction with healthy foods, three factors were analyzed: credibility of labels, contributions to health, and satisfaction with the store. The factors that had the greatest influence on the total level of satisfaction was the credibility of labels for the family-oriented lifestyle; a product's contribution to health for the health managing lifestyle; and the store for the fashion pursuing lifestyle.