• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.17-27
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• 1998

The need for periodic investigation on human growth rate and somatotypes has been increased because the scientific development and environmental factors have effected a lot on them recently. This study aimed to investigate the changes of the 638 female somatotypes in the age of 18-54 obtained by direct and indirect measurement. The measurement data were divided into 4 groups early young women age group (18-54), late young women age group (25-34), early middle age group (35-44), late middle age group (45-54) and compared each other based on each group by age. The results obtained from this study were as follows: 1. According to Mollison Curve based on the early young women, items of depth decreased overall and pp.P. length & shoulder length increased as the age increased. The circumference, breadth and thickness tended to increase, especially waist girth and thickness of waist increased markedly. The data showed that the increase rate of thickness was higher than that of breadth. 2. Gradual somatotype changes were observed by overlapping projection drawings obtained by direct measurement. Compared with the young women, the middle aged showed lower should point depth and hip line & crotch depth line were lengthened significantly. No significant difference was observed in overlapping of the early young women and the late young women' figure, neither was in early middle aged and the late middle aged. 3. By overlapping the side view of the young women group (18-37) and middle aged group (35-54), no significant postural characteristics were found, while the back tended to bend forward and the abdomen and hip appeared to get fat.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1165-1178
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• 2010

This study is aimed at developing low waist slacks pattern with high satisfaction measurements and beauty for the tween generation girls. For this study, the research method was as follows. By extracting and analyzing industrial and educational slacks pattern, beautiful and motion-suitable slacks pattern will be created. This study presents the ideal slacks pattern that has great fit to tween generation girls by comparing and analyzing the previous 2 slacks pattern studies and the real clothing test. The constructed pattern in the 1st step was modified and adjusted from the best industrial patterns' the location of waist line, waist line gradient, rear waist bottom crotch, hip bottom crotch, dart length, the ease of hip girth, the fitness of rear bottom crotch line which were not well-estimated. The 2nd step was appearance and movement test based on the 1st study. In The 3rd step, the 2nd step was chosen as the final slacks study pattern for its superior appearance & movement satisfaction comparing with other patterns.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.455-461
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to investigate the appropriate elasticity of the textile material used for making women's girdle. Background: The elastic textiles have been used for making girdle. The hard type girdle gave high pressure on the body to make slim look. However, excessively high garment pressure caused negative effect to human bodies. This study studied the material giving proper garment pressure in girdle. Method: In this study five experimental girdles were made fabrics with various elasticities. The change of garment pressures and body girths were measured after subjects wearing the experimental girdles. The garment pressure was measured at 10 points. Body girths measured at abdomen, hip, and thigh. Results: The garment pressure of the commercial girdle was high at side of waistband, side femur and back gluteal fold. The experimental girdles made with high elasticity material definitely lowered garment pressure at those points. After wearing experimental girdle their abdomen and hip girths measurements were decreased. But, thigh girth was not reduced. Conclusion: The girdle made with excellent elasticity materials reduced garment pressure significantly and it made body slim as much as the commercial girdle except the thighs. Application: This study provides guideline for the developing girdle that applying optimum range of garment pressure with body slim effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.5 s.153
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• pp.779-787
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• 2006

Pantyhose is a close-fitting garment. Consumers are highly sensitive to any progress done in fitting their lower body and increasing comfort. However, pantyhose manufactured in Korea are only one-sized. The purpose of this study is to suggest the size designation of pantyhose, using new human body measurement data which were gained from the Year 2004 SIZE KOREA project. For the purpose of this study, the ISO standards and JIS standards were reviewed and questionnaire was carried out to manufacturers and distribution companies. The results are as follows: First, for a difference with size standards established in 2002, applicable age range was expanded from 15 to 70 year-old women to entirely include persons who wear panty hose. Secondly considering the actual condition that panty hose is producing in single size in most companies due to its elasticity of material, number of size was reduced from five to four. Thirdly basic parts of body which were applied to panty hose are height and hip girth. And size of panty hose is decided by a chart which is composed of height-axis and hip-axis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.672-686
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• 2022

The study classifies and analyzes the lower-body-shape types of female adolescents aged 14 to 16 years to provide meaningful information for making ready-to-wear patterns that are suitable for various female adolescent body types. The body-size data of 830 females aged 14 to 16 years were analyzed from 6th Size Korea anthropometric study. A factor analysis of 27 measurement items related to the lower body extracted 3 factors: waist/upper legs, height of the lower body, and hip area. A cluster analysis classified the female adolescent lower-body types into four clusters: the skinny body type with the shortest lower-body length, the most obese body type with the largest girth, the normal body type with the longest hip length, and the slender body type with the longest lower-body length. The discriminant analysis determined that nine measurement items had the most influence on classifying lower-body-shape types, and discriminant functions were derived. These results are meaningful because they provide more precise information about lower-body-shape types.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.63 no.8
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• pp.27-42
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• 2013

The study was aimed to develop men's working pants patterns through the computerized 3-D virtual clothing simulation system and to verify the effects of the 3-D simulated outfit by comparing it to the images of the actual outfits. The average body measurements of South Korean men aged between 30 and 39 used for the simulation in order to generate a 3-D virtual model and to realize outfits of men's working pants for the workers in the heavy industry in South Korea. And also the preliminary questionnaire survey results on certain aspects of the working pants such as type, detailed design preference and discomforting parts were taken into consideration. Both the simulated and real images of the developed working pants were compared in terms of the ease amount according to parts of the working pants, the position of seam lines, the appearance of darts and pleats, and the effects of the fabric surface according to expertise panels' subjective 5-point scale evaluation. The results throughout the study were (1) the basic working pants item worn by subject workers were the straight one pleated pants. The most discomforting parts of the working pants were in the order of body rise, thigh, hip, waist, pants hems and knee girth. (2) the drafting factors of pants patterns differed by the men's body features, which was related to the allocation of suppression amounts between waist and hip girths into darts and hip curve amounts on the waist line level of the pants. (3) the similarity of the virtually simulated and real images of men's working pants resulted in an average of 4.5 to the ease of appearance, 4.6 to the seam lines, 4.1 to the fabric surface effects in a 5-point scale, which means that the two were highly alike.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.6 s.154
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• pp.904-915
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to develop and examine an in-line skating uniform that is also suitable for everyday wear, through research on the dressing needs of skaters. The results of this research are as follows: when asked about the garment, ordinary clothes were more inconvenient than professional uniform. In the case of the upper garment, the skaters who dressed in ordinary clothes felt the most inconvenience in the part of sleeve, back side of bottom and width. The skaters who dressed in professional in-line uniforms felt the most inconvenience in the part of neck girth, of sleeve, back side of bottom. In the case of the lower garment, the skaters who dressed in ordinary clothes felt the most inconvenience in the knee, crotch and hip. The skaters who dressed in professional in-line uniforms felt the most inconvenience in the hip and crotch. Damage due to wear was shown up the hip, knee, side of thigh and shoulder. The answer rate was high that the ordinary clothes usually wore out and the uniform used to tear out in the form of clothes damage. An appropriate sample pattern was made up, based on the problems revealed in the results of the questionnaire analysis. Evaluation of samples was used linear Measurement (5 point preference scale) by organized with 15 male and female's subjects group and 12 observer group.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.980-987
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• 2012

In order to investigate the effect of physical forms of starter diets on performance, weaning age, nutrient digestibility and rumen biochemical factors, 24 female of neonatal Brown Swiss calves (average body weight of $39.5{\pm}1.2kg$) were randomly assigned to three treatments. Dietary treatments were mashed (MS), pelleted (PS), and texturized (TS) starter using 8 calves from birth till 90 days of age in each treatment. Diets were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous with 21% crude protein. Based on the experimental results, calves that received PS and TS diets, had significant higher average daily gain (ADG) than those receiving MS (p<0.01). Dry matter intake in calves fed PS and TS was greater than calves fed MS (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in feed efficiency. Treatments had no effect on initiation of rumination. Weaning age of calves in MS was longer than the other two treatments (p<0.05). Crude protein and organic matter digestibility in MS treated calves were lower than other treatments (p<0.05). No differences were observed in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and ash digestibility among treatments (p>0.05). Ruminal pH was higher (p<0.01) in MS than the other groups, but ruminal ammonia (g/dl) concentration was not different among the treatments. Body measurements such as body length, pin width, hip width, pin to hip length, size of metacarpus and metatarsus bones, hip height, wither height, stomach size and heart girth were not significantly different among the treatments. Overall, it is concluded that starter diets in the form of pellet and texture can improve performance in neonatal Brown Swiss calves compared to the mashed form.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 1986

To study the body trunk form which is essential to clothing constructions, necessary body sizes were measured indirect1y from 216 unmarried women from 19 to 24 years old by a photographic network method. The results are obtained as follow; 1) In this study of body type measurements, the four factors of bust, abdomen, column and hip size have been divided into four-stage intervals and given the body type codes 1, 2, 3 and 4, with 1 designating the size difference of the factor with the minimum size difference of the factor with the maximum size difference from waist size. These body type codes can be easily, linguistically interpreted. In this study, among $4^4=256$ possible body types, 54 types appeared frequently. These 54 types are integrated into 6 groups of types by clustering analysis. Representative types of each group are types 3333 and 2333 in group 1, 2233, 1233 and 1332 in group 2, 2222, 1222 and 1223 in group 3, 2223 in group 4, 2323 and 2322 in group 5, and 3323, 3223 and 3322 in group 6. In the types of groups 1, 2, and 3, the change is mainly in bust size, and in the types of group 4. is single type. In the types of group 5 the change is mainly in hip size, and in the types by groups 6 the change is mainly in abdomen size and hip size. 2) The analysis by measuring the four elements of body trunk in reference to waist size is scientific and grading of similar styles is possible in clothing construction. 3) Assuming that the human body is oval, using the calculating method, the size of girth, which cannot be measured by the indirect measuring method, is obtained approximate to actual size, with an error of ${\pm}2.8cm$.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.15-33
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• 2004

A precise understanding of the human form in static pose serves as the basis of designing clothing. When the human body is in motion, however, even an article of clothing designed to fit the human form in static pose can pull and change, thus restricting the body. In order to increase the fit of the clothing, which may be termed the second skin, its form and measurements therefore must be determined in correlation not only with the formal characteristics of the human body, in static pose but also with its functional characteristics in motion, as caused by the movements of the human body. In this study, the motion factor was selected as the primary basis for designing slacks with good fit in both static and moving states. By indentifying the areas in which lower limb movement cause significant changes in body surface lines, we suggest several application methods for designing slacks. Using unmarried female university students aged 18 - 24 as subjects, a total of 32 body surface categories (15 body surface lines and 17 body surface segment lines) were measured in one static and 9 movement poses. In particular, expansion and contraction levels and rates were measured and used in the analysis. The analysis first involved the calculation of the average measurement per body part in body surface line in static pose as well as of the average expansion and contraction levels and rates in 9 lower limb movements. Two-way MANOVA and multiple comparison analysis (Tukey) were conducted on movements and individual somatotypes regarding measurement per body part and expansion and contraction rates. Body parts whose measurements of body surface lines differed significantly in body surface line in static pose versus in movement were then identified. The results of this study are as follows. First, changes in body surface lines caused by lower limb movements were significant in all body surface lines of the lower trunk, both horizontal and vertical, with the exception of abdomen girth, midway thigh girth, ankle girth, hip length, and posterior knee girth. Second, significantly expanded 10 body surface lines in moving pose were detected and illustrated in table 4. These body parts should be studied in designing or pattern designing, especially for close-fitting pants, in using stretch fabric, and in sensory evaluation of good fit during movement.