• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.196-201
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• 2015

This study was conducted to seek optimum sowing time and pinching height for tender shoots production of moloheiya (Corchorus olitorius L.), which is a subtropical leaf vegetables, under an unheated greenhouse in the south of Korea. Seeds of moloheiya did not germinate at all at $10^{\circ}C$, but germinated well at $18{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ with 95.5~98.5% germination rate. Germination rate was 75.0% at $15^{\circ}C$, but germination speed was very low. The pods of moloheiya sown before April 28 was matured after late-August, but those sown after May 7 was not matured in that year. In tender shoot production and harvest frequency, treatment sown on April 14 was most plentiful among sowing time treatments, and showed marketable yield increase by 14~42% compared to other sowing times. Mean-while, pinching at 100cm high from soil surface was more effective than other heights for increment of branches and tender shoot. All above suggest that it was suitable to sow seed on mid-April and to pinch at 100cm high from soil surface for increment of tender shoots in the south of Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.305-305
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• 2017

Seoritae with green cotyledons refers to Korean native black beans harvested when the frost falls because the maturity is late. It is one of the beans preferred by consumers because of its softness and high sugar content. Because of late maturity, if the agricultural work is delayed by weather or agricultural schedule in green cotyledon black soybean (Seoritae), it affects seriously harvest and yield of soybeans. The aim of this study was to investigate the marginal seeding period on June 30, July 10 and July 20 in Cheongju and Jecheon area in Korea to produce stable soybean yield. The yields of green cotyledon black soybean as seeding date in Cheongju area are as follows: Seolitae (Yeoncheon), Seoltae (Goesan) and Seoritae (Gogseong), which increased by 23%, 56%, 23% and 40%, respectively, compare to July 10th to June 30th. As soybean sowing is delayed, the quality of soybean seeds has decreased due to the increase of immature seeds and fungal damaged seeds. The contents of anthocyanin in Cheongju area a functional substance of soybeans, was high on July 20 for Heukcheong, on June 30 for Seolitae (Yeoncheon), on July 10 for Seoritae (Goesan). The yields of Heukcheong and Seolitae (Yeoncheon) in Jecheon area were increased by 5% and 17%, respectively, compare to July 10th to June 30th, while Seolite (Goesan) and Seolite (Gogseong) were high in yields on June 30th. Similarly in Cheongju area, as the sowing period is delayed, the number of immature and mold damaged seeds in Jecheon area increased. The contents of anthocyanin in Jecheon area was high on July 10 for Heukcheong, on June 30 for Seolitae (Yeoncheon) and Seolitae (Goesan). From the above results, Sowing marginal date of green cotyledon black soybeans (Seolitae) in Cheongju area increased 30% in sowing on July 10 and increased 2% in sowing on July 20 compared to June 30. And Sowing marginal date of green cotyledon black soybeans (Seolitae) in Jecheon area increased 2% in July 10 compared to June 30, and the yield decreased rapidly on July 20. We have identified the seeding time limit of green cotyledon black bean in Chungbuk province. It will be possible to provide a variety of crop selection after double cropping of farmers. And by knowing the yield and seed quality of soybean according to sowing date, farmers will observe appropriate sowing period of soybeans for high quality. From the viewpoint of consumers, functional substances of Seoritae will meet the desire for health.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.188-194
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• 2012

Field experiments were conducted to investigate the competition relationships of main paddy weeds with transplanted rice grown in paddy conditions. Data were used to predict crop yield as a function of weed density using a rectangular hyperbola model and determine weed economic threshold (ET) levels. The rectangular hyperbola (equation 2) was fitted to rice yield to estimate weed-free rice yield ($Y_o$) and weed competitivity (${\beta}$). Its competitivity for M. vaginalis was 0.0007445, 0.0005713, 0.000988 and 0.0008846 in Daejeon, Suwon, Iksan and Naju, respectively. The competitivity at harvest represented by parameter ${\beta}$ ranged from 0.001611 in Naju to 0.002437 in Iksan for S. trifolia. The ET levels of main paddy weeds in machine transplanted rice cultivation were well estimated based on the herbicides applied and its application cost. Therefore, our results can be used to support decision-making on herbicide application for weed management in transplanted rice cultivation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.472-500
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• 1996

Researches on mineral nutrition, physiology and phyrsiological diseases, . cultivaction methods. brceding. pest control quality management and extension during 1976-1995 in Korea were reviewed Review in brceding and pest control was restricted to the researches directely related to cultivaction. Mineral nulrient up take. partion and varicos factors such as top dreasing. Light intersity etc. and interrelationship between minerals were investigated. Top dressing was not effective due to low minera1 requorement Physiological characteristics on tempelature light and water were well elucidated and applied to assess traditional cultivation method and its inovation. Photosyrnthetic pigments. light harvest proteins and activity of related enzymes were studied. In nitrogen metabolism arginine, praline, ammonium, threonine appeared to have important role in re growth of shoot Saponin metabolism was studied in relation to growth and new ginsenosides were found but physiological role of saponin was not clearly elucidated yet Endogenous growth regulators were reported and various erogenous growth regulators were studied for growth stimulation. short stem and seed pruning etc. Various physiological diseases were investigated for cause and control measures were established. Water culture was little studied Forest culture was studied but not retched the recommendable stage Drip irrigation straw mulching. seasonal shading and soil preparation method including soil fertility adjustment were established for practical application. Shading materials completely changed to polyethylene net and materials of polymers The research on ginseng cultivation in paddy field opened the way to establish the permanent ginseng cultivation plantation Ginseng harvester and seeder were developed in the late 1950s. Transplanted and many other machines were developed in the early 1990s. In ginseng breeding only pure line selection was of practical significance several verities were at the stage of seed propagation at ginseng plantations. Mutation breeding (${\gamma}$-ray. X-ray chemicals) was not successful. The research on plantlet formation through tissue culture was a little progressed but still far behind to vegetative propagation. Disease control research was concentrated in the isolation and identification of pathogans. their ecological charactelistics and biological control and soil humigation. Potato root rot nematodes was found and control method was established. Insect and small animal control research was greatly progresses in identification, ecological investigation, and ecological and physical control. Weed control was less important due to the development of mulching method of ridge and ditch. Quality factors of raw ginseng in relation to red ginseng process were extensively studied. Traditional quality measures were elucidated in accordance with modern analytical chemistry resulting in the importance of peptides in the centrat part rather than ginsenosides For large root production growth promoting rootzone micrcorganisms (PGPRM) were isolated and active compounds were identified. Field test on PGPRM was on going. Varictus methods formality improvement through cultivation were developed. Management research of ginseng production was rare Extension was active throuch official and private organizations and through workshop for the extension specialists, and direct lectures to grower's. Extension services made the researcher to understand the existing problems at grower's fields. Research environment for ginseng production was in prime time only for three years when Korea Ginseng Research Institute was established then gradually aggravated.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.383-387
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• 2004

Effects of oyster shell powder as a liming material were investigated in an apple orchard. Soil texture of the apple orchard was silty clay loam (Upyeong series with 7% of slope) and topsoil pH was 5.6. Treatments of 1,590 kg oyster shell powder $ha^{-1}$ and calcium-magnesium carbonate as much as oyster shell powder were included in the experiment. With treatments of oyster shell powder and calcium-magnesium carbonate, the length, number and diameter of new branches and the diameter of main, secondary and side branches increased in comparison with control. With oyster shell powder application, soil pH increased from 5.6 to 6.8 at the harvest. In addition, it increased exchangeable Ca from 2.6 to $4.2cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$. But it didn't make any difference in chlorophyll, sugar and malic acid contents. The apple weight per fruit of oyster shell powder application was 9 g more than that of control. Apple yield was highest ($37,000kg\;ha^{-1}$) in the oyster shell powder treatment, and the yield increase was significantly different at 5% level LSD. We concluded that the oyster shell powder can be an alternative of lime and effective to restore soil nutrient balance in apple orchard soil.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.288-293
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• 2010

'Cham', a new cultivar of Agrocybe aegerita, was bred by crossing between monokaryotic strains isolated from GMAG45021 and 'Beodeulsongi1ho' in Mushroom Research Station, Gyonggi Province A.R.E.S. in 2007. The optimum temperature for the mycelial growth of 'Cham' was 26 to $28^{\circ}C$ on PDA medium, whereas that of 'Beodeulsongi1ho'(control) was 24 to $26^{\circ}C$. The optimum temperature for the primordial formation and fruiting body development of 'Cham', as well as 'Beodeulsongi1ho', was 18 to $20^{\circ}C$. In the bottle cultivation, the spawn run period of 'Cham' at 22 to $23^{\circ}C$ was around 38 days and the period from scratching of inoculum to harvest was 12 days. These characteristics of 'Cham' were not different from those of 'Beodeulsongi1ho'. However, 'Cham' had more dark brown-colored, and thicker and stronger pileus, and longer and thicker stipe compared to that of 'Beodeulsongilho'. Freshness of 'Cham' was maintained for 10 days at the storage temperature of $4^{\circ}C$, while that of 'Beodeulsongi1ho' was maintained for 8 days. Moreover, the yield of fruiting bodies of 'Cham' was $141g/850m{\ell}$ bottle, which was similar to that of 'Beodeulsongi1ho'. Both 'Cham' and 'Beodeulsongilho' have lower resistivity against Trichoderma virens and Trichoderma harzianum.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.66 no.4
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• pp.271-278
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• 2021

Azolla is a genus of small aquatic ferns native to Asia, Africa, and America. Azolla is potentially significant as a nitrogen source in agriculture, particularly in conjunction with rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation. In addition, Azolla may either control weeds or act as a weed depending on management; therefore, we aimed to determine the effect of Azolla incorporation on weed (e.g., Monochoria vaginalis, Rotala indica, Aeschynomene indica, and Cyperus amuricus) control and its other benefits during rice cultivation. The effects of Azolla on weed emergence were evaluated based on plot area coverage by the Azolla mat, which appears as a green sheet over water, and the rate of weed emergence in paddy field. Weed occurrence was investigated 40 days after Azolla inoculation. Soil samples from the experimental plots were collected following harvest in 2014-2015, and analyzed. Moreover, rice growth, yield, and grain quality were measured. Azolla suppressed weed growth by 72%. Azolla mat incorporation in rice fields suppressed weed growth by over 60%. In addition, Azolla promoted nitrogen fixation. Compared with nitrogen management using chemical fertilizers, Azolla incorporation showed the potential for various positive effects, including the improvement of soil fertility by increasing total nitrogen, and organic matter content. Rice grown with Azolla maintained its yield without additional herbicide treatment. Moreover, the palatability of cooked rice was better when grown with Azolla.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to estimate the appropriate seedling stand and to find out the factors of good establishment and the reason of the reduction of yield by water foxtail. The seedling stands was improved by the ice straw mulching and treading by the tracks of combine. The effect of mulching was higher than the treading. The appropriate seedling stands for example yield were estimated about 507 plants per $m^2$ and its yield was 24kg/10a. The higher density of water foxtail, the less the grain yield; 21.8% by 17 to 22 water foxtail stands per $m^2$ and 11.0% by 6 to 11 plants.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 2015

Rural tourism village experience is proceeded quantitatively without distinct characteristic. This research aimed at analyzing the experience and utilizing in the establishment of differentiation and contents development. Type of experience activity was classified as 10 types in Level 1 and 0~4 types in Level 2. As the result of analyzing 3,007 experiences in 168 villages, types of experience activity implemented per 1 village was 17.9. Among them, ecological experience type appeared to be the most, and appeared in order of food, agriculture farming experience. In respect of agriculture farming experience, 'harvest and utilization' was analyzed to be the highest, and regarding rural farmhouse living experience displayed 'farmhouse living' experience the highest. Tradition courtesy experience displayed 'traditional culture' experience the highest, and rural food experience was analyzed to implement 'food making' experience the most. Ecological experience mainly consisted of 'hunting and collecting' and 'observation/learning', in case of play experience, 'traditional play' experience activity was analyzed to be performed the most. Considering utilization material, it appeared in order of 'rice', 'sweet potato', 'potato', 'corn', 'chili', 'agricultural implement', 'farmhouse', 'animal', 'culture', 'history', 'rice cake', 'alcoholic drink', 'tofu', 'kimchi', etc. The place of ecological experience was performed in the forest the most, and lots of experience was performed in stream, valley, and river. The researcher expects that characteristic experience activity will be developed based on this result, by avoiding doubleness of the experience activity among the regions and the villages.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.447-453
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• 2012

This study was conducted to determine the contents of phenolic compounds and astragalosides in Astragalus membranaceus. Between the phenolic compound groups, flavonoids compounds (51.13%) had higher average concentrations than the phenolic acids groups. Among the 30 phenolic compounds, quercetin ($353.11{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$) provided the highest concentrations. According to different cultivation year, 3-year-cultivated Astragalus ($2612.57{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$) showed the highest concentrations of phenolic compounds. According to different harvest days, 6/5 harvesting Astragalus ($2615.80{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$) showed the highest concentrations of phenolic acids. Comparison between the top and subterranean parts of harvested Astragalus plants cultivated for 2 years, 3 years, and 5 years showed big difference of total phenolic compounds in concentrations. Further, the top part had higher amounts of the total phenolic compounds than the subterranean part among all Astragalus. This tendency was similar to those of the top root and lateral root. The concentration of the phenolic compounds in the top root was higher than that of the lateral root.