• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the significance of higher than normal mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and lower than normal mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in 20 patients. The hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC,), red cell distribution width (RDW), serum ferritin, serum iron (Fe) and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were measured and the transferrin saturation were calculated. 18 (90.0%) cases were categorized as chronic diseases. Chronic renal failure, malignancy, and bleeding were all related to the cases. The mean values of hemoglobin was $9.5{\pm}2.14g/dL$; the MCV was $29.0{\pm}2.8fL$; the MCH was $30.9{\pm}1.0pg$; the MCHC was $31.2{\pm}0.5%$; the RDW was $17.0{\pm}3.6%$; serum Fe was $39{\pm}21{\mu}g/dL$; the TIBC was $219.7{\pm}108.8{\mu}g/dL$; transferrin saturation was $19.2{\pm}9.9%$ and ferritin was $445.5{\pm}499.6{\mu}g/L$ in the patients. The WHO criteria for hemoglobin of patients confirms anemia in 18 of the 20 (90.0%) cases. Anemia of chronic disease was shown in 11 (73.3%) cases; acute gastric ulcer with hemorrhage in 1 (6.7%) case; iron deficiency anemia in 1 (6.7%) case; 2 patients (13.3%) were of normal cases. There were changes in the baseline Hb level results of the 19 (95.0%) cases while no change was shown in 1 case. As a result, diseases associated with anemia and bleeding where the MCV is higher than the normal range and MCHC is lower than normal range are considered relevant findings.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.52-56
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• 2007

This research analyzed the iron status, clinical symptoms and physical characteristics between normal and anemic group of middle school girls in the Ulsan metropolitan area. It was carried out with 237 subjects (normal 190, anemic subject 47). They were evaluated with a questionnaire and measurement of hematological indices. BMI $(kg/m^2)$ of the two groups were $19.54{\pm}2.44$ (normal girls) and $19.22{\pm}2.27$ (anemic girls). The hemoglobin concentration of the anemic girls were $10.84{\pm}1.17g/dl$ and the serum iron of the anemic girls represent $35.15{\pm}27.47{\mu}g/100ml$. The TIBC (Total Iron Binding Capacity) of the anemic girls showed significantly high to $449.30{\pm}64.87{\mu}g/100ml$. The serum ferritin of the anemic girls was $20.53{\pm}42.29{\mu}g\ell$, it represented significantly low. The symptom of 'pale face' of the anemic girls were higher than the normal girls. Hemoglobin and serum iron were negatively correlated with 'pale face'. The TIBC was negatively correlated with 'Get a cold easily'. The duration and amount of menstruation were correlated with iron status. This research is to be utilized as basic data for dietary support and nutritional education to improve their iron status.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.222-230
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• 2011

This study was undertaken to investigate iron status and related factors in female college students residing in Gyeongnam. The subjects were divided into normal (40.8%) and iron deficiency (ID) groups (59.2%) by iron status. Mean height, weight, lean body mass, percent body fat, body mass index, and wrist to hip ratio were not significantly different between the groups, but basic metabolic rate was significantly higher in the normal group than that in the ID group. The levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were significantly higher in the normal group than those in the ID group. However, total iron binding capacity was significantly lower in the normal group than that in the ID group. Daily intake of protein, heme-Fe, niacin, and vitamin C were significantly higher in the normal group than those in the ID group. The mean intake of protein, Fe, niacin, vitamin $B_{12}$, and vitamin C based on the Korean recommended intake (RI) were significantly higher in the normal group than those in the ID group. The mean intakes of Ca, vitamin $B_{12}$, and folate in both groups were < 75% of the Korean RI. In conclusion, increasing dietary heme-Fe and vitamin C may be helpful for preventing ID anemia in female college students.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.1158-1163
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• 1999

The purpose of this research is to measure nutrition counseling effects for improving iron status. The major components of the nutrition counseling were iron, MPF(Meat, Poultry, Fish) and vitamin C rich diet therapy, the provision of nutrient supplements and eatting attitude education. Fifteen female volun teers participated and the mean level for hemoglobin(Hgb), hematocrit(Hct), serum iron(S Fe), total iron binding capacity(TIBC), serum ferritin(SF) of subjects was 11.9±1.3g/dl, 37.0±2.7%, 57.7 ±33.9 g/dl, 409.1±56.2 g/dl, 8.6±3.5ng/ml, respectively. To evaluate the effect of iron status improvement by the nutrition couseling, 10 subjective symptoms, hematological indice and eating attitude were measured after implementation the nutrition counseling. Some subjective symptoms such as 'cold hands and foot', 'slow to recover', 'reduced concentrate', 'poor memory', 'inflammed inner mouth' were improved significantly. The hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean cell volume(MCV), mean cell hemoglobin(MCH) and mean cell hemo globin concentration(MCHC) were increased significantly. And eating attitude was improved significantly as well. It is suggested from the results that the nutrition counseling of this study can be effective to improve iron status.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.12-22
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• 1988

Nutritional Status of 74 elderly Koreans(35 men and 39 women) from middle-income households in Incheon were evaluated in terms of dietary nutrient intakes, anthropometric measurements and biochemical blood analysis. The mean consumptions of all nutrients were lower than R.D.A except iron, thiamine and niacin. However, 25.7% of men and 33.3% of women consumed less amount of iron than 75% of R.D.A. Average body mass index of women was sightly but significantly higher than that of men (P<0.05). Obesity rate and triceps skinfold thickness of women were much higher than those of men (23.3% vs 5.4% and 14.9mm vs 9.6mm, respectively). By judging from amounts of hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and transferrin saturation of the elderly, 5.6-33.3% of men and 5.0-33.3% of women seem to be possibly anemic.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.67-75
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• 2002

목적 : 자성(雌性) 흰쥐에서 phenylhydrazine으로 유발된 용혈성 빈혈에 오미자 약침의 항빈혈효과를 알아보기 위해서 적혈구수, hematocrit ratio, hemoglobin, 혈청 철함유량 및 serum total iron binding capacity (TIBC)를 관찰하였다. 방법 : 실험동물은 정상군, 대조군, 250 mg/kg 오미자 투여군 및 500 mg/kg 오미자 투여군으로 총 4개의 군으로 분류하였다. 정상군의 흰쥐는 아무런 처치도 하지 않았고, 대조군은 phenylhydrazine으로 용혈성 빈혈을 유발하였다. 오미자 투여군은 용혈성 빈혈을 유발한 후 7일간 매일 250 mg/kg 및 500 mg/kg의 용량으로 중완혈에 자침하였다. 결과 : 적혈구수, hematocrit ratio 및 hemoglobin은 대조군에서 정상군에 비해 감소한 반면 오미자 투여군은 증가하였다. 혈청 철함유량과 TIBC는 대조군에서 증가하였으나, 오미자 투여군에서는 감소하였다. 이러한 결과로 중완혈에 오미자 자침은 phenylhydrazine으로 유발된 용혈성 빈혈에서 항빈혈효과가 있는 것으로 사려된다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.118-125
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• 2001

Recently, biochemical analysis using hemoglobin adduct is frequently performed to evaluate the exposure to chemical carcinogens. However, data on the effect of co-exposure with other chemicals on hemoglobin adduct formation are seldom provided. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of pretreatment of ethanol(EtOH) and phenobarbital(PB), which are known to affect metabolism of xenobiotics, on the formation of hemoglobin adducts in the rats(Sprague-Dawley) administered benzidine(BZ). The experimental rats were divided into control, EtOH, and P8 groups. Rats were pretreated with EtOH or PB 24 hours before the oral administration of BZ. Blood sampling was taken before the administration of the chemicals and 0.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 144 hours after the administration of the BZ in 5 rats each. The blood was separated into hemoglobin and plasma immediately after taking the blood samples, and the adducts were undergone basic hydrolysis to convert them into aromatic amines. Hydrolyzed BZ, monoacetylbenzidine (MABZ), and 4-aminobiphenyl(4ABP) were separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography without derivatization, and quantitative analyses of them were performed by a highperformance liquid chromatograph equipped with electrochemical detector. The quantitative amount of the metabolites was expressed by hemoglobin binding index(HBI), BZ-, MABZ-, and 4ABP-HBI of EtOH and PB groups were increased more than those of control group. These results are attributable to the fact that EtOH and PB induced N-hydroxylation related to the hemoglobin adduct formation. The ratio of N-acetylation (viz, MABZ-HBI/BZ-HBI) showed no significant difference between EtOH group and control group. It means that EtOH increased N-hydroxylation and N-acetylation in a similar degree. The N-acetylation ratio of PB group was relatively lower than control group because the PB increased N-hydroxylation induction. The N-acetylation ratios of all groups were higher than 1 during the entire experimental period. This result suggests that the effects of EtOH or PB need to be considered in the biochemical monitoring for the assessment of intermittent exposure of benzidine.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.229-235
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• 2002

Objectives : To evaluate the effects on the formation of benzidine-hemoglobin, and benzidine metabolite-hemoglobin adducts, caused by pretreatment with the known xenobiotic metabolism effectors, ethanol and phenobarbital, in rats administered Direct Black 38 dye. Methods : The experimental rats were divided into three groups: a control group, an ethanol group and a phenobarbital group. Rats were pretreated with ethanol (1g/kg) or phenobarbital (80mg/kg) 24 hours prior to the oral administration of Direct Black 38 (0.5mmol/kg), with the control group being administered the same amount of distilled water. Blood samples were obtained from the vena cava of 5 rats from each group prior to, and at 30 min, 3h, 5h, 9h, 12h, 24h, 48h, 72h, 96h, and 144h following the oral administration of Direct Black 38. Directly after sampling the blood was separated into hemoglobin and plasma, with the adducts being converted into aromatic amines by basic hydrolysis. Hydrolyzed benzidiene, monoacetylbenzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl were analyzed by reverse-phase liquid chromatography with an electrochemical detector, The quantitative amount of the metabolites was expressed by the hemoglobin binding index (HBI). Results : In the ethanol group, benzidine-, monoacetylbenzidine-, and 4-aminobiphenyl-HBI were increased to a greater extent than those in the control group. These results were attributed to the ethanol inducing N-hydrgxylation, which is related to the formation of the hemoglobin adduct, In the phenobarbital group, all the HBIs, with the exception of the benzidine-HBI, were increased to a greater extent than those of the control group. These results were attributed to the phenobarbital inducing N-hydroxylation related to the formation of the hemoglobin adduct. The N-acetylation ratio was only increased with the phenobarbital pretreatment due to the lower benzidine-HBI of the phenobarbital group compared to these of the control and ethanol groups. The N-acetylation ratios for all groups were higher than f for the duration of the experimental period. Although the azo reduction was unaffected by the ethanol, it was inhibited by the phenobarbital, The ratio of the benzidine-HBI in the phenobarbital group was lower than those of the ethanol the control groups for the entire experiment. Conclusion : Our results indicate that both ethanol and phenobarbital increase the formation of adducts by the induction of N-hydroxylation, but also induced N-acetylation. Phenobarbital decreased the formation of benzidine-HBI due to the decrease of the azo reduction. These results suggest that the effects or ethanol and phenobarbital need to be considered in the biochemical monitoring of Direct Black 38.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1825-1831
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• 2006

The influence of solvent viscosity on conformational dynamics of the heme-pocket, a small vacant site near the binding site of myoglobin (Mb) and hemoglobin (Hb), and playing a functionally important role by serving as a station in ligand binding and escape, was studied by probing time-resolved vibrational spectra of CO photodissociated from MbCO and HbCO in $D_2O$, 75 wt% glycerol/$D_2O$, and trehalose at 283 K. Two absorption bands ($B_1$ and $B_2$) of the sample in viscous solvents, arising from CO in the heme pocket, are very similar to those in $D_2O$. Two bands in Mb and Hb under all three solvents exhibit very similar nonexponential spectral evolution ($B_1$ band; blue shifting and broadening, $B_2$ band; narrowing with a negligible shifting), suggesting that in the present experimental time window of 100 ps, the extents of the spectral shift and narrowing is much influenced neither by the viscosity of solvent nor by the quaternary contact of Hb. Spectral evolution can be described by a biexponential function with a fast universal time constant of 0.52 ps and a slow time constant ranging from 13 to 32 ps. For both proteins in all three solvents majority of spectral evolution occurs with the fast universal time constant. The magnitude of the slow rate in the spectral shift of B1 band decreases with increasing solvent viscosity, indicating that it is influenced by global conformational change which is retarded in viscous solvent, thereby serve as a reporter of global conformational change of heme proteins after deligation.

• BMB Reports
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.595-599
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• 1998

To investigate conformational information of a low oxygen affinity recombinant hemoglobin (rHb) containing $96Val{\rightarrow}Trp$ mutation at the ${\alpha}96$ position, we ave produced rHb (${\alpha}96Val{\rightarrow}Phe$) and rHb (${\alpha}96Val{\rightarrow}Tyr$), using the Escherichia coli expression system and site-directed mutagenesis. The oxygen affinity of rHb (${\alpha}96Val{\rightarrow}Phe$) is similar to that of human normal adult hemoglobin (Hb A). However, the oxygen affinity of rHb (${\alpha}96Val{\rightarrow}Tyr$) showed much lower oxygen affinity than Hb A which is similar to that of rHb (${\alpha}96Val{\rightarrow}Tyr$), providing an opportunity as a potential candidate for a hemoglobin-based blood substitute. Both rHb (${\alpha}96Val{\rightarrow}Phe$) and rHb (${\alpha}96Val{\rightarrow}Tyr)$ showed high cooperativity in oxygen binding. IH-NMR spectroscopy shows that both rHb (${\alpha}96Val{\rightarrow}Phe$) and rHb (${\alpha}96Val{\rightarrow}Tyr$) have very similar tertiary structure around the heme pockets and uaternary structure in the ${\alpha}_1/{\beta}_2$ subunit interface ompared to Hb A. The low oxygen affinity of rHb (${\alpha}96Val{\rightarrow}Tyr$) has been suggested to be due to a hydrogen bond caused by an extra hydroxyl group not present in rHb (${\alpha}96Val{\rightarrow}Phe$). However, investigation of the carbonmonoxy form of rHb (${\alpha}96Val{\rightarrow}Phe$) and (${\alpha}96Val{\rightarrow}Try$) in the presence of inositol hexaphosphate at low temperature suggests that low oxygen affinity of (${\alpha}96Val{\rightarrow}Try$) may arise from a mechanism different to that of rHb (${\alpha}96Val{\rightarrow}Trp$).