• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.143-149
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to elucidate the anti-inflammatory activity of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) ethanolic extract fractions (CFEFs). Butanol fraction had the strongest antioxidant activity, and all CFEFs, except for chloroform fraction, partly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitrite production in RAW 264.7 cells. In the cell-free system, hexane and butanol fractions chemically quenched nitric oxide (NO). In addition, the iNOS mRNA transcription was suppressed by ethanol extract and hexane fraction in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, the inhibitory effect of CFEFs on NO production from LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, might be due to both the chemical NO quenching activity and the suppression of iNOS mRNA transcription partially. The synthesis of prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) was potently inhibited by ethanol extract to below basal label, and the transcription of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme involving in $PGE_2$ synthesis, was partially suppressed by ethanol extract and hexane fraction. Based on these results, CFEFs may be useful as an alternative medicine for the relief and retardation of immunological inflammatory responses through the reduction of inflammatory mediators, including NO and $PGE_2$ production.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.312-316
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• 2009

Antioxidant-rich oils were extracted from different parts of sea buckthorn berry with supercritical $CO_2$ (SC-$CO_2$) and n-hexane. The functional components were analyzed and the extracts were screened for their potential as radical scavengers in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzotiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), galvinoxyl systems. Minor differences were found in fatty acid composition of oils extracted by the two methods. Seed oil contains the highest content of tocopherols while pulp oil and whole berry oil possessed higher concentration of carotenoids. Whole berry oil, pulp oil, and seed oil extracted by SC-$CO_2$ showed 91.7, 90.9, and 93.5% radical scavenging activity (RSA) at 6 mg/mL towards DPPH and 74.3, 54.3, and 74.8% towards galvanoxyl radical at 10 mg/mL. The hexane-extracted oils showed similar scavenging ability. However, the oils obtained by hexane showed significantly higher RSA (p<0.05) than those obtained by SC-$CO_2$ while whole berry oil has the highest RSA towards ABTS among 3 oil samples.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2005

Though a fully thermally coupled distillation column-an energy efficient distillation system-consumes less energy, it is not widely implemented in practice due to its operational difficulty. A 3-column distillation system having improved operability is proposed here, and its energy saving performance and application related issues are investigated from the implementation result to a practical hexane process. When an energy integration is employed, the proposed system requires 18% less energy than a conventional 2-column system, which is found from the HYSYS simulation. Though more control loops than the 2-column system are required, the proposed system has better controllability of product compositions and the pressure control of the system is easier.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.231-235
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• 2003

Phase behavior information is necessary for accomplishing homogeneous copolymerization to obtain high yield of copolymers and prevent a fouling problem. Cloud-point data to $160^{\circ}C$ and 1,450 bar are presented for five $C_6$ hydrocarbon solvents, normal hexane, 2,2-dimethyl butane, 2,3-dimethyl butane, 2-methyl pentane, and 3-methyl pentane, with poly(ethylene-co-53 mol% norbornene) ($PEN_{53}$). The pressure-concentration isotherms measured for $PEN_{53}$/n-hexane have maximums that range between 5 and 12 wt% $PEN_{53}$. The cloud-point curves for $PEN_{53}$ all have negative slopes that decrease in pressure with temperatures. The single-phase region of $PEN_{53}$ in n-hexane is larger than the regions in 2,2-dimethyl butane, 2,3-dimethyl butane, 2-methyl pentane, and 3-methyl pentane. The cloud-point curve of $PEN_{53}$ in 2,2-dimethyl butane is located at higher temperatures and pressures than the curve in 2,3-dimethyl butane due to the reduced dispersion interactions with and limited access of 2,2-dimethyl butane to the copolymer. Similar cloud-point behavior is observed for $PEN_{53}$ in 2-methyl pentane and 3-methyl pentane.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.267-272
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate antioxidant activities of Panax ginseng extracted with various solvents including n-hexane, chloroform, EtOAC, n-butanol and water. Among the various ginseng extracts, ethyl acetate (EtOAC) extracts showed the most powerful scavenging activities against DPPH radicals. Among the other solvent extracts, the butanol extract seemed relatively more effective in scavenging activity, followed by chloroform, water and hexane extracts. Moreover, the highest reducing power and ferrous ion chelating activity were found in the EtOAC extract followed by other extracts of ginseng. EtOAC extracts, which exhibited the best antioxidant activities of all solvent extracts of ginseng, possessed higher concentrations of total phenolics (777.61 mg/100 g) than other extracts. These results suggest that EtOAC extracts of ginseng (P. ginseng C.A. Meyer) have the most effective antioxidant capacity compared to n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol and water tested in this study, and has important applications for the pharmaceutical and food industries.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2003

2kg of pollen extracted with EtOH(98%), concentrated, and fractionated with a series of hexane, CH$_2$Cl$_2$ EtOAc and $H_2O$ on a separately funnel. Each fraction was freeze dried to give dark-brown powder and EtOAc soluble portion of the powder was chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column using a series of aqueous methanol as eluents. Spectrometric analysis such as NMR and FAB-MS including TLC were performed to characterize the structures of isolated compounds. Pollen contained a small amount of flavonol derivatives such as quercetin-3-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside and kaempferol-3-O-$\beta$-D-rutinoside in addition to a small amount of flavanonol compound such as aromadendrin-5-methyl ether and acid compound such as.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.386-392
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• 2010

The multiphase simulation of a liquid jet in a lab-scale ramjet combustor with a plain orifice type injector was studied with a commercial CFD tool, a FLUENT program. The objectives of the current study are to analysis the breakup characteristics of a hexane liquid jet in a cross flow and to derive the correlation between flow conditions and drag force coefficients in a test section. From the result of a numerical simulation, we concluded that a DPM and Realizable $k-{\varepsilon}$ model with an enhanced wall treatment were available to simulate the multiphase flow simulation. And the calculated distribution of a hexane vapor concentration was well-matched with experimental results.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.243-252
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• 2012

Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) was used as carrier for the transport of Golden yellow and Cibacron LSG dyes through a hexane bulk liquid membrane. The transport efficiency of dyes by TBP was investigated under various experimental conditions such as pH of the feed phase (dyes solution), concentration of the receiving phase (NaOH solution), concentration of TBP in membrane, rate of stirring, effect of transport time, type of solvent, dye concentration in feed phase, effect of temperature.. The maximum transport dyes occurs at ratio of 1:1 TBP-hexane At pH 3.0 0.1 (feed phase) the transport dyes decreased. At high stirring speed (300 rpm) the dyes transport from the feed phase to the strip phase was completed within 60 minutes at $27^{\circ}C$. Under optimum conditions: Feed phase 100 mg/L dyes solution at pH 1.0 0.1, receiving phase 0.1 mol/L NaOH solution, membrane phase 1:1 TBP-hexane , Stirring speed 300 rpm and temperature $27^{\circ}C$, the proposed liquid membrane was applied to recover the textile effluent.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.430-434
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• 2007

The anti-inflammatory activity of fruit body of Phellinus pini was investigated by activity-guided fractionation. From the screening of each fraction for the inhibitory activity of NO production in lipopolysaccaride (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 cells, methanol extract and its hexane soluble fraction of Phellinus pini exhibited inhibition of NO production compared with LPS control without toxicity. The hexane soluble fraction showed dose-dependent inhibition of NO production. The active hexane fraction was repeatedly chromatographed over silica gel, ergosta-7,24(28)-dien-3-ol(1) and ergosterol peroxide (2) were isolated and identified. Ergosterol derivatives were inhibited NOS activation, $IC_{50}$ of them were $18.9{\pm}3.9{\mu}M$ (1) and $20.4{\pm}4.5{\mu}M$ (2).

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 2005

The leaves of Paulownia Coreana Uyeki were collected, extracted with acetone-$H_2O$(7:3, v/v), fractionated with n-hexane, methylene chloride and ethylacetate, and freeze dried to give some dark brown powder. The ethylacetate soluble mixture was chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column using a series of aqueous methanol and ethanol-hexane mixture as eluents. Spectrometric analysis such as NMR and MS including TLC were performed to characterize the structures of the isolated compounds. From the ethylacetate fraction, five flavonoides and three phenolic acids were isolated and determined.