• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.31-47
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• 2004

The history of statistics from the mid-seventeenth to the early twentieth century is considered and a scheme of periodization is proposed. In the first period(1650-1750), named 'the age of probability' in this paper, concept of probability emerged, and in the second period(1750-1820), named 'the age of error theory', statistical techniques such as the least square method are developed by astronomers and geodesists. Their techniques are supported theoretically by mathematicians like Laplace and Gauss in that period. The third period(1820-1880) is called 'the age of statistics(as a plural noun)' since statistical data played prominent roles in social sciences such as sociology, psychology. Finally the last period(1880- ), called 'the age of statistics(as a singular noun)', the discipline of statistics came to maturity both in theory and application.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.805-823
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• 2003

The development of probability and statistics has been treated in the works of scholars for decades. In this paper, researches on the history of statistics are classified into four categories: philosophy of science, mathematical statistics, social science and sociology of science. Four categories are presented and histories classified into categories are reviewed briefly. Considered are works by Ian Hacking (1975, 1990), Lorrain Daston (988), Anders Hald (1990, 1998), Stephen Stigler (1986), Ted Porter (1986) and Donald MacKenzie (1981). These works are classified by the author's main interests. From such a diversity in the study of its history, we can see many faces of statistics and unique features of statistics.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.157-168
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• 2013

This paper deals with the history of one of the well-known and historically important problems in probability, "Gambler's ruin". This problem was first solved by Pascal and Fermat and published by Huygens in 1657. It was studied and extended by many probabilists in early years and thus, it became an important problem in probability history, introducing many new concepts. We would like to introduce the problem in detail to readers and share the ideas on how new problems are developed, relating to old problems.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.559-570
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• 2011

1650년대에 파스칼과 페르마가 주고 받은 편지에서 시작된 확률 연구가 하위헌스, 베르누이, 라플라스 등의 연구로 이어지는 과정에서 당시의 법률적인 사고가 어떤 역할을 하였는지 살펴보았다. 이 연구에서 살펴 본 바에 따르면 초기 확률 연구에서 '기댓값'과 '확률'이라는 새로운 용어와 개념이 생기는 데에는 '공정한 거래', '확실성의 정도'와 같은 법률적인 사고가 큰 역할을 하였던 한편, 19세기 이후 센서스를 비롯한 통계조사가 활발해지면서 거꾸로 통계가 사회적, 법률적 사고방식에 영향을 미치기도 하였다.

• 한국초등수학교육학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.53-65
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• 1997

가능성의 종류를 부족하게 책정하기도 하고, 특정 가능성에 너무 크거나 작은 가치를 부여하기도 하고, 앞서 고려했던 바와 관련짓지 못하기도 하고. 불충분한 논의 끝에 곧바로 다음 상황에 적용하기도 하는 등, 우리가 가능성에 관한 판단을 할 때 범하는 실수는 너무나 많다. 확률ㆍ통계의 역사로 걸어 들어가면 이와 같이 특정한 상황에서의 가능성에 대하여 우리가 범하는 것과 본질적으로 같은 오류를 많은 과학자, 수학자가 범하고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 본 고에서는 가능성에 관한 판단의 오류를 수정하기 위하여 노력하는 과정에서 바로 확률ㆍ통계의 이론화가 이루어졌다고 보고, 그 이론화 과정을 중심으로 확률과 통계의 역사적 배경을 살펴보고자 한다.

• 한국수학사학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.135-146
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• 2002

In this paper, we demonstrate that one can teach conditional probability in a manner consistent with many features of the statistics education reform movement. Presenting a variety of applications of conditional probability to realistic problems, we propose that interactive activities and the use of technology make conditional probability understandable, interactive, and interesting for students at a wide range of levels of mathematical ability. Along with specific examples, we provide guidelines for implementation of the activities in the classroom and instructional cues for promoting curiosity and discussion among students.

• 한국수학사학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.251-269
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• 2018

Empirical probability and classical probability, which are two interpretations of Kolmogorov's axiom, are two ways to recognize the chances of events occurring in the real world. In this paper, I analyzed and suggested the contents of the high school textbooks ${\ll}$Probability and Statistics${\gg}$, associated with two interpretations of probability and experiments on which two interpretations are based. By presenting the cases required expressly stating what the experiment is for supporting students' understanding of some concepts, it was discussed that stating or not stating what the experiment is should be carefully determined by the educational intent. Especially, I suggested that in the textbooks we contrast the good idea of calculating the ratios of two possibilities in the imaginary world of the classical probability with the normal idea of grasping the chances of events through the frequencies in the real world of the empirical probability, with distinguishing the experiments in two interpretations of probability. I also suggested that in the textbooks we make it clear that the Weak Law of Large Numbers justifies our expectations of the frequencies' reflecting the chances of events occurring in the real world under ideal conditions. Teaching and learning about the aesthetic elements and the practicality of imaginary mathematical thinking supported by these textbooks statements could be one form of Humanities education in mathematics as STEAM education.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.203-218
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to see what the essential characteristics are in teaching probability and statistics among various mathematical fields. we also tried to connect the study of probability and statistics education with what is needed for a science be synthetic to have its own identity as a unique research field. Since we searched for the future direction of the pedagogic study in the probability and statistics we first selected papers on probability and statistics published in (Series A), the Journal of Korea Society of Mathematical Education, and establish the following research questions. What kinds of characteristics can be found when papers on probability and statistics published in (Series A) are classified into low categories; contents of probability and statistics education, research method of the mathematics education, methods of teaming and teaching, and finally measurements and evaluation\ulcorner We classified papers into two kinds. One is related to the educational contents, consisting of the methods of learning and teaching, and of the measurement and evaluation. The other is reined to the methods of research, which is not a part of the educational curriculum but is essential for establishing the identity of mathematics education. According to the periods, papers on the curricular contents in 1960s were influenced by the New Mathematics, and papers on the curricular contents in 1980s were influenced by 'back to basic'. In 1990s, papers on methods of learning and teaching, and measurement md evaluation were increasing in number. Besides, (series A) from the Journal of Korea Society of Mathematical Education covers contents, methods of Loaming and teaching, and measurement and evaluation. And when I examined the papers on the contents of textbook of a junior high school related to the probability and statistics education and on methods of learning and teaching, 1 found that those papers occupy 1.84% in . When it comes to the methods of loaming and teaching, most of studies in (series A) are about application of concrete implement like experiment and practical application of computer programs, Through this study, I found that over-all and more active researches on probability and statistics are required and that the studies about methods of loaming and teaching must be made in diverse directions. It is needed that how students recognize probability and statistics, connection, communication and representation in probability and statistics context, too. (series A) does not have papers on methods of study. Mathematics pedagogy is a mixture of various studies - mathematical psychology, mathematical philosophy, the history of mathematics and Mathematics. So If there doesn't exist a proper method of study adequate in the situation for the mathematics education the issue of mathematics pedagogy might be taken its own place by that of other studies'. We must search for the unique method of study fur mathematics education so that mathematics pedagogy has its own identity as a study. The study concerning this aspect is needed.

• 한국수학사학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.119-141
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• 2011

수학의 여러 분야 가운데 패러독스가 가장 풍부한 분야는 확률 통계 영역이다. 이것은 역사적으로 확률 통계 이론의 전개 과정에서 지난 시기 동안 연구자들이 직관과 상식에 의해 참이라고 믿고 있었지만 그 사이에는 감춰져 있던 다양한 패러독스들이 존재했으며, 이 패러독스들을 수학자들이 밝히고 수학적으로 해결해 나가면서 현재의 형식적 체계에 이르게 되었음을 시사하는 것이다. 학교 수학에서 확률 통계 영역의 교수 학습 자료로 적절하게 활용할 수 있는 역사적 패러독스들은 그 당시 현실적 맥락의 도입에 따른 학생의 흥미와 관심을 불러일으킬 수 있으며, 또한 교실 수업에서 역사 발생적 원리에 따라 패러독스를 제기하고 해결하고자 고민한 수학자들의 수학적 사고를 엿볼 수 있는 타당한 교수 학습 자료이다. 더불어 확률 통계 영역에서 역사적 패러독스를 활용하는 교실 수업은 형식적이고 연역적인 학교 수학을 학생의 발견적 형성적인 측면을 강조하는 수학으로 변화하게 할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 확률 통계 영역의 형식화 과정에서 발생한 역사적인 패러독스들 중에서 중 고등학교 확률 통계 수업에 활용할 수 있는 패러독스들에 대해서 알아보고, 또한 이 패러독스들을 교실 수업에 활용할 수 있는 구체적인 방안에 대해서 논해보고자 한다.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.117-128
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• 2012

In Baccarat, the gambler can bet on either the Player or Banker. The only gambler's strategy is to consider the previous winning history on the round. The winning probabilities of Player or Banker are calculated by simulation using R. Conditional winning probabilities given that Player or Banker has won i consecutive times are also calculated by simulation. Conditional winning probability implies that the sequence of Baccarat results is an almost independent sequence of events. It has been shown that the total amount of returns in each round of games is almost identical to a random walk. Thus, one possible strategy is to catch the trend(the Player or the Banker) of the random walk and to bet on that side of the trend.