• 약학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.291-302
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• 1992

Effects of Zinc chloride on the immune responses were studied in ICR mice. ICR male mice were divided into 5 groups(10 mice/group) and Zinc chloride at doses of 0.3, 1.2, 4.8 and 19.2 mg/kg were orally administered to ICR male mice once a day for three weeks. Mice were sensitized and challenged with sheep red blood cells(S-RBC). The results of this study were summarized as follows; (1) Zinc chloride significantly increased the body weight rate, the weight ratios of spleen and thymus to body weight and the number of circulating leukocyte, but significantly decreased them at the high dose of it, and increased dose-dependently the weight ratio of liver to body weight. (2) Zinc chloride significantly increased hemagglutination titer, Arthus reaction and plaque forming cell related to humoral immunity, but significantly decreased them at the high dose of it. (3) Zinc chloride significantly increased delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and rosette forming cell related to cellular immunity, but significantly decreased them at the high dose of it. (4) Zinc choride significantly enhanced phagocytic activity, but significantly decreased according to the increase of its dose. These results suggest that high dose of zinc chloride decreased humoral, cellular and non-specific immune responses.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1960-1965
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• 2015

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is highly contagious and often causes fatal disease that affects both wild and domestic rabbits of the species Oryctolagus cuniculus. A highly pathogenic RHDV variant (RHDVa) has been circulation in the Korean rabbit population since 2007 and has a devastating effect on the rabbit industry in Korea. A highly pathogenic RHDVa was isolated from naturally infected rabbits, and the gene encoding the VP60 protein was cloned into a baculovirus transfer vector and expressed in insect cells. The hemagglutination titer of the Sf-9 cell lysate infected with recombinant VP60 baculovirus was 131,072 units/50 μl and of the supernatant 4,096 units/50 μl. Guinea pigs immunized twice intramuscularly with a trial inactivated RHDVa vaccine containing recombinant VP60 contained 2,152 hemagglutination inhibition (HI) geometric mean titers. The 8-week-old white rabbits inoculated with one vaccine dose were challenged with a lethal RHDVa 21 days later and showed 100% survival rates. The recombinant VP60 protein expressed in a baculovirus system induced high HI titers in guinea pigs and rendered complete protection, which led to the development of a novel inactivated RHDVa vaccine.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제23권4권
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• pp.416-420
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• 2006

Compare to testing sera individually, pooled-serum testing has considered as a cost-effective method, particularly on a large population-based seroprevalence studies. This study was to determine the relationship between individual sera and pooled sera titers for detection of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and to evaluate suitability of pooled sera by comparing prevalences estimated from both samples. A total of 5,000 individual samples were collected from 500 flocks in Chungcheong, Gyunsgi, and Kangwon provinces between January 2005 and February 2006. Ten samples were randomly selected from each flock. Five-hundred pooled sera were prepared by mixing equal amount of each 10 individual serum from the original samples. IBV antibody titers were measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The least squares regression analysis was performed to construct equation between pooled and mean individual titers. To determine whether the flock is infected 4 arbitrary criteria were used: detection of at least 1 chicken with HI titer ${\ge}$ 9 (criterion 1), detection of at least 2 samples with HI titer ${\ge}$9 (criterion 2), detection of at least 1 sample with HI titer ${\ge}$ 10 (criterion 3), and filially detection of at least 1 sample with HI titer ${\ge}$ 11 (criterion 4). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to examine the cut-off points of pooled titers showing optimal diagnostic accuracy. The area under the curve (AUC), sensitivities (Se), specificities (Sp), and positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values were calculated. The regression equation between pooled titers (pool) and mean individual titers (mean) was: $pool= 1.2498+0.8952{\times}mean$, with coefficient of determination of 87% (p< 0.0001). The optimal cut-off points of pooled titers were titer 8 for criterion 1 (AUC=0.975, Se=0.883, Sp=0.959, PPV=0.985, NPV=0.728), titer 8 for criterion 2 (AUC=0.969, Se=0.954, Sp=0.855, PPV=0.926, NPV=0.907), titer 9 for criterion 3 (AUC=0.970, Se=0.836, Sp=0.967, PPV=0.978, NPV=0.772), and titer 9 for criterion 4 (AUC= 0.946, Se=0.928, Sp=0.843, PPV=0.857, NPV=0.921). The difference of 'prevalence estimated by individual and pooled sample showed a minimum of 2% for criteria 2 and a maximum of 9.1:% for criteria 3. These results indicate that the use of pooled sera in HI test for screening IBV infection in laying hen flocks is considered as a cost-effective method of testing large numbers of samples with high diagnostic accuracy.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.435-439
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• 2008

We evaluated the patterns of serology and fecal viral shedding for any differences by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and real-time PCR on Korean CPV-2 isolates (CPV-2a-I, CPV-2a-V and CPV-2b). We successfully detected fecal viral shedding from samples extracted 2-3 d.p.i., regardless of the onset of clinical signs. In addition, the pattern of viral shedding differed depending on the CPV-2 isolates used for inoculation. We also observed differences in the serological pattern that was also depended on the CPV-2 isolates inoculated. The onset and amount of fecal viral shedding were not correlated with the level of antibody titers in this study. Our study is a valuable resource for understanding the different pathobiology of the CPV-2 isolates and the correlation between the patterns of serum antibody titer and fecal viral shedding.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 1970

In order to assay one lot of the potency of tuberculin for intradermic use, four guinea pigs sensitized with heat killed M. tuberculosis were used by the method originally of the Agriculture Research Service Center(A. R. S.) and Bureau of Animal. Industry(B. A. I.) in the United. States of America in which guinea pigs were used on 21st day after sensitization. There is doubt whether the guinea pigs are sensitized or not. Therefore, this study has taken the method of Middle Brook-Dubos hemagglutination test, and observed the humoral hemagglutinating antibody in the blood. The results obtained are as follows. 1. The maximum titer of hemagglutinating antibody was demonstrated 30days after sensitizing the guinea pigs with killed tubercle bacilli. The maximum titer was continued for a period of 45 days and thereafter declined gradually. 2. The swelling and redness of the region of the sensitized guinea pigs was shown to be reached to the maximum size within 24 hours after intradermal inoculation with HCSM tuberculin and gradually reduced 96 hours after inoculation. The swelling and redness could not be detected by macro-observation after 14 days.

• 약학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.230-237
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• 1996

The fractions of Epimedii Herba were examined for the immunological effects in ICR mice. Mice were divided into 4 groups and administered orally the fractions of Epimedii Herba for 10 days. The results of this study were summarized as following: (1) The fraction 1 (EtOAc layer) administered group as compared with control group significantly decreased spleen weight, Arthus reaction and hemagglutination (HA) titer but significantly increased circulating white blood cells (WBC). (2) The fraction 2 ($H_20$ layer) administered group as compared with control group significantly decreased liver weight, Arthus reaction and HA titer but significantly increased WBC. (3) The fraction 3 (ppt) administered group as compared with control group significantly increased liver weight, thymus weight rate, delayed type hypersensitivity, phagocytic activity and WBC. The results showed that Frs. 1 and 2 administered groups reduced humoral immune response but increased WBC, and that Fr. 3 administered group increased cell-mediated immune response, phagocytic activity and WBC.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.81-93
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• 1997

In order to investigate the anti-stress effect of Hyangbujapalmultnag in immobilization stress rats, the change of body weight, and, the humoral and cellular immune response were measured.The following results were obtained.1. The decrease of the body weight was significantly inhibited in test group, comparing with the control group.2 In the plaque fomation test, the number of the plaque in the control group was decreased but, the decreased in test group was significantly inhibited, comparing with the control group.3. In the hemagglutination titer, the control group was decreased on the serum antibody titer, but, the decreased in test group was significantly inhibited, comparing with the control group.4. In the footpad swelling response, the differences between the control and test group were not shown.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.213-221
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• 2010

The results from a total of 412 blood samples consisted of 187 samples from regular visiting group (RV), 94 samples from first visiting group (FV), 52 samples from abandoned group (A), 54 samples from special breeder group (SB), and 25 samples from preliminary breeder group (PB) showed that RV(94.7%) and SB(88.9%) groups had the higher levels of protective antibody, but PB (36.0%) group revealed the lowest level. Among 96 blood samples with lower protective antibody levels, 14 samples (14.6%), 72 samples (75.0%) and 10 samples (10.4%) were below the protective antibody levels to distemper/parvo-virus, distemper only and parvovirus only, respectively. These results implied that antibody to parvovirus was well generated than that to distemper. Eighty six samples (20.9%) showed the protective antibody titer under 1:96 to distemper and 24 samples (5.8%), the protective antibody titer under 1:40 to parvovirus.

• 약학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.93-109
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• 1992

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate both the immunomodulatory effect of evening primrose(EP) oil and the effects of EP oil on immunoregulation by cyclophosphamide in mice. EP oil at doses of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 ml/kg were orally administered to ICR male mice once daily for 28 consecutive days. Cyclophosphamide was injected intraperitoneally to ICR mice with a single dose of 5 mg/kg at 2 days before secondary immunization. Mice were sensitized and challenged with sheep red blood cells(S-RBC). Immnune responses were evaluated by humoral and cellular immune responses and non-specific immune response. The results of this study were summarized as follows; (1) The humoral immune responses such as hemagglutination titer(HA), hemolysin titer(HY), Arthus reaction and plaque forming cell(PFC) were significantly enhanced in the low dose EP oil administered groups(0.1 and 0.2 ml/kg). However, in the high dose EP oil administered group(0.4 ml/kg) the responses were significantly lowered. (2) In the case of cellular immune responses, delayed type hypersensitivity reaction(DTH) was significantly decreased in EP oil whereas rosette forming cell(RFC) was remarkably enhanced. (3) Activities of natural killer cells and phagocyte were generally enhanced in EP oil. In addition, serum albumin and globulin were also increased.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.96-102
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• 1990

The immune responses of commercial layer chickens against Newcastle disease(ND) were compared among different administration methods and times of vaccination during 4 weeks of age. A total of 372 day-old chickens were divided into 4 groups of 93 birds each. Each of 3 groups was received a commercially available B$_1$live vaccine via drinking water, eye instillation or spray method at one, 14 and 28 days of age. One group was used as an unvaccinated control. At two and 4 weeks after each time of vaccination, 15 birds from each group were collected randomly out and challenged with virulent ND virus at the dose of $10^5E1D_{50}$ per bird. Ten to 15 birds from each group were bled at two weeks intervals from day old to 8 weeks of age for hemagglutination inhibition antibody titer, The protection rate was generally low regardless of the times of vaccination although two or more times vaccination gave higher protection than once vaccination. The low protection was considered due to low titer of the vaccine used since the vaccine titer was less than $10^{3.5}EID_{50}$ per bird. Spray method gave better protection compared to eye instillation or drinking water method which resulted in lowest response. Majority of birds showed clinical signs of ND between 3 and 6 days after challenge. Death occured one or two days after onset of symptoms. Major clinical signs observed were depression(94%), anorexia(84%), diarrhoea(29%), difficult breath(15%) and torticollis(10%). Hemorrhagic lesions on post mortem were seen in duodenum(51%), trachea(35%), illeum(13%), ceacal tonsil(11%), proventriculus(10%) and some other odrgans.