• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.31.1-31.14
• /
• 2020

The effectiveness of current influenza vaccines is considered suboptimal, and 1 way to improve the vaccines is using adjuvants. However, the current pool of adjuvants used in influenza vaccination is limited due to safety concerns. Aloe vera, or aloe, has been shown to have immunomodulatory functions and to be safe for oral intake. In this study, we explored the potential of orally administered processed Aloe vera gel (PAG) as an adjuvant for influenza vaccines in C57BL/6 mice. We first evaluated its adjuvanticity with a split-type pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) Ag by subjecting the mice to lethal homologous influenza challenge. Oral PAG administration with the pH1N1 Ag increased survival rates in mice to levels similar to those of alum and MF59, which are currently used as adjuvants in influenza vaccine formulations. Similarly, oral PAG administration improved the survival of mice immunized with a commercial trivalent influenza vaccine against lethal homologous and heterologous virus challenge. PAG also increased hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization Ab titers against homologous and heterologous influenza strains following immunization with the split-type pH1N1 Ag or the commercial trivalent vaccine. Therefore, this study demonstrates that PAG may potentially be used as an adjuvant for influenza vaccines.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.603-607
• /
• 2007

The sample sizes required to detect at least one chicken infectious bronchitis virus(IBV) infection at flock-level were determined using pooled samples for 48 submissions with different samples in each. A total of serum samples of 9,980 layers from Kangwon, Chungpook and Chungnam province were collected and tested hemagglutination inhibition(HI) antibody titers against IBV both individually and with pooling size of 10. Of the 48 submissions, 72.9% were required less than 5 pools to detect at least one infected pool at 95% confidence level, and the corresponding rate was 77.1% at 90% confidence level. Overall, the number of pools was decreased as the percent of positive pools increased. At two different cut-of HI titer${\geq}9\;and{\geq}10$ for individual samples the seroprevalence was 50.1% and 33.4%, respectively while 59.9% were seropositive for pooled samples at HI $titer{\geq}8$. The correlation coefficients between pooled and individual samples at each submission were 0.592(p<0.001) for HI $titer{\geq}9$ and 0.561(p<0.001) for ${\geq}10$, with common correlation coefficient of 0.576. This study indicated that pooled testing for the detection of IBV infection may be an alternative strategy when only the pooled results are of interest and the prevalence has not known exactly.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.655-664
• /
• 1999

본 논문은 조기발병형 치주염에 이환된 환자의 immunoglobulin allotype markers(Gm)에 대한 연구를 한 것이다. 원래 이전의 논문에서 Porphyromonas gingivalis(Pg)에 대한 항체 역가를 측정하기위해 선택되었던 환자로 이는 subform I(distinctive localized juvenile periodontitis(LIP) pattern)으로부터 3명, subtype II(post-LJP pattern)으로부터 19명, subform III(localized but rapidly progressing pattern)으로부터 15명 그리고 subform Ⅳ(distinctive rapidly pregressing periodontitis(RPP)으로부터 24명을 추출하여 구성하였고, 각각 인종과 나이에 맞게 50명의 대조군을 구성했다. Gm type은 hemagglutination inhibition assay; b0b1b3b5, G3m(s), G3m(t)를 포함한 G1m(a), G1m(x), G1m(f), G2m(n), G3m(g), G3m(b)로 확인했었다. 관찰되어진 Gm haplotypes의 도수는 각각의 EOP subform에 따라 계산되었고 Gm phenotype은 각 환자에서 발견된 증가된 IgG subclass responses의 다양성에 따라 구분했다. 환자들 중에서 관찰된 9개의 Gm phenotype 은 4개의 Gm haplotype으로 나타났다. subform Ⅳ에서 관찰되어진 모든 4개의 Gm haplotype의 도수는 대조군과 유의성있는 차이가 났다. 특히 haplotype afnb(Gm(n))의 그것이 유의성있게 높았다. 더욱이 G2m(n)은 IgG4와 IgG1의 level뿐만 아니라 IgG2 level의 증가와 밀접한 관련이 있었다. Gm phenotype을 검사 할 때 IgG1+2와 IgG1+2+4모두에서 antibody level이 증가한 모든 환자가 일관되게 Gm phenotype agfnb나 axfnb를 가졌다. 결론적으로, IgG subclass response는 개인의 immunogenetic marker에 의해 조절되었고 genetic predisposition의 가능성은 EOP subform IV환자에서 관찰할 수 있었다. 더욱이 G2m(n)과 Gm phenotype agfnb나 axfnb 모두 IgG1+2 나 IgG1+2+4 antibody의 증가와 밀접한 관련이 있었다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2012

Purpose : Although influenza is regarded as one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in children with cancer, the actual vaccine coverage remains poor. We conducted evaluation of immunogenicity and safety of influenza vaccine in children with cancer. Methods : In this study, 25 children with cancer who received influenza vaccine (SK influenza IX vaccine$^{(R)}$) at the Korea Cancer Center Hospital between October and December 2009 were analyzed. Blood samples of patients were collected twice (at the beginning of this study and at 30th day after vaccination) and their antibody titers were measured using the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay. Immunogenicity of the influenza vaccine was assessed by seroprotection rate on days 0 and 30, seroconversion rate on day 30, and mean fold increase (MFI) of geometric mean titer (GMT) of HI between days 0 and 30. Results : Any of the subjects in our study did not experienced serious adverse events after influenza vaccination. Seroprotection rates were 68% for H1N1, 40% for H3N2, and 36% for B. Seroconversion rates were 12% for H1N1, 16% for H3N2, and 20% for B. MFIs were 0.9 for H1N1, 1.2 for H3N2, and 1.8 for B. Conclusion : In the study, we found a limited protective immune response to influenza vaccine, among subjects with cancer. However, some subjects showed seroconversion, and there were no severe adverse events among all subjects, supporting the recommendation of annual influenza vaccination in children with cancer.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.193-198
• /
• 1988

In order to examine the efficacy of concurrent vaccination with live and killed Newcastle disease(ND) vaccines two types of each live($B_1$ and LaSota) and killed(gel and oil) vaccines of all commercial origin were administered either alone or simultaneously to day-old broiler chicks having maternal antibody. Live vaccines were given by conjuntival instillation in volumes of 25${\mu}\ell$ containing $10^{6.0}$ to $10^{6.3}$ median embroy infective dose(EH)) while killed vaccines were given in 0.3$m\ell$ volumes subcutaneously at the back of the neck Hemagglutination inhibition(HI) antibodies were determined at weekly intervals until 8 weeks of age and protection rate was determined at 4 and 8 week of age by challenge inoculation with virulent ND virus(NDV). During the 8 weeks experimental period concurrent administration of live and oil vaccine produced the highest level of HI antibody and the most satisfactory protection, whereas concurrent rent vaccination with live and gel vaccine induced poor immune responses. There was no noticeable difference in the efficacy between the live vaccines, Bl and LaSota when simultaneously administered with oil vaccine. Except for oil vaccine, single administration of either live or killed vaccine at day-old produced less than 50% protection at 4 and 8 weeks postvaccination(PV). Oil vaucine alone induced 80% and 70% protection at 4 and 8 week PV, respectively. Concurrent vaccination caused on visible side reaction like respiratory symptoms and did not negatively influence the growth rate of birds until the end of experiment.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.405-411
• /
• 2011

Avian influenza virus vaccines produced in oil-emulsified inactivated form with antigen content of at least 160 hemagglutinin units (HAU) induced immunity in birds. However, in addition to enhancing the effect of the adjuvant(s), other additional supplemented biological compounds included in inactivated vaccines could produce higher levels of antibody. We examined in chickens, Vietnamese ducks, and muscovy ducks the adjuvant effect of Sophy ${\beta}$-glucan (SBG), a ${\beta}$-1,3-1,6 glucan produced by the black yeast Aureobasidium pollulans strain AF0-202, when administered with an avian influenza H5 subtype vaccine. In Experiment 1, 40 chickens (ISA Brown hybrid), allocated to four groups of ten each, were immunized with Oil-H5N1(VN), Oil-H5N1(CN), Oil-H5N2(CN), and saline (control group), respectively. In Experiment 2, chickens (ISA Brown hybrid), muscovy ducks (French hybrid), and Vietnamese ducks (indigenous Vietnamese) were used to further assess the effect of SBG on immunogenicity of the Oil-H5N1(VN) Vietnamese vaccine. ELISA and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays were used to assess the antibody response. The H5 subtype vaccines initiated significantly higher immune responses in the animals dosed with SBG, with 1.0-1.5 $log_2$ higher HI titers and 10-20% ELISA seroconversion, compared with those not dosed with ${\beta}$-glucan. Notably, some of the animals dosed with SBG induced HI titers higher than 9.0 $log_2$ following boosting immunization. Taken together, our serial studies indicated that SBG is a potential effector, such as enhancing the immune response to the H5 vaccines tested.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.19 no.10
• /
• pp.1271-1279
• /
• 2009

To develop low endotoxic and multi-immunogenic outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), a deletion mutant of the msbB gene in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) was used as a source of low endotoxic OMV, and an expression vector of the canine parvovirus (CPV) VP2 epitope fused to the bacterial OmpA protein was constructed and transformed into the Salmonella ${\Delta}msbB$ mutant. In a lethality test, BALB/c mice injected intraperitoneally with the Salmonella ${\Delta}msbB$ mutant survived for 7 days, whereas mice injected intraperitoneally with the wild type survived for 3 days. Moreover, all mice inoculated orally with the ${\Delta}msbB$ mutant survived for 30 days, but 80% of mice inoculated orally with the wild type survived. The OmpA::CPV VP2 epitope fusion protein was expressed successfully and associated with the outer membrane and OMV fractions from the mutant S. Typhimurium transformed with the fusion protein-expressing vector. In immunogenicity tests, sera obtained from the mice immunized with either the Salmonella msbB mutant or its OMVs containing the OmpA::CPV VP2 epitope showed bactericidal activities against wild-type S. Typhimurium and contained specific antibodies to the CPV VP2 epitope. In the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay as a measurement of CPV-neutralizing activity in the immune sera, there was an 8-fold increase of HI titer in the OMV-immunized group compared with the control. These results suggested that the CPV-neutralizing antibody response was raised by immunization with OMV containing the OmpA::CPV VP2 epitope, as well as the protective immune response against S. Typhimurium in BALB/c mice.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.416-420
• /
• 2006

Compare to testing sera individually, pooled-serum testing has considered as a cost-effective method, particularly on a large population-based seroprevalence studies. This study was to determine the relationship between individual sera and pooled sera titers for detection of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and to evaluate suitability of pooled sera by comparing prevalences estimated from both samples. A total of 5,000 individual samples were collected from 500 flocks in Chungcheong, Gyunsgi, and Kangwon provinces between January 2005 and February 2006. Ten samples were randomly selected from each flock. Five-hundred pooled sera were prepared by mixing equal amount of each 10 individual serum from the original samples. IBV antibody titers were measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The least squares regression analysis was performed to construct equation between pooled and mean individual titers. To determine whether the flock is infected 4 arbitrary criteria were used: detection of at least 1 chicken with HI titer ${\ge}$ 9 (criterion 1), detection of at least 2 samples with HI titer ${\ge}$9 (criterion 2), detection of at least 1 sample with HI titer ${\ge}$ 10 (criterion 3), and filially detection of at least 1 sample with HI titer ${\ge}$ 11 (criterion 4). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to examine the cut-off points of pooled titers showing optimal diagnostic accuracy. The area under the curve (AUC), sensitivities (Se), specificities (Sp), and positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values were calculated. The regression equation between pooled titers (pool) and mean individual titers (mean) was: $pool= 1.2498+0.8952{\times}mean$, with coefficient of determination of 87% (p< 0.0001). The optimal cut-off points of pooled titers were titer 8 for criterion 1 (AUC=0.975, Se=0.883, Sp=0.959, PPV=0.985, NPV=0.728), titer 8 for criterion 2 (AUC=0.969, Se=0.954, Sp=0.855, PPV=0.926, NPV=0.907), titer 9 for criterion 3 (AUC=0.970, Se=0.836, Sp=0.967, PPV=0.978, NPV=0.772), and titer 9 for criterion 4 (AUC= 0.946, Se=0.928, Sp=0.843, PPV=0.857, NPV=0.921). The difference of 'prevalence estimated by individual and pooled sample showed a minimum of 2% for criteria 2 and a maximum of 9.1:% for criteria 3. These results indicate that the use of pooled sera in HI test for screening IBV infection in laying hen flocks is considered as a cost-effective method of testing large numbers of samples with high diagnostic accuracy.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.49-64
• /
• 1984

During the 1978-79 Newcastle disease (ND) epizootic period, a detailed survey was conducted on the five representative farms which had been following one of the recommended vaccination programs. When the disease broke out during laying period, clinical symptoms were mild to moderate respiratory distress and greenish diarrhea. Affected flocks experienced weekly mortality from less than 1% to 17%. Egg production returned to normal 18 to 36 days after the initial signs appeared although some flocks never returned to normal. On postmortem examination,, most affected chickens showed severe hemorrhagic lesions in the duodenum, hematoma on ova, and heavy fat accmulation on various visceral organs. Most of the NO affected flocks had geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition antibody(HIA) titers of 7 log$_2$ or higher two to three weeks after the appearance of clinical signs. These HIA titers were at least 16-fold higher than those before infection. Flock mean HIA titers before infection were usually lower than 3 log$_2$. Severity of clinical signs and anamnestic antibody response were maximum in the flocks whose vaccination immunity was insufficient or waned considerably. Observations showed that even young birds, if properly vaccinated, could get effective protection from field ND exposure.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.51 no.5
• /
• pp.407-412
• /
• 2009

This study was performed to produce specific egg yolk antibodies against bovine rotavirus (BRV) and bovine coronavirus (BCV) that are major pathogens causing diarrhea in calves. Chickens were immunized with BRV and BCV intramuscularly in the breast muscle by injection 5 times at two weeks interval. At 6 weeks after the first immunization of BRV or BCV, cross reactivity of each serum derived from BRV- or BCV-immunized hens was tested. Each serum antibody against BRV or BCV was reacted with only specific BRV or BCV antigens. Serum and egg yolk-antibody titers of hens against BRV or BCVwere highest at 8~12 weeks after first immunization. Specific serum and egg yolk-antibody titers against BRV were about 104,000 and 107,000, respectively, and those against BCV were about 145,000 and 155,000, respectively. Hemagglutination inhibition titers in the immunized egg yolk antibodies against BRV and BCV were 5,120 and 1,280, respectively, and were ${\geq}8$ times higher than that in non-immunized control. These results suggested that the immunized egg yolk antibodies could effectively neutralize BRV and BCV.