• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.924-934
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• 2010

Yaksung-ga is a short Chinese poem, written for easy memorizing of properties and effects of various herbal drugs. It is very useful for teaching herbalogy and for using in clinical practice. In spite of its importance, research of the Yaksung-ga is very insufficient. Thus, we investigated literary works of Tingxian Gong and Korean medical books in the late Chosun dynasty, to explain how Yaksung-ga had been received and modified in Korean medicine. Manbinghuichun(萬病回春) and Shoushibaoyuan(壽世保元), the literatures of Tingxian Gong, are the origin of Yaksung-ga. Jejungshinpyun(濟衆新編) is the first book which recorded Yaksung-ga in Korea, having influenced Juchonshinbang(舟村新方) and Euijongsonik(醫宗損益). The classification system of Yaksung-ga was remarkably changed in Euijongsonik, according to the method of Bencaogangmu(本草綱目). And the Yaksung-ga of Bangyakhappyun(方藥合編), which is generally used in Korea at present, was shortened from the form of 8 Chinese characters in each line to 7 characters, so that it can be easily recited. In the end, the authors of Korean medical books selectively cited the Yaksung-ga of Tingxian Gong, and added many novel Yaksung-ga.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.222-225
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• 2008

Hiccup is one of common symptoms that remains poorly understood. The hiccups coordinating center is located in the brain-stem reticular formation. Hiccups may be derived from 400 medical origins. Stroke is an infrequent cause of intractable hiccups. Intractable hiccups in pontine infarction remain poorly understood. As for treatments of hiccups, physical stimulating methods, pharmacological therapies and surgery are occidental conventional methods. In Pharmacological therapies, antidepressants, gastric motility stimulants, antispastic drugs are commonly used. Oriental medicines and acupuncture are also used frequently to treat hiccups. We have treated a case of intractable hiccup induced by pontine infarction with herbal medication; Gwakhyangjeonggi-san gami, acupuncture and moxibustion, and successfully improved. This case showed oriental medicine therapy is effective in intractable hiccup induced by pontine infarction.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.657-661
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• 2014

Gilbert's syndrome is one that shows a benign course with intermittent unconjugate hyperbilirubinemia without any evidence of hepatobiliary tract disease or hemolysis. It is often found in a health examination or blood laboratory test by chance. In particular, patients who are taking drugs, including herbal medicine should be careful for their medication due to the possibility of associations with changes in liver function because of drug metabolism, sometimes they have to quit the use of the medication for a certain period and often they should get an additional test. Two male patients increased serum total bilirubin level without other systemic symptoms in screening test for clinical herb medicine pharmacokinetics study. Therefor they was diagnosed with suspected Gilbert's syndrome. They had been calory deprivation test with 24 hours fasting state. They also performed liver function test and ultrasonogram for evaluation of hepatobiliary tract disease. Total serum bilirubin was markedly increased, especially unconjugate bilirubin level higher over the two times than base line after they had been calory deprivation for 24 hours, They was not found another abnormality all laboratory results and physical examination. This study is a report on two cases of hyperbilirubinemia, diagnosed as Gilbert's syndrome, which were found in the process of a clinical pharmacokinetic study of a decoction of medicinal herbs.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.451-457
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• 2016

Background: Leonurine is a the aerial part of Leonurus japonicus Houttuyn, which has been used as a traditional medicines and is registered in the Korean Pharmacopoeia. Methods and Results: In the present study we performed a heavy metals and thin layer chromatography and measured loss on drying, as well as the contents of total ash, acid-insoluble ash, ethanol soluble compounds, and leonurine, using 15 domestically collected L. japonicus samples. The methods were performed according to the 'crude drugs test of the general test, processes and apparatus', published by MFDS, Korea (2014). The purity test (heavy metals) indicated that levels of Pb and Hg were 0.35 - 3.64, and 0.001 ppm, respectively, whereas the levels of As and Cd were undetectable, and stachydrine was identified by thin layer chromatography ($R_f$ : 0.15). We found that 5.93 - 10.62% (average: $8.58{\pm}1.8%$) of the sample mass was lost during drying, and the contents of total ash, acid-insoluble ash, ethanol soluble compounds, and leonurine were 7.87 - 10.84% (average: $9.62{\pm}0.82%$), 0.99 - 1.76% (average: $1.38{\pm}0.24%$), 16.70 - 23.11% (average: $19.49{\pm}2.14%$) and 0.04 - 0.17% (average: $0.11{\pm}0.04%$) respectively. In addition, HPLC profiling detected leonurine (5.94 min), rutin (16.43 min) and myricetin (26.78 min). Conclusions: We hope that this the rusult of the present study will contribute to the standardization and quality control of Korean herbal medicines.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제28권1호통권69호
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• pp.51-62
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• 2007

Objectives . The types of Sasang constitutional medicine (SCM) have definite effect on response to herbal drugs. The majority of human P45O dependent xenobiotic metabolism is carried out by polymorphic enzymes which can cause abolished, altered or enhanced metabolism. Therefore, we evaluated the relation of major CYP2C19, 2D6 polymorphism with Sasang types. Methods : 214 healthy subjects were recruited with informed consent; 172 among them had Sasang diagnosis by QSCC2. CYP2D6, 2C19 polymorphism were determined by PCR-RFLP method. Results : None of the Sasang types showed significant difference in CYP2D6, 2C19 polymorphism. However, the Tae-um type showed relatively low frequency of CYP2D6 $^{*}$10/$^{*}$10 polymorphisms with low activity (p=0.110). In the So-yang type, specific $^{*}$3/$^{*}$3 genotype which is a poor metabolizer of CYP2C19$^{*}$3 was detected (p=0.078).Conclusion . These results suggest that the Tae-um type which is said to have high liver function in SCM has the tendency of high drug-metabolizing enzyme activity. With further study, the CYP polymorphism could serve as a scientific tool for SCM diagnosis.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

Objectives: To introduce to TKM scientific dose conversion methods of human to animal or animal to human for new drug investigations. Methods: We searched guidelines of the FDA and KFDA, and compared them with references for drug-dose conversion from various databases such as PubMed and Google. Then, we analyzed the potential issues and problems related to dose conversion in safety documentation of new herbal drugs based on our experiences during Investigational New Drug (IND) applications of TKM. Results: Dose conversion from human to animal or animal to human must be appropriately translated during new drug development. From time to time, investigators have some difficulty in determining the appropriate dose, because of misunderstandings of dose conversion, especially when they estimate starting dose in clinical or animal studies to investigate efficacy, toxicology and mechanisms. Therefore, education of appropriate dose calculation is crucial for investigators. The animal dose should not be extrapolated to humans by a simple conversion method based only on body weight, because many studies suggest the normalization method is based mainly on body surface area (BSA). In general, the body surface area seems to have good correlation among species with several parameters including oxygen utilization, caloric expenditure, basal metabolism, blood volume and circulating plasma protein. Likewise, a safety factor should be taken into consideration when deciding high dose in animal toxicology study. Conclusion: Herein, we explain the significance of dose conversion based on body surface area and starting dose estimation for clinical trials with safety factor.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.430-435
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• 2013

Multidrug resistance, especially multidrug efflux mechanisms that extrude structurally unrelated cytotoxic compounds from the cell by multidrug transporters, is a serious problem and one of the main reasons for the failure of therapeutic treatment of infections by pathogenic microorganisms as well as of cancer cells. Streptococcus mutans is considered one of the primary causative agents of dental caries and periodontal disease, which comprise the most common oral diseases. A fragment of chromosomal DNA from S. mutans KCTC3065 was cloned using Escherichia coli KAM32 as host cells lacking major multidrug efflux pumps. Although E. coli KAM32 cells were very sensitive to many antimicrobial agents, the transformed cells harboring a recombinant plasmid became resistant to several structurally unrelated antimicrobial agents such as tetracycline, kanamycin, rhodamin 6G, ampicillin, acriflavine, ethidium bromide, and tetraphenylphosphonium chloride. This suggested that the cloned DNA fragment carries a gene encoding a multidrug efflux pump. Among 49 of the multidrug-resistant transformants, we report the functional gene cloning and characterization of the function of one multidrug efflux pump, namely MdeA from S. mutans, which was expressed in E. coli KAM32. Judging from the structural and biochemical properties, we concluded that MdeA is the first cloned and characterized multidrug efflux pump using the proton motive force as the energy for efflux drugs.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권11호
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• pp.2012-2018
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• 2016

Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is the main cause of acute myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Plant extracts are considered as useful materials to develop new antiviral drugs. We had previously selected candidate plant extracts, which showed anti-inflammatory effects. We examined the antiviral effects by using a HeLa cell survival assay. Among these extracts, we chose the Amomi Cardamomi (Amomi) extract, which showed strong antiviral effect and preserved cell survival in CVB3 infection. We investigated the mechanisms underlying the ability of Amomi extract to inhibit CVB3 infection and replication. HeLa cells were infected by CVB3 with or without Amomi extract. Erk and Akt activities, and their correlation with virus replication were observed. Live virus titers in cell supernatants and viral positive- and negative-strand RNA amplification were measured. Amomi extract significantly increased HeLa cell survival in different concentrations ($100-10{\mu}g/ml$). CVB3 capsid protein VP1 expression (76%) and viral protease 2A-induced eIF4G1 cleavage (70%) were significantly decreased in Amomi extract ($100{\mu}g/ml$) treated cells. The levels of positive- (20%) and negative-strand (80%) RNA were dramatically decreased compared with the control, as revealed by reverse transcription-PCR. In addition, Amomi extract improved mice survival (51% vs 26%) and dramatically reduced heart inflammation in a CVB3-induced myocarditis mouse model. These results suggested that Amomi extract significantly inhibited Enterovirus replication and myocarditis damage. Amomi may be developed as a therapeutic drug for Enterovirus.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.195-202
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• 2005

Purpose　：　The purpose of this study is to report clinical management of acute　dermatitis patient during the period of pregnancy by oriental medicine.　Methods : Generally acute dermatitis is treated by corticosteroids, antibiotics,　antihistamines ec. But the use of these drugs may affect pregnancy women　adversely. So we think that oriental medical therapy is useful to treat a pregnancy　women who has acute dermatitis. We experienced a case of acute dermatitis patient　during the period of pregnancy. In the beginning of treatment, she has severe　itching, burning sensation, bulla, papule. We treated her with herbal medicine and normal saline wet dressing. Results : After treatment during 10days(admission treatment-herb medication, normal saline wet dressing), her symptoms was improved fairly After that she took herb medicine for a month, and all of her symptoms was disappeared. So she was satisfied with the result. Conclusion : Dermatosis gravidarum is a pregnancy-associated disease, which include itching, papule, eczema ec. It is generally due to blood deficiency(血虛)　under pregnancy condition. So samooltang is effective on dermatitis under blood deficiency.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.874-878
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• 2006

Methyl gallate (MG) is a medicinal herbal product that is isolated from Paeonia lactiflora that inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) dependent phases of prostaglandin $D_2\;(PGD_2)$ generation in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) in a concentration-dependent manner with an $IC_{50}$ values of $17.0\;{\mu}M$. This compound also found inhibited the COX-2-dependent conversion of the exogenous arachidonic acid to $PGD_2$ in a dose-dependent manner with an $IC_{50}$ values of $190\;{\mu}M$, using a COX enzyme assay kit. However, at concentrations up to $80\;{\mu}M$, MG did not inhibit COX-2 protein expression in BMMC, indicating that MG inhibits COX-2 activity directly. Furthermore, MG consistently inhibited the production of leukotriene $C_4\;(LTC_4)$ in a dose dependent manner, with an $IC_{50}$ value of $5.3\;{\mu}M$. These results demonstrate that MG has a dual cyclooxygenase-2/5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity, which might provide the basis for novel anti-inflammatory drugs.