• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.31-52
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• 2022

Investigating and evaluating the long-term creep behavior of historical buildings built on seismic zones is of great importance in terms of transferring these structures to future generations. Furthermore, assessing the earthquake behavior of historical structures such as masonry stone bridges is very important for the future and seismic safety of these structures. For this reason, in this study, earthquake analyses of a masonry stone bridge are carried out considering strong ground motions and various water levels. Tokatli masonry stone arch bridge that was built in the 10th century in Turkey-Karabük is selected for three-dimensional (3D) finite difference analyses and this bridge is modeled using FLAC3D software based on the three-dimensional finite difference method. Firstly, each stone element of the bridge is modeled separately and special stiffness parameters are defined between each stone element. Thanks to these parameters, the interaction conditions between each stone element are provided. Then, the Burger-Creep and Drucker-Prager material models are defined to arch material, rockfill material for evaluating the creep and seismic failure behaviors of the bridge. Besides, the boundaries of the 3D model of the bridge are modeled by considering the free-field and quiet boundary conditions, which were not considered in the past for the seismic behavior of masonry bridges. The bridge is analyzed for 6 different water levels and these water levels are 0 m, 30 m, 60 m, 70 m, 80 m, and 90 m, respectively. A total of 10 different seismic analyzes are performed and according to the seismic analysis results, it is concluded that historical stone bridges exhibit different seismic behaviors under different water levels. Moreover, it is openly seen that the water level is of great importance in terms of earthquake safety of historical stone bridges built in earthquake zones. For this reason, it is strongly recommended to consider the water levels while strengthening and analyzing the historical stone bridges.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.75-88
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• 1992

본 연구는 삼국시대로부터 각종 구조물을 축조할 때 구조물의 안정을 기하기 위하여 구조물별로 어떠한 기기공법을 사용하였는지 적적을 통하여 검토하였다. 조사결과 기원전후에 이미 각종 구조물의 형태와 지반조건을 감안하여 다양한 기초공법이 적용되어 왔음을 알 수 있다. 이들 고대 기초공법을 형식별로 분류하여 보면 하중이 큰 구조물에는 판축기기, 성곽 등 하중이 넓게 분포된 구조물에는 보토다짐 기초, 일반건축물에는 적심기초, 궁궐 등 특수건축물에는 장대석기초, 교량 등 습지에는 말뚝기초등이 사용되었다. 그리고 이러한 기초공법들이 오늘날의 관점에서 어떠한 의미를 갖는지에 대하여 검토하였다.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.91-100
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 sky-bridge로 연결된 고층건물의 진동제어성능을 검토하여 보았다. Sky-bridge를 이용한 진동제어의 원리는 서로 다른 동적특성을 가진 구조물이 sky-bridge를 통하여 제어력을 발휘함으로써 전체 시스템의 응답을 줄이는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 실제 건설 중인 sky-bridge로 연결된 고층건물(49층 및 42층)을 대상으로 구조물의 변위, 가속도 및 베어링반력, sky-bridge의 응력 등을 해석적인 방법으로 검토하였다. 이를 위하여 역사지진, 인공지진 및 풍동실험을 통해서 얻은 풍하중 시간이력을 사용하였다. 해석결과 sky-bridge를 사용하여 고층건물의 풍응답 및 지진응답을 효과적으로 줄일 수 있는 것을 확인하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제62권5호
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• pp.643-649
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• 2017

Masonry walls are amongst the oldest building systems. A large portion of the research on these structures focuses on the load-bearing walls. Numerical methods have been generally used in modelling load-bearing walls during recent years. In this context, macro and micro modelling techniques emerge as widely accepted techniques. Micro modelling is used to investigate the local behaviour of load-bearing walls in detail whereas macro modelling is used to investigate the general behaviour of masonry buildings. The main objective of this study is to investigate the elastic behaviour of the load- bearing walls in masonry buildings by using micro modelling technique. In order to do this the brick and mortar units of the masonry walls are modelled by the combination of plane truss elements and plane frame elements with no shear deformations. The model used in this study has fewer unknowns then the models encountered in the references. In this study the vertical frame elements have equivalent elasticity modulus and moment of inertia which are calculated by the developed software. Under in-plane static loads the elastic displacements of the masonry walls, which are encountered in literature, are calculated by the developed software, where brick units are modelled by plane frame elements, horizontal joints are modelled by vertical frame elements and vertical joints are modelled by horizontal plane truss elements. The calculated results are compatible with those given in the references.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.173-190
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• 2011

As a practical and effective seismic resisting technology, the base isolation system has seen extensive applications in buildings and bridges. However, a few problems associated with conventional lead-rubber bearings have been identified after historical strong earthquakes, e.g., excessive permanent deformations of bearings and potential unseating of bridge decks. Recently the applications of shape memory alloys (SMA) have received growing interest in the area of seismic response mitigation. As a result, a variety of SMA-based base isolators have been developed. These novel isolators often lead to minimal permanent deformations due to the self-centering feature of SMA materials. However, a rational design approach is still missing because of the fact that conventional design method cannot be directly applied to these novel devices. In light of this limitation, a displacement-based design approach for highway bridges with SMA isolators is proposed in this paper. Nonlinear response spectra, derived from typical hysteretic models for SMA, are employed in the design procedure. SMA isolators and bridge piers are designed according to the prescribed performance objectives. A prototype reinforced concrete (RC) highway bridge is designed using the proposed design approach. Nonlinear dynamic analyses for different seismic intensity levels are carried out using a computer program called "OpenSees". The efficacy of the displacement-based design approach is validated by numerical simulations. Results indicate that a properly designed RC highway bridge with novel SMA isolators may achieve minor damage and minimal residual deformations under frequent and rare earthquakes. Nonlinear static analysis is also carried out to investigate the failure mechanism and the self-centering ability of the designed highway bridge.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.458-464
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• 2008

The structural health monitoring has been gaining more importance in civil engineering areas such as earthquake and wind engineering. The use of health monitoring system can also provide tools for the validation of structural analytical model. However, only few structures such as historical buildings and some important long bridges have been instrumented with structural monitoring system due to high cost of installation, long and complicated installation of system wires. In this paper, the structural monitoring system based on cheap and wireless monitoring system is investigated. The use of advanced technology of micro-electro-mechanical system(MEMS) and wireless communication can reduce system cost and simplify the installation. Further the application of wireless MEMS system can provide enhanced system functionality and due to low noise densities. Identification results are compared to ones using data measured from traditional accelerometers and results indicate that the system identification using wireless MEMS system estimates system parameters accurately.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제18권3호통권39호
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• pp.11-22
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• 1990

Culture has long been associated with and advanced by stone as observed in prehistoric dolmen, menhir, megalith monuments, memo-rial stones, and others. The closs association of monuments is seen even in an earlist form of culture and is witnessed to evolve with human history. Korea, with its large quality granite repository, has been active with granite-based monuments in various forms of towers, bridges, and larterns. These stone structures are so abundant throughout Korea that Korea has been called the country of stone tower in Asia. With this historical background, we survey these Korean memorial stone and monuments, found at roadsides, momerial buildings, village entrances, scenic places, schools, sermon halls, public pleasure ground, and other common places. Based on installation orientation, location, and size, a particular emphasis is on the structural value, meaning, beauty, and function of these momnuments coupled with trees, shrubs, water and appropriative landscapes.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.597-605
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 지진으로부터 구조물을 효과적으로 보호하기 위하여 MR 엘라스토머(MRE)를 이용한 새로운 형태의 스마트 기초격리 시스템을 제안하고, 이에 대한 내진성능을 파악하였다. MRE는 자성물질을 포함한 실리콘 혹은 고무로써 자기장에 의해 강성이 변하는 스마트 재료이다. 기초격리 시스템은 토목 및 건축분야에서 구조물의 내진성능 향상을 위해 가장 널리 쓰이는 장치로 지반과 구조물을 격리시켜 구조물에 가해지는 입력 하중을 감소시켜주는 장치이다. 기존 수동형태의 기초격리 장치는 다양한 입력하중에 대한 적응성이 부족하고 기초격리 장치에서의 과도한 변위 등의 단점이 있는 반면, 새로 제안한 시스템은 제어 가능한 강성범위가 넓어 이를 개선할 수 있다. MRE를 이용한 기초격리 장치의 성능을 확인하기 위하여 기초격리 장치를 도입한 단층 및 5층의 건물에 대해 다양한 역사지진 하중을 이용하여 수치해석을 수행하였다. 수치해석 결과, 제안된 시스템은 기존 수동형태의 시스템에 비해 구조물의 응답 및 기초격리장치의 변위를 감소시키는 데 탁월한 효과가 있음을 확인하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• 제1호
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• pp.176-182
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• 2001

The case for study in this paper is the Main Plan and Management for the Fukutoshin; the restructure of Nishi Shinjuku, This plan was first outlines in 1960, and includes a vast area of 96 ha for redevelopment. It aims to create a totally new center in the city. This was the first case in Japan, and in the world of a plan of these magnitudes. involving urban landscape restructuring from three points: Landscape (open spaces for public use: the Shinjuku Central Park and the surrounding area of the buildings), transport and commercial building developments. The Landscape plan for the green areas was decided in a way to compensate the population of the area and the visitors. As a rule, high-rise building constructions are placed each one in single lots and are surrounded by open spaces and greenery. Pedestrain areas are widened and also connected by bridges in a way to allow free circulation, and interconnection between the constructions and the green areas. Another important factor is the role that Private Corporation, and public interest plays. Joining these two forces has allowed the concretization of this project. This interpolation between public and private roles was an innovation in Japan, and it also the key for the concretion of the project. The historical review of the process and management of this project help us to put into perspective the introduction of new concepts and ideas, which were not related at that time to traditional Japanese Landscaping. Furthermore we are better able to understand the substantial increase in the percentage of land dedicated to green areas in contrast to the typical standards of Japanese cities.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.71-83
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 비접촉 손상검출기법으로 관심의 대상이 되고 있는 열화상 기법의 기본 원리, 활용 예, 제한 사항 등을 국내외 주요 연구성과를 분석하고 정리하였다. 콘크리트 구조물의 내부 결함 진단, 내부 철근 부식 측정과 콘크리트 구조물 표면과 섬유 보강 시트 사이의 비부착 검출, 포장도로의 표면 결함 검출, 오래된 건물의 표면 누수 측정, 철도 트랙 자갈의 상태 측정 등을 최근 연구결과 중심으로 광범위하게 검토하였고 최근에 보고된 실험결과도 제시하였다. 검토 결과, 열화상 기법은 광범위한 형태의 토목 구조물의 넓은 표면을 빠르게 정성적으로 검사할 수 있는 장점을 가지고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 반면, 정량적 기법은 주변 온도 등 환경 요인에 민감하게 영향을 받는 것으로 판단되었으며, 다른 정밀계측장비와 혼용시 좋은 성과를 기대할 수 있을 것으로 예측된다.