• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2009

Paromius exiguus (Distant) has caused serious damage by pecky grains around Gimpo paddy fields in 2001. We conducted field and laboratory studies to determine the seasonal occurrence and age distribution of P. exiguus on the three major host plants. The overwintering P. exiguus was found mainly on the basal part of gramineae weeds in various localities. After overwintering, in mid-May, the adults aggregated on the grain parts of Imperata cylindrica, laid their eggs and nymphs developed into adults on the same host plants. By the time, the Calamagrostis epigeios colony had newly occupied I. cylindrica areas, the nymphs and adults of first generation had already moved to the second host. The second generation of P. exiguus, after having completed its life cycle on C. epigeios, the newly emerged adults migrated to the rice plants and other gramineae weeds in early August. Afterwards, they complete its third generation cycle where they can move to the overwintering site again. P. exiguus has the five nymphal stages and each nymphal stage could be determined by head or prothoracic width. On the I. cylindrica and O. sativa hosts, the age distribution of P. exiguus showed a simple structure as each stage ratio increased stepwise with time. But in case of C. epigeios, as the newly emerged adults and immature nymphs continuously migrate after a month from the I. cylindrica, the age structure became remarkably complex. The peak nymphal density was observed when the ratio of third and forth instar was the highest in the population. The finding about the specific age structure on each generation of the insect would be very useful in control decision making on the major host plants. It is also important to consider the host's specificity to pesticide sensitivity in relation to various nymphal stages.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.3 s.63
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• pp.66-73
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• 2005

Objectives : The purpose uf this study was to evaluate the effect of Choksmni$(ST_{36})$ moxibustion in hypertensive patients who showed sudden elevation of blood pressure. Methods : Among patients admitted to Woosuk University Hospital from June to September 2004, sixty-one patients who had shown sudden elevation in systolic blood pressure over 100mmHg were chosen by random sampling and divided into a treatment group (Choksamni moxibustion group) and a control group. In the Choksamni $(ST_{36})$ moxibustion group, moxibustion was done at the point between tibial tuberosity and head of fibula where the $ST_{36}$ is known to be located. Direct moxibustion was practiced on the patients 5 times with an increase of size from a grain of rice to a bigger cluster. Male patients were chosen to practice on the left meridian and female patients were chosen to practice on the right meridian point. Changes in blood pressure after He moxibustion were checked 4 times at tine intervals of 30 minutes. In the control group, the patients took bed rest without my medical treatment. The two groups were compared in order to demonstrate whether then were any remarkable changes in depression of blood pressure. Results : There were significant decreases in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure before and after moxibustion. We found significant decreases in systolic blood pressure at 60 minutes, 90 minutes, and 120 minutes ana diastolic blood pressure at 120 minutes in the patient group compared with the control group. Conclusions : There was a statistically significant depressing effect on blood pressure elevation observed in the group with moxibustion at $ST_{36}$ versus the control group without any medical treatment.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.183-187
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• 2013

Barley kernel discoloration (KD) leads to substantial loss in value through downgrading and discounting of malting barley. The objective of this research is to investigate fungal distribution and varieties resistance to KD in Korean two-rowed barley. Several fungal organisms including Alternaria spp., Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., Epicoccum spp. and Rhizopus spp. were isolated from Korean two-rowed barley representing KD. The symptoms of KD were brown and black discolorations of the lemma and palea. The most frequently detected fungal species was Alternaria spp. which exhibited 69.1% and 72.2% in 2011 and 2012, respectively. Epicoccum spp., Fusarium spp., and Aspergillus spp. were also detected. Fusarium spp., primary pathogen of barley head blight, were rarely occurred in the 2011 and their occurrence increased to 4.7% in 2012. Twenty cultivars of Korean two-rowed barely were evaluated to KD. The average percentage of KD was 8.0-36.0% in 2011 and 5.2-36.6% in 2012. Two cultivars ('Sacheon 6' and 'Dajinbori') showed KD of 6.2% to 8.8% and determined resistant, however 'Samdobori' and 'Daeyeongbori' demonstrating KD of 22.2-36.6% were highly susceptible. 'Jinyangbori', 'Danwonbori', 'Sinhobori' and 'Kwangmaegbori' showing KD of less than 15% were moderately resistant cultivar.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.710-715
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• 2005

This research was to investigate inhibitory activity of Sasang medicines on Obesity. 56 kind of herb medicines to powder, abstract add 100 times methanol. Examine inhibitory effect against lipase activity in vitro. It was compared Xenical(Orlistat) with 56 kind of herb medicines. Inhibitory effect against lipase activity of Xenical as a standard was 93.3%. It is Inhibitory effect against lipase activity of Taeyangin herb medicine. (Fructus Pruni Tomentosae 77.7% Cortex Acanthopanacis73.5%, Fructus Chaenomelis73.1%, rice bran on a mallet head68.1%, Semen Fagopyri 48.1%, Radix Vitis 31.5%) It is Inhibitory effect against lipase activity of Soyangin herb medicine. (Radix Saposhnikoviae 91.5%, Semen Plantaginis 90.4%, Semen Trichosanthis 89.2%, Herba Schizonepetae 85.7%, Radix Euphorbiae Kansui 76.1%, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae 76.0%, Cortex Phellodendri 75.1%, Herba Menthae 74.8%, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis 61.2%, Rhizoma Alismatis 62.6%, Poria 60.9%, Rhizoma Notopterygii 22.5%, Radix Peucedani 18.2%, Caulis Akebiae 17.7%) It is Inhibitory effect against lipase activity of Taeeumin herb medicine. (Herba Spirodelae 91.4%, Radix Polygalae 88.3%, Arillus Longanae 84.3%, Radix Platycodi 81.7%, Semen Zizyphi Spinosae 80.2%, Spina Gleditsiae 79.7%, Herba Ephedrae 75.3%, Semen Raphani 73.1%, Rhizoma Cimicifugae 73.0%, Rhizoma Acori Graminei 71.8%, Flos Chrysanthemi71.0%, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei 68.4%, Vermiculus Holotrichia 59.9%, Radix Puerariae 55.3%, Fructus Schizandrae 53.4% Semen Coicis 50.6%, Semen Biotae 47.5%, Semen Nelumbinis 46.7%, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae 45.1%, Semen Castaneae 44.4%, Rhizoma Ligustici 34.5%, Tuber Liriopis 16.4%, Radix Scutellariae4.2%) It is Inhibitory effect against lipase activity of Soeumin herb medicine. (Pericarpium Arecae89.9%, Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum 89.5%, Radix Polygoni Multiflori81.2%, Rhizoma Cyperi 79.0%, Cortex Magnoliae 72.8%, Radix Aucklandiae 72.0%, Rhizoma Zingiberis 71.9%, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride 71.3%, Radix Cynanchi Wilfordi 57.7% Rhizoma Pinelliae 36.7%, Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae 35.8% Fructus Aurantii Immaturus 17.5%, Pericarpium Citri 16.1%) Therefore, Radix Saposhnikoviae(91.5) and Herba Spirodelae(91.4%) were the most effective medicice of 56 kind of medicines.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.267-274
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• 2004

Using geo-statistical method, yield data of different fields were analyzed to examine their field variability according to examining year, analysis method. Semivariogram and Kriged maps of geo-statistical analysis were used to examine their spatial dependence within a filed. The results obtained were as follows. 1) Descriptive statistical results of the yield showed that the yield and the difference of yield ranged from 100 to 946kg/10a and from 272 to 653kg/10a, respectively within a field. The coefficient of variation also ranged from 5.9 to 22.4 %. 2) More than 90% of yield data were placed between 350 to 850kg/10a. e results indicated that the gram mass flow sensor should have the measuring range from 0.34 to 0.82kg/s considering the yields when 4 rows head-feeding combine with 0.8 m/s of working speed was utilized. 3) A high spatial dependence was found within paddy field. The Q values ranged from 0.20 to 0.97, and the range of spatial dependence was from 6.9 to 53.3m. From this result, the rational sampling interval for yield investigation was estimated 6.9m. 4) Yields within a field between observation years showed considerable variability even if the field was evenly cultivated and managed. To apply precision agriculture in a paddy field, the field test should be continued to build a solid data-base including meteorological data, blight damage and insect damage.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2014.10a
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• pp.15-15
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• 2014

Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph Gibberella zeae) is an important plant pathogen that causes head blight of major cereal crops such as wheat, barley, and rice, as well as causing ear and stalk rot on maize worldwide. Plant diseases caused by this fungus lead to severe yield losses and accumulation of harmful mycotoxins in infected cereals [1]. Fungi utilize spore production as a mean to rapidly avoid unfavorable environmental conditions and to amplify their population. Spores are produced sexually and asexually and their production is precisely controlled. Upstream developmental activators consist of fluffy genes have been known to orchestrate early induction of condiogenesis in a model filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying conidiogenesis in F. graminearum, we characterized functions of the F. graminearum fluffy gene homologs [2]. We found that FlbD is conserved regulatory function for conidiogenesis in both A. nidulans and F. graminearum among five fluffy gene homologs. flbD deletion abolished conidia and perithecia production, suggesting that FlbD have global roles in hyphal differentiation processes in F. graminearum. We further identified and functionally characterized the ortholog of AbaA, which is involved in differentiation from vegetative hyphae to conidia and known to be absent in F. graminearum [3]. Deletion of abaA did not affect vegetative growth, sexual development, or virulence, but conidium production was completely abolished and thin hyphae grew from abnormally shaped phialides in abaA deletion mutants. Overexpression of abaA resulted in pleiotropic defects such as impaired sexual and asexual development, retarded conidium germination, and reduced trichothecene production. AbaA localized to the nuclei of phialides and terminal cells of mature conidia. Successful interspecies complementation using A. nidulans AbaA and the conserved AbaA-WetA pathway demonstrated that the molecular mechanisms responsible for AbaA activity are conserved in F. graminearum as they are in A. nidulans. F. graminearum ortholog of Aspergillus nidulans wetA has been shown to be involved in conidiogenesis and conidium maturation [4]. Deletion of F. graminearum wetA did not alter mycelial growth, sexual development, or virulence, but the wetA deletion mutants produced longer conidia with fewer septa, and the conidia were sensitive to acute stresses, such as oxidative stress and heat stress. Furthermore, the survival rate of aged conidia from the F. graminearum wetA deletion mutants was reduced. The wetA deletion resulted in vigorous generation of single-celled conidia through autophagy-dependent microcycle conidiation, indicating that WetA functions to maintain conidia dormancy by suppressing microcycle conidiation in F. graminearum. In A. nidulans, FlbB physically interacts with FlbD and FlbE, and the resulting FlbB/FlbE and FlbB/FlbD complexes induce the expression of flbD and brlA, respectively. BrlA is an activator of the AbaA-WetA pathway. AbaA and WetA are required for phialide formation and conidia maturation, respectively [5]. In F. graminearum, the AbaA-WetA pathway is similar to that of A. nidulans, except a brlA ortholog does not exist. Amongst the fluffy genes, only fgflbD has a conserved role for regulation of the AbaA-WetA pathway.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the feeding effects of total mixed fermentations (TMF) with spent mushroom (Flammuliua velutipes) and wet brewer's grain on estimating the productivity and nutrient utilization of Korean black goats. Four experimental groups were set up with each of the 5 animals for a 30-day feeding trial on growth performance. 12 black goats with regard to nutrient digestibility were allocated to 4 groups of 3 animals each by a latin-square design control group (offered concentrate and rice straw) and 3 treatment groups (TMF with 15% spent mushroom and 25% wet brewer's grain (T1), 10, 30% (T2) and 5, 35% (T3)). The average daily gain (ADG) of the control and T1 treatment groups was higher than that of the T3 treatment group (p<0.05). Dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) intake (kg/head) for T1 and T2 treatment groups were significantly higher than those of the control group (p<0.05). The digestibility of DM and OM for the control group (62.39~63.39%) and the T1 treatment group (65.02~65.25%) were significantly higher than those of the T3 treatment group (56.39, 59.01%) (p<0.05). Further, nitrogen retention was significantly higher in the T1 treatment group (p<0.05). Thus, these results conveyed that productivity and nutrient utilization were similar between TMF with spent mushroom and wet brewer's grain and commercial feeds. However, this study also suggested that feed must contain 25~30% spent mushroom due to the fact that the productivity of Korean black goats was decreased by increasing the content of spent mushroom.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.769-782
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• 2005

Twenty four Holstein steers fed commercial concentrates with rice straw(T1), mixed grass hay(T2), or wet brewer’s grains based TMR ad libitum(T3) were used to investigate the effects of roughage feeding type during the growing and early-fattening periods on growth performance, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics. Growth performance and feed efficiency were investigated during the feeding trial conducted from 6 to 23 mo of age, and carcass characteristics were investigated after slaughter. Body weight at slaughter and daily gains were 751 to 802 kg(mean 782 kg) and 1.064 to 1.159 kg/d(mean 1.122 kg/d), respectively, showing that those for T2 were highest followed by T3. Compared with T1, the daily gain for T2 was improved by 8.9%. The TDN intakes per kg gain were 6.87, 7.17 and 7.15 kg for T1, T3 and T2, respectively, indicating that feed efficiency for T2 was improved(approx. 5%) compared with T1. The feeding treatments did not change dressing percentage(mean 60.8%), back fat thickness(6.68 mm) and rib-eye area(84.0$cm^2$). Neither meat quality characteristics nor physicochemical properties were significantly different among the treatments. However, economic analysis accounting for 882.8, 991.7 and 943.8 thousand won per head for T1, T2 and T3, respectively, indicated that T2 and T3 increased(7-12%) total net income compared with T1. Therefore, it may be concluded that high quality meat of Holstein steers can be produced if they are fattened until 23 mo of age and that feeding mixed grass hay as roughage or TMR containing mainly wet brewer's grains during the growing and early-fattening periods can improve growth performance compared with feeding rice straw.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.616-623
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• 2010

Plant samples from 49 sites for Chinese cabbage, 28 sites for radish, 16 sites for cabbage, 8 sites for head lettuce, 20 sites for onion from farmers' and experimental fields in highland of Korea were collected and analyzed to find out the uptake patterns of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) by altitude. Dry weight and uptake of N, P and K were increased at higher altitude in most vegetable crops. Nutrition uptake by Chinese cabbage was 163 ~ 283 kg $ha^{-1}$ for N, 42 ~ 69 kg $ha^{-1}$ for $P_2O_5$ and 146 ~ 270 kg $ha^{-1}$ for $K_2O$ according to altitude. Nutrient uptake by radish according to altitude was 153~159 kg $ha^{-1}$ for N, 38 ~ 46 kg $ha^{-1}$ for $P_2O_5$, and 151 ~ 185 kg $ha^{-1}$ for $K_2O$. In case of cabbage, the plant uptakes of N, P, and K were increased at altitudes of 600 ~ 1,000 m. Nutrient uptake of cabbage was 280 ~ 348 kg $ha^{-1}$ for N, 34 ~ 87 kg $ha^{-1}$ for $P_2O_5$, and 209 ~ 290 kg $ha^{-1}$ for $K_2O$ according to altitude. Uptakes of N-$P_2O_5-K_2O$ by head lettuce at an altitude of 800 ~ 850 m were 93-26-126 kg $ha^{-1}$, respectively. Uptakes of N-$P_2O_5-K_2O$ by onions at an altitude of 600 ~ 800 m were 313-140-234 kg $ha^{-1}$, respectively, but there was no tendency in nutrition uptake patterns by altitude. Small cultivation areas used for leaf vegetable crops do not have fertilizer recommendation standards in alpine regions. It might be preferable to use a correction factor equivalent to the index of available nutrient uptake for the determination of N, P and K fertilizer application rates.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.79-93
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• 2013

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding herbaceous peat on growth performance and meat quality of Holstein beef cattle. Total of 20 Holstein beef cattle (18~20 month of age, $657{\pm}31kg$ body weight) were conventionally and separately fed a concentrate diet and rice straw for 134 days. The dietary treatments were randomly assigned by complete block design into four treatments, each of which were five heads in early fattening stage. The treatments in this study were the control group fed basal diet, feeding herbaceous peat group (5%/diet, T1), feeding coated vitamin C group (20g/head, T2) and feeding mixture of herbaceous peat and coated vitamin C group (5%/diet+20g/head, T3). The initial body weights between the groups of control, T1, T2 and T3 were similar showing with $689{\pm}31$, $661{\pm}24$, $659{\pm}32$ and $622{\pm}19kg$. The daily body weight gain was higher in T3 by 8.3% than that in the control (p<0.05). Glucose concentration in control group was the highest among treatments (p<0.05), but there was no significant differences between treatments on AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase), BUN and total protein concentrations of blood. The fat content of sirloin in the T2 was significantly higher than control and T1 group (p<0.05). Meat color (CIE) values in T2 was the highest among treatments (p<0.05), and other treatments also increased those values. In overall, the feeding herbaceous peat and vitamin C to the Holstein beef cattle was considered to have positive effects on the growth performance of Holstein beef cattle. In addition, the effects on the performances of animals were more improved when fed herbaceous peat and vitamin C concurrently.