• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2020

Given that the demand for dental care for elderly individuals is expected to increase according to demographic changes, long-term roadmaps for the current health insurance system should be actively planned. The study aimed to investigate the health insurance system in Korea, compared to that of Japan, and suggest directions for the work of dental hygienists to provide basic data on efficient improvements in the health insurance system. Based on the collected data, the website was used to collect additional related data from Korea and Japan. The most common cause of death in Korea was malignant neoplasms, and most patients were hospitalized for diseases and disorders of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue. Dental care covered by Korean medical insurance for individuals aged 65 years or older was treatment oriented, such as dentures and implants, while in Japan, treatment-intensive items, such as visiting a dental hygienist for guidance and provision of home-care professional oral hygiene treatment, were covered. The percentages of remaining teeth in Korea and the percentage of remaining 20 teeth were 68.9% in those aged 65 to 74 years and 51.2% in those aged 75 to 84 years in Japan. A strategy for promoting oral health among elderly individuals should be established, and a multilateral intervention approach is required to prevent oral problems from leading to deterioration of whole-body health. The role of dental hygienists in providing comprehensive assessment to elderly individuals is important. In order to provide systemic oral care, it is necessary to introduce oral care systems according to the national policy.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.22 no.1 s.119
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• pp.34-46
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• 1983

This study is an investigation of nursing students'' attitudes towards the health care dilivery system. The purpose of the study is to contribute to nursing education based on the new health concept. Special Objectives Were: 1. To find out the acceptance

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.27-35
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• 2020

Purpose: A solid system in the process of establishing guidelines can increase social acceptance and utilization. The paper aims to comparatively analyze the system in which guidelines for health care facilities in the US, Australia, and the UK and suggest implications for Korea. Method: It conducted literature analysis of the system in the framework of composition, governance, and procedure for the Facility Guidelines Institute's Guideline for US, Australia's Australasian Health Facility Guidelines for Australia, and Health Building Notes for UK. Results and Implications: First, in terms of composition, the guidelines for health care facilities can be divided into composition by space and composition by issue. It is proposed to establish a system that space and issues are clearly separated, such as Australia's AusHGF, and complete it step by step. Second, in terms of governance, despite the fact that the medical supply is privately oriented, the medical system is controlled by the government in Korea. Therefore, it is suggested to form a separate organization in the public sector that establishes, researches, and revises the guideline that will serve as a focal point for experts in various fields to participate. Third, in terms of procedure, it is suggested to establish a guideline that reflects the experiences and demands of consumers by clearly organizing procedures including collecting opinions.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.5-17
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• 2000

The occupational health nursing guideline for primary care was developed by the Korean Academic Society of occupational health nursing and the organization for occupational health nurses (currently known as the Korean Association of Occupational Health Nurses) in 1993. Since then, there have been many changes in the health care environment and job performance of occupational health nurses. Appropriate revisions are necessary of the guidelinea based on this background. The purpose of this study was to describe the use of the occupational health nursing guideline for primary care and to analyze the characteristics of primary care activities by occupational health nurses. The questionnaire was mailed to 150 occupational health nurses(OHNs) with the response rate of 64%. The results can be summarized as follows; 1. 65.6% of OHNs have been using the guideline for primary care and 75.9% of them agreed that the guideline was be helpful for their job. 2. Common symptom care, emergency care and chronic illness care were more frequently implemented than occupational disease care by OHNs. In manufacturing industries, emergency care was more frequently implemented than chronic illness care in contrast to the service industries. 3. Most frequent common symptoms treated by OHNs were indigestion, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, and coughing. In the case of chronic illness, OHNs more frequently treated diseases of the gastro-intestinal system, skin and sensory organs, and the respiratory system. Emergency care for bruises, burn, and abrasions was more frequently provided. VDT syndrome was the most common occupational disease cared by OHNs in manufacturing and service industries. 4. OHNs prescribed the medicine for external application more frequently than internal medicine. Remedy for colds, analgesics, vitamins, and digestives were more frequently used. From these results, we suggest that the guideline should be revised to emphasize the activities consisting problem finding such as health assessment, physical examinations, monitoring and screening, and to renew the drug list in the range of over- the counter medication (OTC). In the future, the guideline will include the strategies for the role as the case manager.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.67-79
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• 2000

In recent years, the recipients of the services of the health centers in Korea have been shifted from individual sick persons to families as a unit. As a result, the home visiting care records which are all filled out manually, will be increased. Since there is virtually no increase in the number of community health nurses, the CHNs are required to work more efficiently. One of the ways to make the CHNs' work more efficient is to reduce recording time by using a computer. However, a computer system that can manage the families as a unit has not yet been developed. In response to this need, we developed a database system that can be utilized in home visiting care service. The family assessment data is collected. diagnosed. and evaluated according to the family diagnosis classification. The system for family diagnosis consists of seven areas. Those areas are family structure. maintenance of the family system, interaction and interchange. support. coping and adaptation, health management. and housing environment. The areas of the family diagnosis consists of 99 items in all. We expect the following from this system. First. the CHNs will be able to identify family problems more easily. Second. the community's health level can be confirmed by the statistics the system produces. Thirdly, the CHNs' nursing services will be cost effective via reduced recording time. Finally, the family problems of the sick individuals which have been neglected under the health system oriented on individual persons can be effectively managed.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.82 no.1
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• pp.42-52
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• 2019

Background: Transforming growth factor ${\beta}$ (TGF-${\beta}$), retinoic acid (RA), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and MEK signaling play critical roles in cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. We investigated the effect of RA and the role of these signaling molecules on the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 (p-Smad2/3) induced by TGF-${\beta}1$. Methods: A549 epithelial cells and CCD-11Lu fibroblasts were incubated and stimulated with or without all-trans RA (ATRA) and TGF-${\beta}1$ and with MAPK or MEK inhibitors. The levels of p-Smad2/3 were analyzed by western blotting. For animal models, we studied three experimental mouse groups: control, bleomycin, and bleomycin+ATRA group. Changes in histopathology, lung injury score, and levels of TGF-${\beta}1$ and Smad3 were evaluated at 1 and 3 weeks. Results: When A549 cells were pre-stimulated with TGF-${\beta}1$ prior to RA treatment, RA completely inhibited the p-Smad2/3. However, when A549 cells were pre-treated with RA prior to TGF-${\beta}1$ stimulation, RA did not completely suppress the p-Smad2/3. When A549 cells were pre-treated with MAPK inhibitor, TGF-${\beta}1$ failed to phosphorylate Smad2/3. In fibroblasts, p38 MAPK inhibitor suppressed TGF-${\beta}1$-induced p-Smad2. In a bleomycin-induced lung injury mouse model, RA decreased the expression of TGF-${\beta}1$ and Smad3 at 1 and 3 weeks. Conclusion: RA had inhibitory effects on the phosphorylation of Smad induced by TGF-${\beta}1$ in vitro, and RA also decreased the expression of TGF-${\beta}1$ at 1 and 3 weeks in vivo. Furthermore, pre-treatment with a MAPK inhibitor showed a preventative effect on TGF-${\beta}1$/Smad phosphorylation in epithelial cells. As a result, a combination of RA and MAPK inhibitors may suppress the TGF-${\beta}1$-induced lung injury and fibrosis.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Rural Health Nursing
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.24-33
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• 2008

Purpose: To analyze health programs of the PHCP (Primary Health Care Posts) Method: From August 2006 to July 2007, data on the general quality and health program of the PHCP was requested by official letter and replies were received via E-mail. From December 8 to December 30, 2007, data from 1,268 (66.8%) PHCP out of 1,897 PHCP were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 Win program. Results: The average population covered by each PHCP is 878.3 people. For the health and special programs, Community Health Practitioners report high motivation for programs on health promotion, management of chronic illness, social welfare (40-50%). Demand by the residents was reported at 10% and increases in the health of the residents were attributed to high interest and demand. Volunteer work was 83.3% for bathing, 54.5% for equipment support and 46% for exercise programs. As elders make up 30% of the population in rural areas, there is an increasing demand for volunteer work in bathing programs. Conclusions: As the number of elders in the population increases and there is an increased need for more medical treatment for older people who are sick, the role of PHCP must be strengthened to include visits to homes of community residents. Where financial support for the PHCP is difficult, it is necessary to develop sound data on demographic characteristics of the population in order to develop efficient and effective health promotion programs. The finding that 54.7% of the population need management of chronic illness has difficulty in seeing a physician indicates a need to enhance the health care delivery system by strengthening the role of the Community Health Practitioners and including them in the civil service system to ensure stability of the PHCP.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.52-67
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• 2007

Korean government is preparing the long-term care financing and delivery system in order to cope with rapid population aging. The system should be designed to provide demented patients with an appropriate services that the patients want to take, and considered to be necessary for them. In this regard, this study aims to analyse empirically a relationship between the types of long-term care services that demented patients wanted to take and they actually received during 2004. The caregivers of 609 dementia patients, who were randomly selected in a manner of proportional allocation from a nationwide claim database of the Korean National Health Insurance Corporation, were interviewed in September, 2005. Independent variables include socio-demographic characteristics, Activities of Daily Living(ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living(IADL). To explore the correspondence of the types of long-term care services that demented patients wanted to take and that they actually received, and its affecting factors, we conducted chi-square test and logistic regression analysis. Main findings are as follows. First, while only 20% of study subjects wanted home services as a long-term care services, those who wanted to use the long-term care facilities and general hospital were 37%, 43% respectively. Second, the correspondence rate was just 38% on average, and extremely low in the demented patients who wanted to use long-term care facilities. Third, the demented patients who resided in urban areas and received relatively high level of education showed high correspondence rate. Fourth, the high ADL score was closely related to low correspondence rate.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 2020

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify patients' dissatisfaction with health care through a content analysis of newspaper articles published between 1990 and 2015. It focused on developing a systematic coding scheme for content analysis as well as exploring changes over time. Methods: Among articles published by 8 major national newspapers, our content analysis used those that specifically covered the dissatisfaction of patients. Coding taxonomy was developed in two domains: (1) contents of dissatisfaction and (2) special circumstances and groups where complaints were filed. All articles were then coded according to this coding taxonomy to conduct descriptive analysis. Results: A total of 794 complaints were discovered in 338 articles. Contents of dissatisfaction were classified into 7 categories and 50 subcategories. Complaints regarding accessibility, technical care, and administration were noticeable in special circumstances, including strikes and spread of epidemic diseases, whereas complaints on interpersonal care and cost were prominent in general population and circumstances. When comparing the proportion of articles covering patient dissatisfaction in general population/circumstances between 1990-2000 and 2001-2015, complaints on administration and physical environment diminished over time, whereas complaints on outcome of health care increased. Conclusion: This study offers a rare window to view the responsiveness of the Korean health care system on a long time horizon.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.225-232
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the services and cost of CVA patients in hospital-based home health care and compare the differences of home health care cost by hospital types. Methods: The subjects of this study were 5,756 home care patients with cerebrovascular disease. Data were collected by using home health care medical expense claims from 127 hospitals in 2004. Results: The home care service 'indewelling catheterization' was the highest(19.28%), and then 'nasogastric tube insertion and change(16.72%)', 'bladder irrigation(15.98)', 'wound management(simple dressing)(10.42%)' followed. Average home health care cost per visit was 39,943 won, and the highest 46,058 won in general hospitals and the lowest 33,922 won in tertiary hospitals, so there were statistically significant among the types of hospitals(F=1112.47, p<0.0001). Conclusions: The number of home health care patients has been rapidly growing with the increase of aged population and demand for home care services is rising. So, it could be urgent to develop a reasonable cost reimbursement system for home health services and to expend scopes of the roles of home care specialist nurses. Amid the demand of more detail understanding the present status of home care, our study can be contributed to provide fundamental information of home care in Korea.