• The Korean Nurse
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.52-70
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• 1996

This historical research was conducted to analyze and categorize the titles which were presented in the journal, The Korean Nurse, from August 1962 to October 1995. Titles which were published with the purpose of educating graduate nurses and to update 0 their nursing knowledge to improve professional practice were included. There were 348 articles published from the beginning of publication in August, 1962 to October, 1995. All of the journals were reviewed except nine missing journals which were not available in any library. According to the characteristics of the articles in the periodical, the articles were divided into three periods. In each of the three peroids there were five categories: Subject, Clinical Practice, Fundamentals of Nursing Science, Nursing Administration, Others. These categories were adopted from Kim's(1994) division system which was developed to analyze nurse's insurance education program. The special feature peroid was from August, 1962 to December, 1974. In this period the articles were presented in an unorganized manner in the area of special feature or main issue. The largest area was the subject category(44%). The second largest area wes the fundamental of nursing science category(31%). From May, 1975 to December, 1977, the articles with the educational purposes were published in a designated area called continuing education. This period was labelled as the continuing education period. Among the published articles in this period, 45% focused on the subject category and 45% on the fundamentals of nursing science category. In this period the articles were focusing on nurses 'work in specific areas such as industry, nurses' aid schools, and nursing administration, articles on physical assessment first started to appear. The written continuing education period was from January 1978 to October, 1995. All the educational articles published in this area were analyzed and categorized into five areas as for the other periods. 48% of the articles focused on the subject category. In the mid-eighties, the term nurse specialist first.appeared and ten years later in 1990, the titles were subdivided into more specific titles, such as, home nursing, industrial nursing, emergency nursing, 23% were in the fundamental nursing science category and they dealt with nursing process, nursing theories, theory development. For the content analysis, three articles, one from each period, dealing with cardiovscular diseases were selected for comparsion. First, the special feature period, the title of the article was on diet therapy for cardiovascular disease patients, but instead the content was about rest, hygiene, medication, observation. They recommended rings to prevent bed sores, which is now considered as a cause for bed sores. In the continuing education period, the content was more focused on rehabilitation rather than general nursing .care. It became more specific, systematic, and organized compared with the special feature period. In the written continuing education period, the focus was on rehabilitation, not broadly, but very specifically on exercise. The further research on the content analysis is recommended along with a comparison of the trends in the Journal of Nurses Academic Society.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.482-487
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• 2016

Ultra-violet rays are very harmful to eye health care. The blocking of ultra-violet rays and a reduction of optical reflection in the visible light range, which is to increase the share of transmitted light, and avoid the formation of ghost images in imaging, are important for the applications of polymer eyeglasses lenses. In this study, the high-refractive index polymer lenses, n=1.67, were fabricated by injection-molded method with the xylene diisocyanate monomer, 2,3-bis-1-propanethiol monomer, and benzotriazol UV absorber (SEESORB 709) mixture. To reduce the reflection of the polymer lens surfaces, multi-layer anti-reflection (AR) coatings were coated for both sides of the polymer lens using an E-beam evaporation system. The optical properties of the UV blocking polymer lens were characterized using a UV-visible spectrometer. The material properties of the thin films, which were composed AR coating layers, refractive index, and surface roughness, were analyzed by ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy. As a result, the fabricated polymer lens perfectly blocked ultra-violet rays below 395 nm with a blocking rate greater than 99%.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.221-227
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• 2013

RFID is an automatic identification technology that can control a range of information via IC chips and radio communication. Also known as electronic tags, smart tags or electronic labels, RFID technology enables embedding the overall process from production to sales in an ultra-small IC chip and tracking down such information using radio frequencies. Currently, RFID-based application and development is in progress in such fields as health care, national defense, logistics and security. RFID structure consists of a reader that reads tag information, a tag that provides information and the database that manages data. Yet, the wireless section between the reader and the tag is vulnerable to security issues. To sort out the vulnerability, studies on security protocols have been conducted actively. However, due to difficulties in implementation, most suggestions are concerned with theorem proving, which is prone to vulnerability found by other investigators later on, ending up in many troubles with applicability in practice. To experimentally test the security of the protocol proposed here, the formal verification tool, CasperFDR was used. To sum up, the proposed protocol was found to be secure against diverse attacks. That is, the proposed protocol meets the safety standard against new types of attacks and ensures security when applied to real tags in the future.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.458-471
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• 1994

To evaluate the periodontal status of Korean adults, 3,988 adults(20-69 years old) who lived in Kwangju, Chonnam, Taegu, and Kyungbuk districts were periodontally examined by plaque index(PI), calculus index(CI), gingival index(GI), periodontal disease index (PDI), and papillary bleeding index(PBI). The periodontal examination charts were grouped according to age and sex. And subsequently 200 periodontal examination charts in each age group were randomly selected according to sex. The differences of the indices among age groups and those between male and female in each age group were statistically analyzed by Chi-Square test. In PI, CI, GI, PDI, and PBI, there was no statistical significance in the difference between male and female in each age group(p>0.05). In male, PI of 60s age group($1.44{\pm}0.68$) was significantly higher than that of any age group(p<0.05), and in female PI of 20s age group($0.86{\pm}0.39$) was significantly lower than that of any other age group(p<0.05). CI of 60s age group in both male($1.67{\pm}0.70$) and female($1.63{\pm}0.91$) was significantly higher than that of any age group(p<0.05). GI of 20s age group in both male($0.85{\pm}0.66$) and female($0.67{\pm}0.60$) was significantly lower and GI of 60s age group in both male($1.37{\pm}0.60$) and female($1.44{\pm}0.84$) was higher than that of any age group(p<0.05). PDI in male was the lowest in 20s age group($0.70{\pm}0.73$), and was the highest in 60s age group($4.93{\pm}1.96$) (p<0.05). In female PDI of 20s age group($0.71{\pm}0.74$) was significantly lower than that of any age group(p<0.05). In male PBI of 20s age group($0.38{\pm}0.31$) was significantly lower than that of any age group(p<0.001). PBI in female was the lowest in 20s age group($0.35{\pm}0.30$) (p<0.001), and was the highest in 60s age group($1.09{\pm}0.76$) (p<0.05). The data insist that all the young populations of 20s age group should be interested in routine check for early diagnosis and prevention of periodontal disease, and a special education program of periodontal health care for young generation must be prepared, and the periodic recall check system for periodontal examination of middle age group must be supported by government.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.198-217
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• 2013

This research aims to examine the behavior changes of telemedicine participants with regard to time-space reconfiguration and to address the implications of telemedicine in terms of extensibility and restrictions (ambilaterality). According to the results of this research, telemedicine can lead to behavior changes in telemedicine participants, particularly patients. However, it is difficult to anticipate the time-space reconfiguration of telemedicine participants drastically. In other words, although telemedicine minimizes patients' burden of accessibility to and utilization of medical institutions, it requires the patients to visit medical institutions at least once due to the restricted application of telemedicine related to technological problems, the characteristics of medical practice and mutual stakes among the medical institutions involved in telemedicine. And physicians (telemedicine providers as mediators between medical specialists and patients) and medical specialists (as the ultimate telemedicine providers) do not evidence considerable changes in their behaviors, except for offline meetings for information sharing and medical training. Because the present telemedicine system does not require simultaneity between physicians, patients and medical specialists. Furthermore, present telemedicine operation is absorbed into existing medical activities as a health care delivery method. These phenomena are due to 1) the interests among medical institutions and the limitation or generalization of telemedicine technologies to stimulate regional-based telemedicine operation and 2) the goal of face-to-face interactions between patients and doctors, which is to avoid misdiagnosis and side effects. Finally, medical activities related to telemedicine do not differ from general medical activities. The ambilaterality of telemedicine in terms of extensibility and the restriction of time-space reconfiguration is an unsettled problem in the ICT technologies of medical services.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.583-595
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• 2014

Hospitals in Korea have been increasingly using physician assistants (PA) as an alternative way of dealing with the shortage of residents. However, some incidents of a Physician's Assistant practicing beyond their legal scope require closer examination of the current PA's roles and functions. This study is a web-based survey designed towards targeting physician assistants in Korea (KPA) who practice delegated tasks under a physician's license. Currently, there are 2,125 KPAs working in 141 general hospitals and medical centers. Data from 704 nurses from who responded to the questionnaire were analyzed with descriptive statistics using the SPSS 12.0 program. Their mean age is 32.5 years with 8-10 years of clinical experiences, with males being more likely to be a PA. Despite of KPAs providing medical services and performing invasive procedures, only 13% of KPAs are licensed APNs (advanced practice nurse). KPAs have a low job satisfaction due to a lack of rewards and the necessity for providing illegal practices, and are experiencing identity confusion. The current KPA system is a transitional product of the change from the hierarchial structure to a more collaborative relationship between the medical and nursing departments. Providing adequate education and training, establishing protocols with legal protection, and developing professional independent scope of care are recommended to deliver safe and efficient medical services.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.123-132
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• 2003

It is considered to be important to create aesthetically beautiful style through the change of external shape, however for the hair stylists, whose beauty expression is through hair, the role of hair doctor is becoming even more important with focus to improve the hair healthiness. Hair clinic is management of hair and scalp. It is the management process of preventing damages, while improving and cultivating healthy and shiny hair. The current concept in hair management is moving from simple hair styling to emphasis at hair management. As far as hair management is concerned, it usually includes treatment tools such as shampoo, conditioner, hair treatment and scalp scaling system, which is used for diagnosis of hair condition in order to treat the scalp. As the interest of hair healthiness becoming more wide spread, so does the breadth of clinic menu. The wide choice is to fulfill the profound desire of people, whose demands are simply to have variety in their choice. This is resulting in faucets of new value-added and differentiated products. The values that make-up the hair styles consist of mainly design (trend, preference), function(styling, management convenience) and clinic(hair quality improvement, damage repair). Shampoo and conditioner have gone beyond their original function of cleansing to providing combinational functions of treatment, to care and remedy, and advanced massage effectiveness. These are, to name a few that seem to go beyond their original function to satisfy the mental healthiness in people, the King Kong shampoo of shampooings in forward-backward manner, 5-minute shampoo massage that applies sports and relaxation massage, scalp acupunctural message and aural(ear) massage. More and more people are complaining about the damaged hair and hair loss problems due to perms, dyeing and bleaching of hair, in addition to natural scalp and hair damaging factors. Such complaints have stimulated many beauty products and various hair treatment systems being introduced with focus to provide nutrition and prevent damages to scalp and hair. As the living standards improve and the desire of people is to pursue differentiated lives, their demand also increases in hair styling products to fulfill the needs of healthy and aesthetical aspects of their lives.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.25 no.2 s.38
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• pp.115-126
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• 1992

To estimate the cancer mortality rates among Koreans, a mortality survey was carried out in the province of $Ky{\breve{o}}ngsangnam-do$. The study population are the beneficiaries of Korea Medical Insurance Corporation(KMIC), $Ky{\breve{o}}ngsangnam-do$ area, among which the 3,867 deaths occurred from January, 1989 to December, 1990, were reviewed to confirm the cancer deaths. These were based upon the death certificates and medical utilization records before dying which were available through the computerized databases on medical care utility of KMIC. The survey was conducted along three steps. At first, the death certificates were examined, as a second step medical utilization records were reviewed, and finally direct contacts to the family members of the deceased were done. As a result, 990 deaths were found due to cancer. Using them, age and sex specific cancer(all sites and several sites) mortality rates were estimated. Overall cancer mortality rate in the area was estimated 138.7 per 100,000 person-years in males, and 65.7 in females, respectively. And the orders of site-specific cancer mortality rates were the cancers of stomach, liver, lung, esophagus, and cancers of the hematopoietic system among males, In females, followed by gastric cancer, cancers of lung and liver are the 2nd and 3rd in rank, respectively and cancers of breast and uterine cervix are the 4th and the 5th in rank.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.137-156
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• 2007

Total fertility rate (TFR) increased from the lowest 1.08 in 2005 to 1.13 in 2006, and a debate is made whether the increase is temporary or continuous as a result of various pro-natal policies. This study intends to explore policy implications revealed in recent fertility change using vital statistics. For this purpose, tempo-adjusted fertility rate by birth order, fertility rate by age of mother and birth order, age-specific fertility for married, and age-specific divorce rate for married are analyzed. The increase of TFR and births for 2006 is largely due to increase of first births at early thirties with slowdown of delayed first marriage and first child birth. The increase of female population (the third wave effect of baby boom) and first marriages of late twenties in 2006 and 2007 would lead to increase of fertility during 2007-2008. But further increase is uncertain because of the decrease trend of marital fertility and increase trend of never-married for twenties. TFRs for first and second births reduced rapidly, while TFRs for third and above births showed no changes, and second births were largely affected by tempo adjustment of fertility. Thus, constructing social environment for first and second births is more effective and necessary than encouraging third births. In addition, social responsibility of child care, child-women health issues due to delayed births, and the need for multi-cultural family support system are discussed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.271-286
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• 2000

This study is designed to investigate what elders think about the meaning of aging. We have used Q-methods to identify meaning of aging from elders, and developed self-referenced surveys to analyze characteristics In this study, we used a non-structured method to select Q sampling. From 183 Q populations, we selected 36 Q sampling. A total of 32 persons sixty-years or older were randomly selected for P samples, When the Q-sorting was complete, we interviewed the participants at both end of the extremes(agree or disagree), and documented their responses. We used PC QUANL to process the data and used principal component analysis for Q factor analysis. There were five subjective types for the meaning of aging by elders. Of the 32 P-samples of elders, 11 were identified as Type 1, 7 as Type 2, 2 as Type 3, 8 as Type 4, and 4 as Type 5. Type 1 : 'Matured elders' Elders wished the well being of their children, thought older persons should maintain good health, worried about becoming senile, and dependent God believing in life after death. Type 2 : 'Assertive-Rights' Elders categorized as Assertive-Rights insisted on their rights to life as a person. Type 2 elders characterized themselves as people who should keep themselves healthy, become weak and lack sexual desires, act selfish like a child, need to be protected, and be financially independent. Type 3 : 'Passive-Dependents' Elders characterize themselves as those who pray for their children's well being, worry about the children even after their death. and becoming senile. Type 4 : 'Hopeless' The 'Hopeless' type of elders characterized aging as a time to pray for their children, insignificant beings, thoughts were selfish and child-like, poor, worried about going senile, regret their life overall, and preferred to die than to live as an old person. Type 5 : 'Attached-Present' The 'Attached-Present' type of elders thought elderly characterized themselves as acting selfish and child-like, wiser, anxious, regret their life, stand aloof of greed and worldly things, being a model for the society, and deserving to be treated with filial respect. Thus far, Korean elders seemed to have a positive and negative meaning of aging due to the current changes in the society, value system, and family structures. The above five subjective meanings of aging confirm that we need to approach and nurse the elderly differently. Years of aging are a part of and a natural process of life with various physical, psychological, and sociological changes. Nurses need to assist elderly to find the positive meaning of their life by providing appropriate physical, psychological, and social support at an earlier stage in nursing. Based on this study, we could derive the following two implication from the perspectives of science of nursing to care for elders. 1) Based on the studies investigating the type of meaning of aging, we could develop tools to assist in nursing intervention programs for elderly. 2) Based on research on the meaning of aging for different developmental stages of life, we could develop a model for roles for different family members in nursing and caring for the elders.