• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.3
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• pp.327-341
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• 1997

Food materials usually contain much water, and thus are susceptible to decay be enzyme and microorganism. Cereals are usually consumed as staple food, but they have low protein content. Protein is a major component of body, and should be consumed as a nutrient for all ages. Animal protein like chicken and vegetable protein such as bean curd and soybean and good sources of high quality protein. Bean curd is a traditional food which have good nutrients, and so various cooking methods are needed to be developed for the supplement of high quality food. 1) Cereals such as rice, barley, and bean curd, soybean, green vegetables, tangle and brown seaweed are known as food for long life. 2) Soybean is able to suppress the formation of hydroperoxide by saponin and lecithin. 3) Curd in bean curd means soft in Chinese character, and bean curd may be the mother of cheese. 4) Bean curd have high nutrition and digestibility. As soybean is dipped longer in water for bean curd, the production rate is higher. 5) There are many kinds of bean curd products, and can be purchased inexpensively.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.87-101
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• 1988

The effect of hepatic injury produced by CCL, was studied on rats receiving a low protein-high carbohydrate (7% casein), standard protein (20% casein) and a high protein diet (30% casein). The rats fed low protein diet are resistant to CCl$_4$ in its effects on the liver as judged by histology, serum enzymes(guanase, ALT) and the content of hepatic protein. On the other hand, the pretreatment of hydrocortisone before injection of CCl$_4$ to the rats fed a standard diet, slightly decreased both serum ALT and guanase activities. In the pretreatment of actinomycin D, the liver and serum guanase activities were significantly decreased. It indicates that the cause of increasing serum guanase is based on the alteration of membrane permeability and the result of accelerated enzyme synthesis in liver cells of CCl$_4$ intoxicated rats.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.218-227
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary protein and calcium levels on iron and zinc balance in eight healthy Korean young women. The 20-day metabolic study consisted of a 2-day adaptation period followed by three 6-day experimental periods. Three experimental diets were the low protein-low calcium(LProLCa ; protein 44g, Ca 422mg), the high protein-low calcium(HProLCa ; 'protein 85g, Ca 365mg) and the high protein-high calcium (HProHCa ; protein 84g, Ca 727mg). Apparent absorption and balance of iron and zinc were significantly higher when subjects were fed high protein-low calcium diet than low protein-low calcium diet. The elevation of dietary calcium significantly depressed the apparent absorption of iron and zinc. The levels of serum iron and zinc were likely to be increased with a high protein diet, but the differences were not significant. There was a strong correlation(r=O.99) between the iron intake and serum iron concentration. Serum zinc concentration was not correlated with hair zinc. Study results revealed that the levels of dietary protein and calcium influence iron and zinc balance in Koreans. This study suggests that dietary recommendations for trace minerals, such as iron and zinc, should be carefully examined. In addition, there is a need to evaluate the bioavailability of milk or beverage products enriched with calcium and iron.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.1466-1478
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• 2021

Objective: Ruminants are completely dependent on their microbiota for rumen fermentation, feed digestion, and consequently, their metabolism for productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the rumen bacteria of lactating yaks with different milk protein yields, using high-throughput sequencing technology, in order to understand the influence of these bacteria on milk production. Methods: Yaks with similar high milk protein yield (high milk yield and high milk protein content, HH; n = 12) and low milk protein yield (low milk yield and low milk protein content, LL; n = 12) were randomly selected from 57 mid-lactation yaks. Ruminal contents were collected using an oral stomach tube from the 24 yaks selected. High-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene was used. Results: Ruminal ammonia N, total volatile fatty acids, acetate, propionate, and isobutyrate concentrations were found to be higher in HH than LL yaks. Community richness (Chao 1 index) and diversity indices (Shannon index) of rumen microbiota were higher in LL than HH yaks. Relative abundances of the Bacteroidetes and Tenericutes phyla in the rumen fluid were significantly increased in HH than LL yaks, but significantly decreased for Firmicutes. Relative abundances of the Succiniclasticum, Butyrivibrio 2, Prevotella 1, and Prevotellaceae UCG-001 genera in the rumen fluid of HH yaks was significantly increased, but significantly decreased for Christensenellaceae R-7 group and Coprococcus 1. Principal coordinates analysis on unweighted UniFrac distances revealed that the bacterial community structure of rumen differed between yaks with high and low milk protein yields. Furthermore, rumen microbiota were functionally enriched in relation to transporters, ABC transporters, ribosome, and urine metabolism, and also significantly altered in HH and LL yaks. Conclusion: We observed significant differences in the composition, diversity, fermentation product concentrations, and function of ruminal microorganisms between yaks with high and low milk protein yields, suggesting the potential influence of rumen microbiota on milk protein yield in yaks. A deeper understanding of this process may allow future modulation of the rumen microbiome for improved agricultural yield through bacterial community design.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.213-225
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• 2016

To reduce attrition in drug development, it is crucial to consider the development and implementation of translational phenotypic assays as well as decipher diverse molecular mechanisms of action for new molecular entities. High-throughput fluorescence and confocal microscopes with advanced analysis software have simplified the simultaneous identification and quantification of various cellular processes through what is now referred to as high-content screening (HCS). HCS permits automated identification of modifiers of accessible and biologically relevant targets and can thus be used to detect gene interactions or identify toxic pathways of drug candidates to improve drug discovery and development processes. In this review, we summarize several HCS-compatible, biochemical, and molecular biology-driven assays, including immunohistochemistry, RNAi, reporter gene assay, CRISPR-Cas9 system, and protein-protein interactions to assess a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, morphological changes, protein expression, localization, post-translational modifications, and protein-protein interactions. These cell-based assay methods can be applied to not only 2D cell culture but also 3D cell culture systems in a high-throughput manner.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1072-1079
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• 1996

This study was performed to elucidate the mechanism of dietary protein level on renal function through lipid and eicosanoids metabolism. Male rats of 337.8$\pm$5.7g body weight were undergone unilateral nephrectomy or sham-operation. The rats were divided into high protein(40% casein), normal protein(15% casein) and low protein(8% casein) diet groups and fed experimental diets ad libitum for 24 weeks. The results are summarized as follows. Serum total lipid, cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol of rats in 15% and 40% casein groups were higher than those of 8% casein group. But serum triglyceride was affected neither by uninephrectomy nor by dietary protein level. Serum thromboxane(TX) B2 and 6-keto prostaglandin F1$\alpha$ increased with increasing dietary protein level. Serum prostaglandin(PG) E2 was not affected by uninephrectomy nor by dietary protein level. Urinary PGE2 and TXB2 excretion tended to be lower in uninephrectomized groups. Renal tissue concentration of TXB2 was lower in uninephrectomized groups and in high protein group. These results suggest the possibility that the effects of dietary protein level on renal function could be due to changes in lipid and eicosanoids metabolism.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.32-56
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• 2023

This review explores the factors that improve meat protein digestibility and applies the findings to the development of home meal replacements with improved protein digestion rates in older adults. Various methods improve the digestion rate of proteins, such as heat, ultrasound, high pressure, or pulse electric field. In addition, probiotics aid in protein digestion by improving the function of digestive organs and secreting enzymes. Plant-derived proteases, such as papain, bromelain, ficin, actinidin, or zingibain, can also improve the protein digestion rate; however, the digestion rate is dependent on the plant enzyme used and protein characteristics. Sous vide processing improves the rate and extent of protein digestibility, but the protein digestion rate decreases with increasing temperature and heating time. Ultrasound, high pressure, or pulsed electric field treatments degrade the protein structure and increase the proteolytic enzyme contact area to improve the protein digestion rate.

• BMB Reports
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2004

The goal of interaction proteomics that studies the protein-protein interactions of all expressed proteins is to understand biological processes that are strictly regulated by these interactions. The availability of entire genome sequences of many organisms and high-throughput analysis tools has led scientists to study the entire proteome (Pandey and Mann, 2000). There are various high-throughput methods for detecting protein interactions such as yeast two-hybrid approach and mass spectrometry to produce vast amounts of data that can be utilized to decipher protein functions in complicated biological networks. In this review, we discuss recent developments in analytical methods for large-scale protein interactions and the future direction of interaction proteomics.

• BMB Reports
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2004

The discovery of biochemical and cellular functions of unannotated gene products begins with a database search of proteins with structure/sequence homologues based on known genes. Very recently, a number of frontier groups in structural biology proposed a new paradigm to predict biological functions of an unknown protein on the basis of its three-dimensional structure on a genomic scale. Structural proteomics (genomics), a research area for structure-based functional discovery, aims to complete the protein-folding universe of all gene products in a cell. It would lead us to a complete understanding of a living organism from protein structure. Two major complementary experimental techniques, X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy, combined with recently developed high throughput methods have played a central role in structural proteomics research; however, an integration of these methodologies together with comparative modeling and electron microscopy would speed up the goal for completing a full dictionary of protein folding space in the near future.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.sup1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2022

The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2013 to 2017 reported that the average protein consumption of the Korean population is above the current recommended nutrient intake of protein proposed by the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. Some health professionals and the media often advise consuming diets high in protein for promoting metabolic regulation, weight control, and muscle synthesis. However, due to lack of scientific evidence, the validity and safety of high protein consumption are yet to be fully ascertained. The present review assesses recent evidence published in 2014-2020 from human studies, focusing on adequate protein intake and protein sources for the prevention of chronic diseases, particularly metabolic disorders and sarcopenia.