• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.247-254
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• 2019

Objective: The goal of this study was to determine the center of pressure (CoP) complexity pattern in approximate entropy technique between genders at different conditions of running speed. Background: It is conducted to evaluate the complexity pattern of CoP in the increment of running speed to have insights to injury prediction, stability, and auxiliary aids for the foot. Method: Twenty men (age=22.3±1.5 yrs.; height=176.4±5.4 cm; body weight=73.9±8.2 kg) and Twenty women (age=20.8±1.2 yrs.; height=162.8±5.2 cm; body weight=55.0±6.3 kg) with heel strike pattern were recruited for the study. While they were running at 2.22, 3.33, 4.44 m/s speed on a treadmill (instrumented dual belt treadmills, USA) with a force plate, CoP data were collected for the 10 strides. The complexity pattern of the CoP was analyzed using the ApEn technique. Results: The ApEn of the medial-lateral and antero-posterior CoP in the increment of running speed showed significantly difference within genders (p<.05), but there were not statistically significant between genders at all conditions of running speed. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, CoP complexity pattern in the increment of running speed was limited to be characterized between genders as an indicator to judge the potential injury and stability. Application: In future studies, it is needed to investigate the cause of change for complexity of CoP at various running speed related to this study.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.309-314
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship among the current status of calcium intake from milk and milk products, physical growth and bone mineral density in 664 male and female middle school and high school students aged 15-17 years. In the study, the current status of calcium intake from milk and milk products was analyzed, and the height, body composition, and bone mineral density of the right heel bone (calcaneus) were measured. The daily calcium intake of milk and milk products was calculated as the 'dairy equivalent of calcium', which is the calcium content in 200 mL of white milk. The cutoffs of tertiles of the dairy equivalent of calcium were calculated and then the subjects were categorized into 3 groups according to the tertiles, Q1 group (lower intake group), Q2 group (middle intake group) and Q3 group (upper intake group). The daily calcium intake of milk and milk products in Q1, Q2 and Q3 groups was 16.2 mg, 99.7 mg, and 284.0 mg, respectively, and the ratio of milk and milk product consumption to the daily total calcium intake was 5.4%, 27.4%, and 49.7%, respectively. The ratio of total calcium intake to the daily recommended intake in study subjects was 30.5% in Q1, 42.3% in Q2, and 60.7% in Q3, with significant differences (P < 0.05). Height, body weight, BMI, and % of body fat in three tertile groups (Q1, Q2 and Q3) were not significantly different. However, the T scores for bone mineral density in female students in three tertile groups (Q1, Q2 and Q3) was significantly different (P < 0.05). The study showed that the intake of milk and milk products in adolescents, particularly in girls, can improve the bone mineral density without increasing body weight, and thus confirmed that milk intake is important in adolescence.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.167-177
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• 2022

Purpose: Pes planus is a common foot deformity that involves the loss of the medial longitudinal arch. The medial longitudinal arch deformity is usually asymptomatic; however, it can lead to an increased risk of pain and injury. Low-Dye taping is designed to treat plantar heel pain and pes planus. However, low-Dye taping is relatively complex, and a considerable amount of time is required to apply the tape correctly. The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effect of two different types of taping (low-Dye taping and modified Mulligan taping) on arch reformation, plantar pressure, and gait characteristics in participants with asymptomatic flexible pes planus. Methods: Twenty subjects (9 males and 11 females; mean age = 21.95 years) with asymptomatic flexible pes planus voluntarily participated in this study. Arch reformation was evaluated using navicular height measurements. Changes in plantar pressure distribution were measured using BioRecue equipment. Gait parameters were measured using spatiotemporal data collected during consecutive gait cycles using a G-WALK device. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the three different conditions (i.e., bare foot, low-Dye taping, and modified Mulligan taping) for each variable. Results: Navicular height was significantly increased in subjects who underwent the two types of taping compared to those who experienced the bare foot condition. The plantar pressure was significantly shifted to the posterolateral area after modified Mulligan taping compared with the bare foot condition. There were no significant differences in the gait parameters. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that modified Mulligan taping has a similar effect to low-Dye taping, and modified Mulligan taping is a simpler method than low-Dye taping.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.573-582
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• 2022

The geometry of the gravity-type anchorage changes depends on various factors such as the installation location, ground type, and relationship with the upper structure. In particular, the anchorage geometry embedded in the ground is an important design factor because it affects the pull-out resistance of the anchorage. This study examined the effect of four parameters, related to anchorage geometry and embedded ground conditions, on the pull-out resistance in the gravity-type anchorage through two-dimensional finite element analysis, and presented a guide for major design variables. The four parameters include the 1) flight length of the stepped anchorage (m), 2) flight height of the stepped anchorage (n), 3) the anchorage heel height (b), and 4) the thickness of the soil (e). It was found that as the values of m increased and the values of n decreased, the pull-out resistance of the gravity-type anchorage increased. This trend is related to the size of the contact surface between the anchorage and the rock, and it was confirmed that the value of n, which has the largest change rate of the contact surface between the anchorage and the rock, has the greatest effect on the pull-out resistance of the anchorage. Additionally, the most effective design was achieved when the ratio of the step to the bottom of the anchorage (m) was greater than 0.7, and m was found to be an important factor in the pull-out resistance behavior of the anchorage.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.273-280
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• 2023

Background: Intraoral local anesthesia is essential for delivering dental care; however, injection of this local anesthetic is perceived as the most painful and distressing agent for children, parents, and healthcare providers. Reducing pain as much as possible is essential to ensure smooth subsequent treatment procedures, especially in pediatric dentistry. In clinical practice, oral sucrose administration has been reported to decrease the pain during heel lance and cold pressor tests in neonates and children. This study aimed to determine whether the prior administration of a 30% sucrose solution reduced the pain related to inferior alveolar nerve block in children. Methods: A total of 42 healthy children aged 7-10 years requiring dental treatment of mandibular molars involving inferior alveolar nerve block were recruited. The participants' demographic details were recorded, height and weight were measured, and the anesthetic injection was delivered after receiving the respective intraoral sucrose solution and distilled water by the intervention (group 1) and control (group 2) group participants for 2 min. The subjective pain perceived during injection was measured using an animated emoji scale. The pain scores between the groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The median pain score and range for the intervention and control groups were 4 (2 - 6) and 6 (4 - 8), respectively, and statistically significant differences (P < 0.001) were observed in the intervention group. Age, sex, height, and weight did not influence the analgesic effect of the sucrose solution. Conclusion: Oral administration of sucrose may relieve pain associated with inferior alveolar nerve block in children.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.555-566
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• 2024

Objective: This study aimed to assess the genetic parameters and accuracy of genomic predictions for twenty-four linear body conformation traits and overall conformation scores in Korean Holstein dairy cows. Methods: A dataset of 2,206 Korean Holsteins was collected, and genotyping was performed using the Illumina Bovine 50K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip. The traits investigated included body traits (stature, height at front end, chest width, body depth, angularity, body condition score, and locomotion), rump traits (rump angle, rump width, and loin strength), feet and leg traits (rear leg set, rear leg rear view, foot angle, heel depth, and bone quality), udder traits (udder depth, udder texture, udder support, fore udder attachment, front teat placement, front teat length, rear udder height, rear udder width, and rear teat placement), and overall conformation score. Accuracy of genomic predictions was assessed using the single-trait animal model genomic best linear unbiased prediction method implemented in the ASReml-SA v4.2 software. Results: Heritability estimates ranged from 0.10 to 0.50 for body traits, 0.21 to 0.35 for rump traits, 0.13 to 0.29 for feet and leg traits, and 0.05 to 0.46 for udder traits. Rump traits exhibited the highest average heritability (0.29), while feet and leg traits had the lowest estimates (0.21). Accuracy of genomic predictions varied among the twenty-four linear body conformation traits, ranging from 0.26 to 0.49. The heritability and prediction accuracy of genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV) for the overall conformation score were 0.45 and 0.46, respectively. The GEBVs for body conformation traits in Korean Holstein cows had low accuracy, falling below the 50% threshold. Conclusion: The limited response to selection for body conformation traits in Korean Holsteins may be attributed to both the low heritability of these traits and the lower accuracy estimates for GEBVs. Further research is needed to enhance the accuracy of GEBVs and improve the selection response for these traits.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.89-106
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• 2010

Sliding within the dam foundation is one of the key failure modes of a gravity dam. A two-dimensional (2-D) physical model test has been conducted to study the sliding failure of a concrete gravity dam under overloading conditions. This model dam was instrumented with strain rosettes, linear variable displacement transformers (LVDTs), and embedded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing bars. The surface and internal displacements of the dam structure and the strain distributions on the dam body were measured with high accuracy. The setup of the model with instrumentation is described and the monitoring data are presented and analyzed in this paper. The deformation process and failure mechanism of dam sliding within the rock foundation are investigated based on the test results. It is found that the horizontal displacements at the toe and heel indicate the dam stability condition. During overloading, the cracking zone in the foundation can be simplified as a triangle with gradually increased height and vertex angle.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.67-71
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• 2017

PURPOSE: Muscle fatigue is a cause to change proprioception. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of calf muscle fatigue and visual control on postural balance during single-legged standing in healthy adults. METHODS: Nineteen healthy adults (male) were participated in this study (mean age: 24.36 years; mean height: 171.32 cm; mean weight: 64.58 kg). The postural balance (sway length, sway area, sway velocity of COG displacement) was measured by Balance Trainer System (BT4) in before and after calf muscle fatigue feeling in single legged stance. In this study, repetitive single-legged heel rise test was used to induce fatigue of the calf muscle. Paired t- test was used to compare the postural balance between before and after calf muscle fatigue. Data of subjects were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Level of significance was set to .05. RESULTS: The sway length, sway area, sway velocity of COG (center of gravity) displacement after calf muscle fatigue feeling was significantly increased compared to before calf muscle fatigue feeling during single leg standing both eye open and close conditions (p<.05). CONCLUSION: This study suggested that calf muscle fatigue feeling has affected on postural balance when standing one leg both eye open and close conditions and postural control was disturbed by muscle fatigue and visual feedback in single leg standing.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.144-154
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• 1997

For design of early childhood children's footwear, this study was to analyze the foot type by factor analysis and cluster analysis. This study was performed 200 male and 200 female early childhood children from 3 to 6 years, reported in part 1. The result was as follows : 1. There are no significant differences concerning significances, factor loading, eigenvalues, and contribution rates of factor among the results abtained by analyzing the male, female and both sexes data. 2. The 1st factor signifies the size factor that represents total foot mass. The average scores of the 1st factor significantly increase with age in both sexes, and those scores of male are significantly higher than those of female. 3. The End factor signifies the height of Tarsal, Heel and Arch. The average scores of the 2nd factor significantly increase with age in both sexes, and there are no significant differences between the average scores of male and female's except the age 3. 4. The 3rd factor signifies the shape of Metatarso-phalanx angle. The average scores of the 3rd factor significantly decrease with age in female. 5. There are four clusters selected by fastcluster in every age group. The characteristics of four clusters of every age group are different significantly.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.285-292
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• 2015

This paper presents a wireless ground reaction force (GRF) sensing system for ambulatory GRF recording. The system is largely divided into three parts: force sensing modules based on optical sensor, outsole type frame, and embedded system for wireless communication. The force sensing module has advantages of the low height, robustness to the moment interference, and stable response in long term use. In simulation study, the strain and stress properties were examined to satisfy the requirements of the GRF sensing system. Four sensing modules were mounted on the toe, ball, and heel of foot shaped frame, respectively. The GRF signals were extracted using Micrpcontroller unit and transferred to the smart phone via Bluetooth communication. We measured the GRF during the normal walking for the validation of the continuous recording capability. The recorded GRF was comparable to the off the shelf stationary force plate.