• 생태와환경
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.187-195
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• 2023

영산강의 상류에는 4개의 농업용 댐들이 축조되어 있으며 각 댐의 물은 경작지 관개용수로 거의 모두 공급되고 영산강 본류로 방류되지 않고 있다. 또한, 관개용수의 대부분도 사용 후에 영산강으로 회귀하지 않고 격리된 상태의 별도 용수간선을 통하여 영산강 하류까지 흘러가기 때문에 영산강 본류의 유량 부족 문제를 가중시키고 있다. 이러한 원인으로 영산강 유량의 71%가 하수처리수로 채워지는 결과를 초래하였으며 이에 따라 수질뿐 아니라 수생태 건강성도 우리나라 4대강 중 가장 열악한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 영산강 수질개선을 위한 여러 가지 시나리오들을 오염삭감과 유량증대를 함께 고려하여 개발하였고 QUAL-MEV를 이용하여 각 시나리오의 장래수질을 예측·분석하였으며, 이러한 연구결과로부터 얻어진 결론은 다음과 같다. 1. 영산강의 수질개선은 오염삭감을 통해 그동안 꾸준히 시행되어 왔으나 이제 한계에 다다르고 있어 앞으로는 오염삭감만이 아니라 유량증대(해수담수화 포함) 방법이 함께 중점 추진되어야 하며, 이러한 경우에는 영산강 수질목표의 달성도 가능하다. 2. BOD는 오염삭감 그리고 T-P는 유량증대의 방법을 통해 크게 개선될 수 있다고 예측되었으므로 수질목표의 달성을 위해 오염삭감과 더불어 유량증대가 함께 도입된다면 이들 상호 간에는 시너지 효과가 크게 작용할 수 있을 것이다. 3. 그러나 유량증대사업의 원활한 추진을 위해서는 투자비용을 늘리는 것도 중요하겠으나 기존의 용수 이해관계자들간에 형성되어 있는 갈등 문제를 협의·해소키 위한 꾸준한 노력이 선행되어야 할 것이다. 4. 댐의 건설, 용수배분 조정 등 강우 유관형 유량증대 방법은 기후변화로 인해 강우가 오랜 기간 발생하지 않으면서 대가뭄이 지속될 경우에 적용의 효용성이 떨어지거나 상실될 수 있으므로 앞으로 비슷한 조건이라면 강우 무관형인 해수담수화시설을 유량증대사업 중 우선 설치대상으로 고려해야 할 것이다. 그 이유는 이러한 시설이 우리나라에서 새로 건설하기 어려운 댐의 용수확보 기능을 대체할 수 있고 대가뭄이 장기간 지속될 경우에 물관련 재해방지도 가능하여 기후변화의 적응시설로서 유용할 수 있기 때문이다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.91-98
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• 1969

여자(女子) 대학생(大學生)의 대다수(大多數)가 기숙사(寄宿舍)에서 단체(團體) 급식(給食)에 의하여 식사(食事)를 하고있는 성심여자대학(聖心女子大學)의 기숙생(寄宿生) 360명(名)에 대한 계절별(季節別) 영양(營養) 실태(實態)를 파악하기 위하여 1967년(年) 추동(秋冬)과 1968년(年) 춘하(春夏) 사계절(四季節)에 걸쳐 각(各) 계절(季節)마다 1주일간(週日間)의 식사(食事) 섭취 상태를 조사 하였다. 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 피실험자(被實驗者)의 연령(年齡) 분포(分布)는 만(滿) 19세(歲) 20세(歲) 21세(歲) 나는자(者)가 전원(全員)의 70% 이상(以上)을 차지하고 있었다. 식사(食事) 섭취량(攝取量)은 사계절(四季節)을 통(通)해서 Calorie를 저량(低量) 섭취하고 있었으며 기중(其中)에서 가장 많이 섭취한 계절(季節)은 봄철이고 다음으로는 여름 가을 겨울의 순위(順位)로 되어있다. 각(各) 영양소량(營養素量)도 봄철이 가장 많었고 겨울은 가장 낮았다. 단백질은 권장량에 가까웠고 그중(中)의 약(約) $1/2{\sim}1/3$은 동물성(動物性) 급원(給源)에서 오고 있다. 칼슘과 vitamin A 역시 다른 계절(季節)에 비(比)해서 겨울에는 상당(相當)히 낮았다. Vitamin C와 niacin은 사계절(四季節)을 통(通)해서 전반적(全般的)으로 충분(充分)한 양(量)을 보이고 있다. 겨울철만 제외하고는 $vitamin\;B_1$과 $B_2$의 섭취량은 상당(相當)한 수치(數値)를 보이고 있다. 사계절(四季節) 식사(食事) 섭취량(攝取量)의 차이를 나타내는 주요(主要)한 원인은 식단(食單)의 질(質)과 다양성(多樣性)에 관계(關係)되고 있고 부수적 원인으로는 외식(外食)을 하기 때문이다. 즉(卽) 매식사시(每食事時)에 충분(充分)한 양(量)을 섭취하지 않기 때문이다. 그리고 상당수(相當數)의 학생(學生)이 기분에 좌우 되어서 외식(外食) 간식(間食)을 하고 있는 것으로 본다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.60-71
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• 1976

The author reviewed the medical records of 96 typhoid fever patients who were diagnosed, admitted, and treated at Sea grave Memorial Hospital from January 1 , 1973 through August 31, 1975. Diagnosis was determined by clinical observation, aerology and bacteriology, eighty patients were treated medically, the remaining 16 patients required surgical intervention. The following results were obtained: 1) The age distribution of the patients revealed that 33.3% wert between 10 and 19 years old 21.9% were between 20 and 29, and 19.8% were between 30 and 39. The majority of patients were from these more active age groups. Male to female sex ratio was 1.3 : 1 2) Seasonal distribution was observed. Most illness occurred in the summer and autumn month 5. 3) 84. 3%of the patients came from farm families. 4) Duration between onset and admission averaged 16.0 days. The group without compilations was admitted after an average of 15. 1 days; The group with complications was ad-matted after an average of 19.4 days. 5) Methods of treatment before admission were as follows: 10.4% at medical clinics, 61, 5% at pharmacies (antibiotics 47.9%, other. drugs 13.5%), 7.3% by herb medications, 20.8% had no treatment. 6) Main clinical symptoms were as follows: fever 93.8%, headache 47.9%, abdominal pain 47.9%, chills 38.5%, cough 36.5%, general weakness 26.0%, nausea e vomiting 24.0% and generalized pain 21.9%. 7) Temperature of patients on admission: 22.9% were 39f or more, 67.6% were between 37℃ and 38℃, and 9.4% were 37℃ or less. 8) Occurrence of intensional bleeding after onset of disease averaged 9.3 days; perforation occurred at an average of 19. 1 days. 9) Interval between onset of major complication and surgical intervention averaged 2.8 days. 10) Among the 68 patients who underwent the bacteriological test the positive rate was 44.1% (30). The positive ,ales to, each separate culture method were as follows: 20.4% in the blood culture, 40.4% in the stool culture and 6.7% in the urine culture. Among these bacteriological positive patients 15 patients had a negative results or less than 160 titer of vidal reaction. 11) The initial vidal test of the total group showed a counts of 160 titer or more in 60.4% and less than 160 titer in 39.6%, 12) W. B. C. Counts in the uncomplicated group indicated that 32.5% were 6,000/㎣ or less, 47.5% were between 6,000 and 10,000, arid 20.0% were 10,000/㎣ or more. In the complicated group, 37.6% were 6,000/㎣ or less, 25,0% were 6,000-10,000/㎣ and 37.6% were 10,000/㎣ or more. 13) Duration of hospital stay of the patients averaged 6.4 days in the uncomplicated group and 12.7 days in the complicated group. 14) Subdiaphragmatic free air simple X-ray was found in 91.7% of the perforated cases. 15) Duration of antibiotic therapy until an febrile state was attained averaged 4.8 days in the uncomplicated group and 6.5 days in the complicated group. 16) Operative procedures were as follows: one layer simple closure of their perforation with or without debasement in 56.3%, drainage only in 6.3%, small bowel resection with primary anastomosis in 18.8% , externalization in 6.3%, cholecystectomy in 6.3%, The clinical findings of this study suggest the following recommendations. According to Top's report; 1% of typhoid fever patients treated with chlorarnphenicol and 2% of patients treated with other drugs become chronic carriers. Therefore, importance should be given to the strict control of these carriers. Immunization, improvement of sanitation and living standards are all needed for the prevention and treatment of disease, but a more serious problem is a lack of knowledge on the part of patients and their families. Thus it is most urgent to enlighten the citizens about the transmission and hygiene related to contagious disease. Legal restriction of sale of antibiotics at drug stores without a physician's prescription is an urgent matter for public health administrators. An even more important nursing responsibility is the reemphasis on health education both in the clinical setting and in the home.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.430-458
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• 1990

Care is a central concept of nursing. Nursing would not exist without caring. Care and quality of life are closely related. Human behavior is a manifestation of culture. We can say that caring and nursing care are expression of culture. The nurse must understand the relationship of culture with care for ensure quality nursing care. But knowledge of cultural factors in nursing is not well developed. Time and in - depth study are needed to find meaningful relationships between culture and care. Nurses recognized the importance of culturally appropriate nursing There are two care systems in culturally based nursing. The folk care system and the professional nursing care system. The folk care system existed long before the professional nursing care system was introduced into this culture. If the discrepancy between these two care systems is great, the client may receive inappropriate nursing care. Culture and subcaltures are diverse and dynamic in nature. Nurses need to know the caring behaviors, patterns, and their meaning in their own culture. In Korea we have taken some first step to study cultural nursing phenomena. It is not our intent necessarily to return to the past and develop a nationalistic of nursing, but to identify the core of traditional caring and relate that to professional nursing care. Our Assumptions are as follows : 1) Care is essential for human growth, well being and survial. 2) 7here are diverse and universal forma, expressions, patterns, and processes of human care that exist transcul - turally. 3) The behaviors and functions of caring differ according to the social structure of each culture. 4) Cultures have folk and professional care values, beliefs, and practices. To promote the quality of nursing care we must understand the folk care value, beliefs, and practices. We undertook this study to understand caring in our traditional culture. The Goals of this study were as follows : 1) To identify patterns in caring behavior, 2) To identify the structural components of caring, and 3) To understand the meaning and some principles of caring. We faised several questions in this study. Who is the care-giver? Who is the care-receipient? Was the woman the major care -giver at any time? What are the patterns in caring behavior? What art the priciples underlying the caring process? We used an interdisciplinary team approach, composed of representatives from nursing and anthropology, to contribute in -depth understanding of caring through a socicaltural perspeetive. A Field study was conducted in Ro-Bong, a small agricultural kinship village. The subjects were nine women and one man aged be or more years of age. Data were collected from january 15 to 21, 1990 through opem-ended in-depth interviews and observations. The interview focused on caring behaviors sorrounding birth, aging, death and child rearing. We analysed these data for meaning, pattern and priciples of caring. In this report we describe caring behaviors surrounding childbirth. The care-givers were primarily mothers- in -low, other women in the family older than the mother - to- be, older neighbor woman, husbands, and mothers of the mother-to- be. The care receivers were the mother-to-be the baby, and the immediate family as a component of kinship. Emerging caring behavior included praying, helping proscribing, giving moral advice(Deug - Dam), showing concern, instructing, protecting, making preparations, showing consideration, touching, trusting, encouraging, giving emotional comfort, being with, worrying about, being patient, preventing problems, showing by an example, looking after bringing up, taking care of postnatal health, streng thening the health condition, entering into another's feelings(empathizing), and sharing food, joy and sorrow The emerging caring component were affection, touching, nurtuing, teaching, praying, comforting, encouraging, sharing. empathizing, self - discipline, protecting, preparing, helping and compassion. Emerging principles of. caring were solidarity, heir- archzeal relationships, sex - role distinction. Caring during birth expresses the valve of life and reflects the valued traditional beliefs that human birth is given by god and a unique unifying family event reaching back to include the ancestors and foreward to later generations. In addition, We found positive and rational foundations for traditionl caring behaviors surrounding birth, these should not be stigmatized as inational or superstitious. The nurse appropriately adopts the rational and positive nature of traditional caring behaviors to promote the quality of nursing care.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.17-40
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• 1995

Rheumatoid arthritis is the one of the chronic diseases, one of its major symptoms is a chronic pain. Despite developing medical treatment and surgical techniques, it is suggested that to control the pain is the goal of the treatment. But pain is an inner experience and even those closest to the patient cannot truly observe its progress or share in its suffering. The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine's report on Pain and Disability concluded that there is no objective measure of pain-(exactly) no pain thermometer-nor can there ever be one, because the experience of pain is inseparable from personal perception and social influence such as culture. To explore chronic pain experience is to understand the process and property of the patient's perception of pain through the response to pain, the coping with pain, and the adaptation to pain. Therefore a qualitative study was conducted in order to gain an understanding of pain experience of patients with RA in korea. I used naturalistic inquiry as a research methodology, which had 5 axioms, the first is that realities are multiple, constructed, and holistic, the second is that knower and known are interactive, inseparable, the third is only time and context bound working hypotheses(idiographic statements) are possible, the forth is all entities are in a state of mutual simultaneous shaping, so that it is impossible to distinguish causes from effects and the last is that inquiry is value-bound. Purposive sampling was conducted as a sampling. 20 subjects who experienced pain over 10 years, lived in middle-sized city and big city in Korea, and 17 women and 3 men. The subject's age was from 32 to 62 (average 48.8), all were married, living with their spouse and children, except two-one divorced and the other widow before they became ill. I collected data using In depth structured interview. I had interviews two or three times with each subject, and the interviews were conducted at each subject's home. Each interview lasted about two hours an average. A recording was taken with the consent of the subject. I used inductive data analysis-such as unitizing and categorizing. unitizing is a process of coding, whereby raw data are systematically transformed and aggregated into units. Categorizing is a process wherby previously unitized data are organized into categories that provide descriptive or inferential information about the context or setting from which the units were derived. This process is used constant comparative method. The pain controlling process is composed of behavior of pain control. The behaviors of pain control are rearranging of ADL, hiddening role conflict, balancing treatment, and changing social relation. Rearranging of ADL includes diet management, sleep management, and the adjustment of daily life activities. The subjects try to rearrange their daily activities by modified style of motions, rearranging time span & range of activities, using auxillary facilities, and getting help in order to keep on the pace of daily life. Hiddening role conflict means to reduce conflicts between sick role and their role as a family member. In this process, the subjects use two modes, one is to control the pain complaints, and the other is to internalize the value which is to stay home is good for caring her children and being a good mother. To control pain complaints is done by 'enduring', 'understanding' the other family members, or making them undersood in order to reduce pain. Balancing treatment is composed of two aspects. One is to keep the pain within the endurable level, the other is to keep in touch with medical personnel in order to get the information of treatment and emotional support. Changing social relation is made by information seeking and sharing, formation of mutual support relation, and finally simplification of social relationships. The subjects simplify their social relationships by refraining from relations with someone who makes them physically and psychologically strained. In particular the subjects are apt to avoid contact with in-laws, and the change of relation to in-laws results in lessening the family boundary. In the course of this process, they confront the crisis of family confict result in family dissolution. This crisis is related to the threat of self-existence. Findings from this study contribute to understanding the chronic pain experience. To advance this study, we should compare this result with other cases in different cultural contexts. I think to interpret these results, korean cultural background should be considered. Especially the different family concept, more broader family members and kinship network, and the traditional medical knowledge influences patients' behavior.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.41-58
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• 2009

Objective : The purpose of this study is to identify actual operations and issues of wireless paging system operation for the aged living alone as the end users of wireless paging system primarily in Gwangyang city, and thereby to explore possible advanced and integrated ways to promote social safety network for the aged. Methods : The survey tool used in this study was a structured questionnaire form consisting of question items. The researcher hereof conducted this survey by means of direct visit and interview during two seasons, i.e. from February to August, 2008 and from December 2008 to March 2009, respectively. Results : 1) For general demographic characteristics, it was found that 90.9% of all respondents were women and 61.2% of all respondents were at age 75 to 84. for health conditions, it was found that more than 90% of all respondents often took medicines due to their unhealthy body, and most of respondents suffered from musculoskeletal diseases 79.3% and circulatory diseases 61.6%. for walking capacity, it was found that 45.5% of all respondents used walking aids, and disable respondents (11.5% of all respondents) were represented primarily by those with physical disability (52.6% of disable respondents). for actual use of medical institutions, it was found 47.3% of all respondents relied on local clinics, since they preferred neighborhood hospitals or clinics they can trust for medical care. for social activities and supports, it was found that 43.6% respondents had 'needs for assistance at times' and 33.9% respondents have 'no need for assistance'. And it was found that the major difficulties in living alone at old age were represented primarily by health problems 37.8% and economic difficulties 33.5%. 2) For characteristics related to wireless paging system, it was found that 90.3% respondents used wireless paging system recommended by firemen, and 28.5% respondents used this system. and it was found that 59.6% respondents used this system once, and 85.2% respondents used it because of acute or chronic diseases. more than 90% respondents thought that they knew about wireless paging system and considered themselves safe, but 83.6% respondents didn't attach a remote control on their upper clothes, and even 49.1% respondents turned off the power of wireless paging system due to their concern about electricity bill and noise. 3) It was found that 83.6% respondents felt it necessary to use wireless paging system, and wireless paging users felt more satisfied with using the system than non-users, and 50.7% showed high satisfaction at certain psychological benefits like 'confidence in coping with critical situations' and 'a sense of relief'. In addition, it was found that some respondents who answered that 'they didn't turn off the paging system as they knew how it works' and those who answered that they knew 'how to use it' showed relatively high satisfaction. And some respondents who kept it well and felt it necessary also showed high satisfaction. 4) It was found that the level of satisfaction our respondents felt with using wireless paging system varied significantly availability($x^{2}$ = 12.759, p = .002), psychological advantages($x^{2}$ = 12.174, p = .002), knowledge about how to use system($x^{2}$ = 7.021, p = .016), power on/off($x^{2}$ = 13.221, p = .001), level of knowledge about system($x^{2}$ = 21.002, p = .000), maintenance($x^{2}$ = 9.871, p = .007) and level of necessity($x^{2}$ = 34.939, p = .000) on the statistical basis.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.558-565
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• 2012

작업관련 근골격계 질환은 중요한 직업병 중 하나이며, 이는 치과의료 직종도 예외일수는 없다. 치과위생사는 주로 장시간 서서 진료를 하거나 머리와 목을 구부리고 어깨와 손을 많이 틀면서 움직이거나 부적절한 자세로 진료하는 경우가 많기 때문에 더욱 더 근골격계 질환에 대한 위험에 대한 노출도 크다. 따라서 본 연구는 작업과 관련하여 근골격계의 부위별 통증의 유무와 업무분야별 통증의 차이가 있는지를 알아보기 위하여 수도권 지역의 치과위생사 300명을 대상으로 설문조사를 하였고 이 중 268명이 설문에 응하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같이 요약될 수 있다. 1. 연구대상자들의 신체부위별 근골격계 통증 정도를 분석해 본 결과, 어깨 90.3%, 목 89.2%, 다리 83.6%, 허리 81.7%, 손/손목/손가락 75.7%, 팔/팔꿈치 52.8%로 나타났다. 2. 연구대상자들의 업무영역에 따라서 근골격계 질환이 다르게 나타났으며 연구결과, 외과업무의 경우 목, 허리, 다리, 어깨, 손, 팔로 나타났으며 보철업무의 경우 어깨, 다리, 손, 목, 허리, 팔로 나타났다. 교정업무의 경우 목, 어깨, 손, 허리, 다리, 팔로 나타났고 접수의 경우 목, 어깨, 허리, 다리, 손, 팔로 나타났다. 모든 치료의 경우 어깨, 허리, 목, 다리, 손, 팔로 나타났다. 여기서 나타난 것처럼 연구대상자들이 주로 하는 진료에 대한 근골격계 통증이 신체부위별로 다르다는 연구결과가 나왔다. 3. 근골격계 질환의 주요변인에 대한 연구결과, 일반적 특성은 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았지만 신장이 큰 연구대상자들에게 허리와 어깨의 통증이 많았고 체중이 적게 나가는 연구대상자들은 목과 팔의 통증이 높았다. 연령은 29~33세는 어깨, 34세 이상에서는 팔/팔꿈치가 높았으며 이는 통계적으로 유의하였다(p<0.05). 근무환경은 경력이 높아질수록 손/손목/손가락은 통증이 증가하였고(p<0.05) 목과 어깨(p<0.05), 팔(p<0.01), 허리는 3~4년의 경력에서 가장 높았다. 그리고 다리/발은 1~2년의 경력에서 통증경험이 높았다. 근무시간은 시간이 증가함에 따라 목에 대한 통증이 높아진다고 하였으나 유의한 차이는 없었다. 그러나 손/손목/손가락에서는 근무시간이 적을 때 높은 통증경험을 나타냈으며 통계적으로 더욱 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.01). 근무처에 따라서 분과병원에서는 손/손목/손가락에서 높은 통증경험율을 나타냈고(p<0.05) 중소치과에서는 다리/발에서 높은 통증경험률을 나타냈다(p<0.05). 이와 같은 결과는 치과위생사의 근골격계 질환은 평균이상으로 많으며 이 질환에 대한 위험성을 인식하고 경각심을 느껴야 한다고 보여진다. 근골격계 질환은 초기에 발생되면 간단하게 치료받을 수 있지만 누적되어서 오랫동안 방치되었을 때는 이미 정상으로 되돌릴 수 없기 때문에 올바른 자세를 유지하고 통증이 나타나거나 피로가 쌓일 경우 즉시 치료를 하고 적극적인 자세로 응대하고 지속적인 노력이 필요하다고 보여진다.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.59-69
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• 2010

绿色环保或者环境意识已经成为商业、政府机关, 以及消费者和世界关注的重要问题. 针对这一情况, 韩国政府宣布, 在本世纪初, "环保建设" 将被作为一种用以鼓励与环保相关的商业活动的方式. 不同层次的韩国服装业, 提出了不同的产品环保的绿色计划. 这些服装产品包括有机产品和回收的衣服. 要想使这些公司成功, 他们需要那些, 在做产品购买,使用, 处置时, 将绿色问题(如环境的可持续性发展)作为一个人判断的一个组成部分的顾客的信息. 这些消费者可以被看成是生态学的关注者. 过去的研究已经对消费者对于环保产品的购买意愿进行了检测. 此外, 还研究了影响生态保护者或绿色消费者的因素. 但是, 只是关注生态保护者在处置或者回收利用衣服上与采购绿色产品相比较是不够的. 服装处置行为有多种途径, 消费者可以用淘汰, 传承(例如: 把它送给一个年幼的弟弟), 赠与, 交换, 出售或者简单的把他扔掉等多种方式来暂时或者永久的摆脱闲置的衣服或贷款项目. 因此, 购买环保产品的行为应该结合服装处置的行为, 从而进一步了解消费者的消费行为与对环境的态度. 本项研究的目的在于提供韩国生态保护者从有利于生态学的角度出发来购买和处理衣服的生活方式的相关信息. 本研究的目标有: 1, 基于韩国对服装处置行为进行分类; 2, 调查人 们人口统计数据, 生活方式和服装消费价值观赏的差异; 3, 在环保的时尚物品的购买意愿和影响因素之间进行比较. 自填式的调查问卷是基于以往的研究设置出来的. 问卷包括10项处置衣服的条款, 22项可持续并且健康的生活方式的条款, 以及19项消费观念的条款. 根据利克特模板的五分量表设置. 此外, 购买两个时尚物品的意愿和每个物品属性的11项特征都是根据利克特模板的七分量表而来, 两种制成羊毛套衫的可以从PET识别代码的回收瓶子中创造出来的涤纶织物这两种套衫选自一个韩国和一个美国的户外运动服装的品牌. 我们对每一种产品的简介和颜色都进行了调查, 人口统计学(即性别, 年龄, 婚姻状况, 教育程度, 收入, 职业)也被包括在内. 在2009年5月份, 研究数据通过一个专业网站的调查机构进行采集, 最后有600份调查问卷可供分析, 这个调查的受访者年龄从20到49岁不等, 平均年龄为34岁. 百分之50的调查者为男性, 大约58%的受访者是已婚者, 其中62%的受访者有大学学位. 主要成分分析和因素最大方法差的方法用以识别衣服处理规模的潜在尺度. 共有三个因素生成(比如: 倒卖行为, 捐赠行为, 不回收利用行为). 基于他们处置衣服的方式对受访者进行了分类, 群类分析被使用, 最终得到了三个部分. 不同的消费者, 被分别贴上 "转售集团", "捐资团体" 以及 "不回收组织" 的标签加以分类, 其中98%是正确的分类. 从人口统计学角度来看, 这三个类别的人在性别, 婚姻状况, 职业和年龄上有显著的差异. 健康可持续的生活方式被缩减为以下5个因素: 自我满意度, 家庭定位, 健康问题, 环境问题和自愿的服务. 这是三个群体中健康可持续的生活方式的最显著的差异. 转售集团和捐赠组表现出在健康可持续的生活方式上的相同倾向, 同时, 不回收集团在生活方式方面呈现最低的平均值. 转售和捐赠团体自称享受和满意这种生活和消费方式, 并且能够利用空余的时间陪伴家人. 另外, 这两组的人关心健康和有机食品, 并试图保护能源和资源. 对服装消费的价值观产生主要影响的三个因素是: 个人价值, 社会价值和实用价值. 因素的方差测试表明转售集团和其他两组之间的因素差异最大. 转售集团相比其他价值更关注个人价值和社会价值. 相比之下, 非回收集团比捐赠集团更关注高层次的社会价值. 比较购买环保产品的意愿上, 转售集团表现出最高的购买A类产品的意愿. 另一方面, 捐赠集团则在小市场中表现出购买B类产品的最高意愿. 此外, 平均分数表明, 购买韩国的产品(B类产品)相比购买美国的产品(A类产品)更合韩国人的心意. 多元线性回归分析法确定了对环保产品的购买的意愿对制造业产品属性的影响. 产品的设计, 价格, 贡献, 对环境的保护, 价格, 兼容性是影响转售集团的显著因素, 另外, 以及对自身形象的影响是捐赠团体的重要因素. 对于非回收集团来说, 设计, 价格等因素是相同的, 自我的形象,对环保运动的贡献, 和环境保护也是很重要的. 而价格因素具有显著性的共通性. 对于B类产品来说, 设计, 合理的价格, 形象等因素是同等的重要, 但是不同的组对购买的特征和意愿有不同的倾向. 健康可持续的生活方式以及服装消费的意向对购买A类产品和B类产品的影响同样被我们所关注. 实际操作者的健康状况和个人价值都是影响购买意愿的重要因素; 然而, 在这三个群体中说服的力度都很低. 结果表明, 分类出来的每组处理服装的行为, 显示着不同服装产品的属性, 个人价值, 和实践者的特点, 这些都影响了他们的购买环保产品的意愿, 结果会使生态保护者提出并组织更合理的生态设计的战略决策.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.429-440
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• 2015

본 연구는 서울, 경기도, 충청도 지역에 소재하는 어린이집 조리종사자 333명에게 나트륨관련 영양지식, 식태도, 식행동, 자아효능감 등에 대해 설문조사하고, '나트륨 섭취 줄이기' 행동변화단계에 따라 '행동전단계 (고려전/고려/준비)', '행동단계 (행동/유지)' 두 군으로 분류하여 변수간의 차이를 분석하였다. 1) 대상자의 평균 연령은 48.5세이며 대상자의 68.4%는 중년에 해당되었다. 나트륨관련해서 식사관리에 관한 관심도는 대상자의 54.8%가 '매우 관심 있다'고 답하였고, 나트륨관련 식생활정보는 주로 TV/라디오 (56.6%)를 통해서 얻고 있었다. 나트륨관련 영양교육을 1회 경험한 대상자가 가장 많았고 (49.7%), 영양교육의 내용으로는 '나트륨을 줄이는 조리 방법', '나트륨과 혈압의 관계', '나트륨과 질환의 관계' 순이었다. 2) 나트륨관련 영양 지식 총점은 평균 9.3점으로 행동단계군 (9.4점)은 행동전단계군 (9.2점)보다 점수가 조금 높았고 두 군 간의 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 문항별로 '영유아기의 나트륨 섭취의 중요성', '가공식품과 자연식품의 나트륨 함량 비교'에서 대상자들은 매우 높은 정답률을 보였고, '성인의 1일 나트륨 목표섭취량' (27.0%), '영양성분표의 나트륨 함량 산출' (30.3%)에서 정답률이 상당히 저조하였다. 3) 나트륨 저감화에 관한 식태도 총점은 39.6점으로 행동단계군 (40.3점)은 행동전단계군 (36.6점)보다 식태도가 긍정적이었다 (p < 0.001). 행동단계군은 식태도 항목 '음식은 싱겁게 먹어야 함', '짭짤한 맛이 좋음', '식사 시 국이나 찌개를 먹는 것을 좋아함', '식사 시 김치나 장아찌를 먹는 것을 좋아함', '국수, 라면 등 국물류를 좋아함'에서 행동전단계군과 유의적인 차이를 보였고 (p < 0.001), 행동전단계군보다 바람직한 식태도에는 더 동의하고, 바람직하지 않은 식태도에는 덜 동의하였다. 4) 대상자의 식행동 총점은 49.6점으로 행동단계군 (49.9점)은 행동전단계군 (48.5점)보다 식행동이 양호하였으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 대부분의 식행동 항목에서 행동단계군은 행동전단계군보다 양호하였는데, 일반 식행동 중 '잡곡밥 먹기', '기름진 음식 먹기' (p < 0.05), 나트륨관련 식행동 중 '간장 등 양념장을 찍어먹는 음식 먹기', '짠 스낵 먹기', '가공식품류 먹기', '외식, 배달음식 먹기' (p < 0.01)에서 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 5) 나트륨 저감화 방법에 관한 자아효능감 총점은 평균 57.1점으로 행동단계군 (58.2점)은 행동전단계군 (52.5점)보다 자아효능감이 높았다 (p < 0.001). 행동단계군은 대부분의 방법에서 행동전단계군보다 자아효능감이 높았는데, 특히 '가공식품 피하기', '소금, MSG 대신 천연조미료 사용하기', '음식의 간은 조리를 마친 후 하기', '국그릇 크기 줄이기', '저염 양념장 만들어 사용하기' 방법에서는 두 군간에 큰 차이를 보였다 (p < 0.001). 6) 식태도는 식행동, 자아효능감과 양의 상관관계 (p < 0.001)를 식행동은 자아효능감과 양의 상관관계 (p < 0.001)를 나타내었고, 영양 지식은 식태도, 식행동, 자아효능감과 양의 상관관계를 보였으나 유의적이지 않았다. 7) 연구 결과 어린이집 조리종사자 대상의 나트륨 저감화 영양사업의 확대가 요구되며 영양교육 등 영양사업 시행 시 나트륨 저감화 행동변화단계별로 대상자를 구분하여 접근할 필요가 있다. 즉, 행동전단계 대상자에게는 나트륨 저감화 실천의 필요성을 인식시키고 태도 변화를 위해 동기 부여 요소를 활용하며 행동단계 대상자에게는 실천이 지속되도록 자기조절 방법, 실천 방법 등을 활용하면 좀 더 효과적일 것이다. 또한 가공식품 산업계에서는 나트륨 저감화 제품 개발이 더욱 활성화됨으로써 급식에 적용 가능한 나트륨 저감화 제품이 확대되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.191-225
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• 2014

유럽연합(European Union)은 1952년 7월, 파리조약(Treaty of Paris)을 체결한 이후 1958년 1월 로마조약, 유럽공동체(EC 조약), 1993년 11월 마스트리히트 조약(Treaty of Maastricht), 1999년 5월 암스테르담 조약(Treaty of Amsterdam), 2002년 10월 니스 조약(Treaty of Nice), 2009년 12월 리스본 조약(Treaty of Lisbon) 조약을 체결하여 유럽의 정치 및 경제적 통합을 모색하여 왔다. 현재 EU는 28개 회원국을 두고 있으며 2012년 기준으로 총 5억 명 이상의 인구, 역내 GDP가 16조 6,090억 달러에 이르며 세계 GDP의 3분의 1을 차지하는 세계최대의 경제권이다. 우리나라와는 3위의 교역상대국이다. 지금까지 우리나라는 주로 EU에 자동차, 반도체, 휴대폰, 조선과 그 부품 등의 공산품을 수출하여 왔다. 그러나 EU가 최근 미국과 FTA를 적극 모색하고 러시아와도 경제 협력을 도모하며 중국 기업들도 EU로의 진출을 적극 추진하고 있어 우리 기업의 입지가 위축될 여지가 있는 실정이다. 또한 EU는 평균 수입관세율이 낮고 비교적 가장 개방된 거래 시장이지만 크고 작은 진입장벽은 상존하여 EU의 관세 및 비관세 장벽에 대한 이해가 필요하다. 이에 본 연구는 EU 시장 개척을 위한 가장 초보적이고 기초적인 연구로 EU의 관세 및 비관세 장벽(Non-Tariff Barriers)에 관해 검토하여 우리나라 기업에게 시사점을 제시하기 위해 연구되었다.