• Title/Summary/Keyword: hand transplanting

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Effect of rice bran and its mixture with pine leaves on efficacy of weed control and growth and yield of rice in paddy fields (논에서 솔잎과 쌀겨의 혼합처리가 잡초방제 및 벼 수량에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Sang Ill;Park, Kee Woong;Won, OK Jae;Park, Su Hyuk;Eom, Min Yong;Hwang, Ki Seon;Kim, Young Tae;Pyon, Jong Yeong
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.42 no.2
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    • pp.111-116
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    • 2015
  • Combined applications of rice bran with pine leaves were tested to examine the inhibitory effects to paddy weeds and increased yield of rice for developing techniques of environment-friendly weed management in paddy rice fields. Weed control efficacy at 60 days after treatment was improved to 88.8% by combined application of rice bran with pine leaves, while weed control efficacy by single application of rice bran showed 67.5%. The other weed control efficacy combined with chestnut leaves and barley straws were 76.3% and 69.9% respectively. Combined application of rice bran with pine leaves was more effective to broadleaf weeds such as Monochoria vaginalis. Weed control efficacy by combined application with pine leaves was 100% until 70 days after rice transplanting and maintained weed control effect up to 90 days after transplanting. Rice yield by combined application of rice bran with pine leaves was 526 kg/10 a, which was higher yield than by combined application with barley straws, single application of rice bran, natural snail application and hand weeding.

Labor-Saving Feasibilities in Transplanting of Paddy Rice II. Variations in Yield Compatibility of Various Typed Isogenic Lines of Paddy Rice as Affected by Different Planting Densities with Fertilizer Applications (수도 이앙노동의 성력화 연구 II. 시비량 및 이앙밀도 변동에 따른 수도초형별 수량적합성 연구)

  • 구자옥;이영만;이관섭
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.30 no.2
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    • pp.117-125
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    • 1985
  • To investigate the model of labor-saving feasibilities in transplanting of paddy rice by reducing of plant-densities with additional application of fertilizer, three isogenic lines of paddy rice in plant type, namely open-spread-and broom-type, were experimented. As a result, the delaying of heading date by intra-specific competition was weakened by increasing of fertilizer applications and this tendency was clear in order of broom-, spread- and open-type, respectively. Also the inter-specific competition was high in broom-type among others. On the other hand, the yields were positively correlated with transplanting densities in open- and spread-type, but no relationships in broom-type. As a conclusion, the reduced planting densities for labor-saving were compensated by additional application of fertilizers as 1.12, 1.21, 1.28 folds of the standard amounts in open-type for equivalent yields, and 1.22, 1.35, 1.40 folds in broom-type, respectively.

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Effect of Planting Density of Sagittaria pygmaea tubers on the Root Competition with Rice Varieties (올미(Sagittaria pygmaea Miq.) 괴경(塊莖)의 재식밀도(裁植密度)가 수도(水稻)와의 근계경합(根系競合)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • Chae, J.C.;Shin, J.J.
    • Korean Journal of Weed Science
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    • v.7 no.3
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    • pp.280-288
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    • 1987
  • The experiment was carried out to clarify the root competition between rice and paddy weed. Sagittaria pygmaea, under field condition. Rice variety Joongwonbyeo(Tongil type) and Sangpoongbyeo(Japonica type) were transplanted and Sagittaria tuber was planted artificially at planting density of untreated control, 4, 8 and 16 tubers/$m^2$, respectively. The number of roots, root fresh weight and root activity of rice and Sagittaria were measured at 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after transplanting. The results obtained were as follows. The root growth of Joongwonbyeo was decreased greatly according to the increase of Sagittaria tuber density compared with Sangpoongbyeo. On the other hand, the root growth of Sagittaria competed with Joongwonbyeo was depressed at 45 days after transplanting, and the one competed with Sangpoongbyeo was depressed at 60 days after transplanting. It was concluded that the competition ability of Sangpoongbyeo against Sagittaria was greater than Joongwonbyeo mainly due to the tall height and large tillers. And also the root growth of Sagittaria competed with Joongwonbyeo was more depressed than that of Sangpoongbyeo.

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Weed Occurrence in Lowland Rice Field in Gyeongbuk Province (경북지역 벼재배답에서 발생하는 잡초 분포)

  • Kim, S.J.;Kim, Y.H.;Lee, W.H.;Choi, C.D.;Kim, C.Y.;Choi, B.S.
    • Korean Journal of Weed Science
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    • v.17 no.3
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    • pp.262-268
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    • 1997
  • The experiment was carried out to obtain the basic information of weed control in lowland rice field in Gyeongbug province. The results were as follows : In weed distribution on life cycle, annual weed was occupied by 56.5% and perennials were 43.5%, respectively. In morphological distribution of weeds, grass weed was 25.2%, sedges was 12.3% and broad leaf weeds was 62.5%. In particular, weed occurrence of grass weed was much more increased than that of 1971 and 1981 year. Dominant weed species was Echinochloa crusgralli, Sagittaria trifolia, Eleocharis kuroguwai and Monochoria vaginalis in plain land, mid alpine area, and cold salty wind area. Dominant weeds was approximately similar occurrence in normal soil and poorly drained soil Gelds, but sandy soil field was not. Echinochloa crusgalli was dominant in hand transplanting and direct seeding on dry paddy field. Meanwhile, in machine transplanting, Sagittaria trifolia and Ludwigia prostrate were dominant, and occurrence of Echinochloa crusgalli was increased to delaying transplanting. As a result, major dominant weed was Echinochloa crusgalli, Sagittaria trifolia, Ludwigia prostrate, Eleocharis kuroguwai, and Monochoria vaginalis in terms of predominance.

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Effect of the Concentration of Nutrient Solution on the Growth of Tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in Substrate Culture (고형배지경에서 배양액농도가 토마토의 생육에 미치는 영향)

  • 노미영;배종향;이용범;박권우;권영삼
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.4 no.1
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    • pp.25-31
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    • 1995
  • This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the concentration of nutrient solution on the growth of tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. seokwang) in substrate culture. The substrates used in the experiment were perlite, vermiculite, and peatmoss. Tomato plants were treated with different concentrations of nutrient solution, viz. 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 5.0mS/cm at seedling stage and transferred to different treatments, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0mS/cm after transplanting in each substrate. As the concentrations of nutrient solution increased from 0.5 to 3.0mS/cm at seedling stage, the $CO_2$ assimilation rates of seedlings increased in all three substrate culture. Beyond this range, the $CO_2$ assimilation rates of seedlings decreased. By increasing the concentrations of nutrient solution, plant height, leaf length, leaf width, stem diameter, and top dry weight increased in perlite and were high at 2-5mS/cm in vermiculite. On the other hand, in peatmoss, the best result was shown at 3.0mS/cm. Therefore, the adequate concentration of nutrient solution on early growth of seedlings differed among substrates and was shown to be 3.0-5.0mS/cm in perlite, 2.0-5.0mS/cm in vermiculite, and 3.0mS/cm in peatmoss. Generally, as the concentrations of nutrient solution increased from 1.0 to 3.0mS/cm after transplanting, dry weight increased significantly in all three substrate culture. However, dry weights of tomato plants grown under high concentration of 5.0mS/cm slightly increased both at seedling stage and after transplanting.

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Weed Occurrence and Competitive Characteristic under Different Cultivation types of Rice(Oyriza sativa L.) - 4. Differences in Competitive Characteristics for Mineral Nutrition (수도(水稻) 재배유형별(栽培類型別) 잡초발생(雜草發生) 양상(樣相)과 경합특성(競合特性) - 제(第) 4 보(報). 무기양분(無機養分)에 대한 경합특성(競合特性)의 차이(差異))

  • Im, I.B.;Guh, J.O.;Chun, J.C.
    • Korean Journal of Weed Science
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.122-131
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    • 1993
  • Differences in competitive characteristics for mineral nutrition were compared with rice and weeds according to rice planting types like the traditional hand transplanting, machine transplanting of young(10days old) and mature(30days old) seedling, flood direct seeding of germinated seeds and dry direct seeding of dry seeds. There was a slight competition for such nutrients as N, P, K, Ca, and Mg by E. crus-galli and E. kuroguwai in transplanting cultivations. However, nutrient uptake by rice in direct-seedings was severely inhibited throughout the whole growth period by the two weeds including annual weeds such as S. Juncoides and C. difformis. The competition for nutrients at different cultivation types was mainly governed by the dominant weeds.

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Ecology and Growth of Weeds and Weedy Rice in Direct-seeded Rice Fields (직파재배답(直播栽培沓)에서의 잡초(雜草) 및 적미(赤米) 발생(發生) 생태(生態))

  • Choi, C.D.;Moon, B.C.;Kim, S.C.;Oh, Y.J.
    • Korean Journal of Weed Science
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.39-45
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    • 1995
  • This experiment was carried out at Yeongnam Crop Experiment Station since 1992 to obtain basic information on ecology of weeds and weedy rice in direct-seeded rice fields. Annual grass weeds of Echinochloa sp., Leptochloa sp., Digitaria sp. and Setaria sp.(C4 plant) and weedy rice(C3 plant) were important species in direct seeded rice compared to transplanted rice field. Period of seedling emergence of barnyard grass was varied from 8 days to 20 days depending on seeding date while it was shorter 4 to 6 days than rice. Weed occurrence and the degree of yield loss were varied by cultivation method. In direct seeding method weeds increased 2 to 3 times compared to manual transplanting. The greatest yield loss was recorded in direct seeding(40 to 100%) followed by mechanical transplanting(25 to 35%) and hand transplanting(10 to 20%), in order. Double cropping of rice-barley was reduced weeds about 30% than rice single crop due to alleopathic effect of barley residue or stubble. Weedy rice(red rice) occurrence was closely related with seeding date and tillage methods. Early seeding and reduced tillage enhanced the growth of weedy rice.

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Studies on the Effects of Radiation from Radioisotopes incorporated into Plants(Ⅵ) Effects of P-32 incorporated into Seeds on the Growth of Flax (작물에 흡수된 방사성 동위원소의 내부 조사효과에 관한 연구(Ⅵ) 아마의 생장에 미치는 P-32의 영향)

  • 손은용
    • Journal of Plant Biology
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.22-30
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    • 1969
  • To investigate the effects of internal radiation of various intensityon the test crop(flax), seeds of four levels of activity($15.5{\times}10-4 $\mu$c/grain, 9.0{\times}10-2$\mu$c/grain, 2.2{\times}100$\mu$c/grain and 3.8{\times}10-1$\mu$c/grain)$ which had been obtained by immersing them into various concentrations of P-32 original solution (total activity: 90 mc, To: 3/21) for 24 hours at room temperature, were germinated, transplanted later into pots, and the rate of germination and the successive growth were observed, and the inorganic conents of the plant top were analyzed. The results are as follows: 1. At the early stage of germination, the plants manifested themselves both inhibitory and promotive effects at higher and lower activity levels respectively, compared those of the control. These difference of growth on account of different levels of activity appeared, however, to be gradually narrowed in the course of time after germination, except at the highest activity. 2. Two weeks after transplanting, the plants of the lowest activity showed more vigorous growth than those of control. The plants belonging to the other activity levels on the other hand, tended to be less growing, the higher the activity. However, this growth gap between treatments seemed to be progressively closed one month after transplanting. 3. Most of the leaves and stems of the plants belonging to the highest activity level ($3.8{\times}101$\mu$c/grain$) were withered during the early stage of growth, and this damage did not recover. 4. Practically no difference of growth was observed among treatments(excluding that of highest activity) one and half months after transplanting. 5. The fluorescence tended to be mroe delayed than the control, as the activity decreased. 6. There was a tendency that the number of pods harvested were larger in the plants treated with P-32 than that of the control. 7. The proportion of fiber in the plants at harvest appeared to be larger at lower activity and smaller at higher P-32 concentration than that of control. 8. As for the inorganic contents of the plant top harvested the floowing tendency was observed: (1) Nitrogen content was highest at the highest activity level at which the poorest growth ensued. (2) There was no clear difference of phosphorus content among treatments. (3) The contents of potassium and magnesium were higher than control at the medium levels of activity. (4) Calcium content of all treated blocks was found to be more than that of control.

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Effect of Runner Cutting Time on Growth and Yield during Nursery of Strawberry (cv. Maehyang and Seolhyang) (딸기 '매향'과 '설향'의 육묘기 런너의 절단 시기가 생육 및 수량에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Dae-Young;Kim, Su;Kang, Yun Im;Yun, Hyung Kweon;Yoon, Moo Kyoung;Kim, Tae Il;Choi, Jong Myung
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.21 no.4
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    • pp.385-391
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    • 2012
  • This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the runner cutting time on the growth and yield of strawberry (Fragaria ${\times}$ ananassa cv. Maehyang and Seolhyang) during nursery period of two consecutive years (2009 and 2010). Strawberry runners which connected from mother plants to daughter plants were cut 30, 20, 10 and 5 days before transplanting day (11 Sep. 2009 and 10 Sep. 2010). When runner cutting time delayed, more nutrition was supplied to the daughter plant until late nursery period. It showed that there was a tendency to increase the fresh weight, crown diameter and leaf chlorophyll content. On the other hand, when the runner was cut earlier, the growth of underground part such as root weight was improved. Irrigation demand increased to 29.7% in case of runner cutting from mother plant compared with runner non-cutting treatment. In addition, infection ratio of anthracnose through runner part was 37.6% higher in case of runner cutting than that of runner non-cutting treatment. After transplanting, budding and flowering period were delayed up to 2 or 3 days because of late runner cutting. But there was no significant difference in marketable fruit yield among runner cutting times. It is recommended to conduct runner cutting 5 or 10 days before transplanting for reducing the occurrence of anthracnose.

Studies on the growth of Korea Lawn Grass (Zoysia japonica Steud.)in Reponse to Nitrogen Application, Clipping Treatment and Plant Density (질소시용, 예초 및 재식밀도가 한국잔디(Zoysia Japonica Steud)의 생육에 미치는 영향)

  • Sim, Jae-Seong
    • The Journal of Natural Sciences
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    • v.1
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    • pp.61-113
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    • 1987
  • The increasing emphasis placed on the production of fine turf for lawns, golf courses, parks, and other recreational sites has led to many unsolved problems as to how such turf could be best established and mainteined. For this purpose, a series of experiments were conducted under con ditions of pot and field. The results obtained were as follows EXPERIMENT I. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer and clipping interval on Zoysia japonica. 1. Increasing the rate of nitrogen and frequent clipping increased tiller number of Zoysis japonica and the maximum number of tillers were obtained from 700 kg N application and freqnent clippings (10 days interval ) in October. Treatment of 350kg N with 10 days clipping interval increased tillers much more than those of 700 kgN with 20 and 30 days clipping intervals. 2. The average number of green leaves occurred during the growth period maximized by applying 700 kg N and clipping 10 days interval. 3. Increasing tiller numbers significantly decreased tops DM weight per tiller by clipping plants at interval of 10 and 20 days, irrespective of nitrogen applied, and with nil N, at the interval of 30 days. By applying 700 kg N, however, top DM weight per tiller increased as the number of tillers increased consistently. 4. The highest top DM weight was achieved from late August to early September by applying 350 and 700kgN. 5. During the growth period, differences in unders ( stolon + root ) DM weight occurred bynitrogen application were found between nil N and two applied nitrogen levels, whereas, at the same level of nitrogen applied, the increase in stolon DM weight enhanced by lengthening the clipping interval to 30 days. 6. Nitrogen efficiency to green leaves, stolon nodes and DM weight of root with high nitrogen was achieved as clipping interval was shortened. 7. By increasing fertilizer nitrogen rate applied, N content n the leaves and stems of Zoysiajaponica was increased. On the other hand, N content in root and stolon had little effect onfertilizer nitrogen, resulting in the lowest content among plant fractions. The largest content of N was recorded in leaves. Lengthening the clipping interval from 10 or 20 to 30 days tends to decrease the N content in the leaves and stems, whereas this trend did not appeared in stolon androot. 8. A positive correlations between N and K contents in tops and stolon were established andthus K content increased as N content in tops and stolon increased. Meanwhile, P content was not affected by N and clipping treatments. 9. Total soluble carbohydrate content in Zoysia japonica was largest in stolon and stem, and was reduced by increasing fertilizer nitrogen rate. Reduction in total soluble carbohydrate due to increased nitrogen rate was severer in the stolons and stems than in the leaves. 10. Increasing the rate of nitrogen applied increased the number of small and large vascular bundles in leaf blade, but shortened distance among the large vascular bundles. Shortening the clipping interval resulted in increase of the number of large vascular bundles but decrease ofdistance between large vascular bundles.EXPERIMENT II. Growth response of Zoysia japonica imposed by different plant densities. 1. Tiller numbers per unit area increased as plant density heightened. Differences in num ber between densities at higher densities than 120 D were of no significance. 2. Tiller numbers per clone attained by 110 days after transplanting were 126 at 40D,77 at 80D, 67 at 120D, 54 at 160D, and 41 at 200D. A decreasing trend of tiller numbers per clone with increasing density was noticable from 100 days after transplanting onwards. 3. During the growth period, the greatest number of green leaves per unit area were attainedin 90days after transplanting at 160D and 200D, and 100 days after transplanting at 40D, 80Dand 120D. Thus the period to reach the maximum green leaf number with the high plantdensity was likely to be earlier that with the low plant density. 4. Stolon growth up to 80 days after transplaning was relatively slow, but from 80 daysonwards, the growth quickened to range from 1.9 m/clone at 40D to 0.6m/clone at 200Din 200 days after transplanting, these followed by the stolon node produced. 5. Plant density did not affect stolon weight/clone and root weight/clone until 80 daysafter transplanting. 6. DM weight of root was heavier in the early period of growth than that of stolon, butthis trend was reversed in the late period of growth : DM weight of stolon was much higherthan that of root.EXPERIMENT Ill. Vegetative growth of Zoysia japonica and Zoysia matrella as affected by nitrogen and clipping height. 1. When no nitrogen was applied to Zoysia japonica, leaf blade which appeared during theAugust-early September period remained green for a perid of about 10 weeks and even leavesemerged in rate September lived for 42 days. However, leaf longevity did not exceed 8 weeks asnitrogen was applied. In contrast the leaf longevity of Zoysia matrella which emerged during the mid August-earlySeptember period was 11 weeks and, under the nitrogen applied, 9 weeks, indicating that thelife-spen of individual leaf of Zoysia matrella may be longer than that of Zoysia japorica. Clipping height had no effect on the leaf longevity in both grasses. 2. During the July-August period, tiller number, green leaf number and DM weightof Zoysia japonica were increased significantly with fertilizer nitrogen, but were not with twolevel of clipping height. This trend was reversed after late September ; no effect of nitrogen wasappeared. Instead, lax clipping increased tiller number, green leaf number and DM weight. Greenleaves stimulated by lax clipping resulted in the occurrance of more dead leaves in late October. 3. Among the stolons outgrown until early September, the primary stolon was not influencedby nitrogen and clipping treatments to produce only 2-3 stolons. However, 1st branch stoIon asaffected by nitrogen increased significantly, so most of stolons which occurred consisted of 1st branch stolons. 4. Until early September, stolon length obtained at nil nitrogen level was chiefly caused bythe primary stolons. By applying nitrogen, the primary stolons of Zoysia japonica waslonger than 1st branch stolons when severe clipping was involved and in turn, shorter than 1stbranch stolons when lax clipping was concerned. In Zoysia matrella, 1st branch stolons were muchlonger than the primary stolon when turf was clipped severely but in conditions of lax clippingthere was little difference in length between primary and 1st branch stolons. 5. Stolon nodes of both Zoysia japonica and Z. matrella were positively influenced by nit rogen, but no particular increase by imposing clipping height treatment was marked in Zoysiamatrella. Although the stolon of Zoysia japonica grew until late October, the growthstimulated by nitrogen was not so remarkable as to exceed that by nil N.

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