• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.21-33
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• 1990

The purpose of this study is to investigated the occurrence properties of the cerebrovascular accidents. Clinical observations were done 252 cases, were carried from June, 1989 to May, 1990 at 4 general hospital in Taegu, Korea. The following results have been obtained ; 1. Among the 252 cases of cerebrovascular accidents, males was noted in $51.6\%$ and females in $48.4\%$. The ratio between males and females was 1.1 : 1 in whole groups of cerebrovascular accidents, and in aging distribution, it was showed variety distribution in age groups, fifties, sixties and forties were in order of frequency, particulary, more than half was shelved from 50 to 69. 2. Among the 252 cases of cerebrovascular accidents, cerebral hemorrhage was rioted in $64.3\%$, cerebral infarction in $25.8\%$, cerebral thrombosis in $6.3\%$, subarachnoid hemorrhage in $2.4\%$ and cerebral embolism in $1.2\%$. 3. In distribution of academic career, high school level was noted in $37.7\%$, elementary school level in $30.5\%$, middle school level in $17.1\%$, elementary school level in $30.5\%$, middle school level in $17.1\%$ arid college level in $14.7\%$. 4. In distribution of occupation, office worker was noted in $21.8\%$, housewife in $20.2\%$, the others in $19.1\%$, physical laborer in $18.3\%$ and inoccupation in $18.3\%$. 5. In seasonal distribution, spring was noted in $34.9\%$, winter in $32.5\%$, autumn in $20.3\%$ and summer in $12.3\%$. 6. Among the preceding diseases at the onset of cerebrovascular accidents, hypertension was noted in $51.6\%$, no preceding disease in $20.2\%$, other disease in $10.3\%$ and diabetes mellitus in $9.5\%$ and cardiovalvular disease in $6.0\%$. 7. In systolic blood pressure on admission, 160-199mmHg was noted in $32.2\%$, 200-239mmHg in $23.4\%$, 140-159mmHg in $19.4\%$, below 140mmHg in $16.3\%$, and above 240mmHg in $8.7\%$, While, in diastolic blood pressure, above 130mmHg noted in $24.6\%$, below 90 mmHg in $17.1\%$, 120-129mmHg in $13.1\%$ and was 90-99mmHg in $11.1\%$. 8. In major predisposing factors of patients, emotional stress was noted in $20.2\%$, physical action in $17.9\%$, rest in $16.9\%$, while sleeping in $10.7\%$, drinking in $9.9\%$ and defecation in $7.9\%$. 9. In distribution of affected side, left was noted in $48.4\%$, right in 42.1 and both $9.5\%$. 10. In rates of recurrent cases, first attach was noted in $79.0\%$, 1st recurrence in $17.0\%$, 2nd recurrence in $3.6\%$ and 3rd recurrence in $0.4\%$.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.225-232
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• 2011

Reactive ion etching (RIE) technique for maskless surface texturing of mc-silicon solar wafers has been applied and succeed in fabricating a grass-like black-silicon with an average reflectance of $4{\pm}1%$ in a wavelength range of 300~1,200 nm. In order to investigate the optimized texturing conditions for mass production of high quantum efficiency solar cell Surface characteristics such as the spatial distribution of average reflectance, micrscopic surface morphology and minority carrier lifetime were monitored for samples from saw-damaged $15.6{\times}15.6\;cm^2$ bare wafer to key-processed wafers as well as the mc-Si solar cells. We observed that RIE textured wafers reveal lower average reflectance along from center to edges by 1% and referred the origin to the non-uniform surface structures with a depth of 2 times deeper and half-maximum width of 3 times. Samples with anti-reflection coating after forming emitter layer also revealed longer minority carrier lifetime by 40% for the edge compared to wafer center due to size effects. As results, mc-Si solar cells with RIE-textured surface also revealed higher efficiency by 2% and better external quantum efficiency by 15% for edge positions with higher height.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.143-148
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• 1994

The metacercanae of the genus Stictodora encysted in gobies, Acnnthogobiln Snuimanw, purchased from a local market of Haenarn-gun, Chollanam-do, were identified as those of S. fuscotum A total of 1,437 metacercariae were collected from 30 gobies and sonle of them were orally fed to cats in order to obtain the adult worms. The metacercariae were 0.194-0.301 mm by 0.168-0.270 mm In size, yellowish brown, round to elliptical, and with a thin and transparent cyst wall. The excysted larvae were 0.280-0.423 mm long and 0.150-0.184 mm wide, beset with numerous tegumental spines on the anterior half of the body, and equipped 10 a characteristic ventrogenital sac. Total 21 adult worms were recovered from 2 cats 7 days after infection. The adult worms were small, leaf-like, 0.514-0.918 mm long and 0.235-0.377 mm wide. The ventrogenital sac was elliptical and its gonotyl was armed with 13-18 spines which were radially arranged and appeared as fan-shape. It has been confirmed that A. flavimanus is a second interinedlate host of 5. Juscatum In Korea.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.150-154
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• 2007

Objectives : The aim of this study is to identify factors determining the purchase of private health insurance under the mandatory National Health Insurance(NHI) system in Korea. Methods : The data were collected by the National Cancer Center in Korea. It includes cancer patients who were newly diagnosed with stomach (ICD code, C16), lung(C33-C34), liver (C22), colorectal cancer(C18-C20) or breast(C50) cancer. Data were gathered from the hospital Order Communication System (OCS), medical records, and face-to-face interviews, using a structured questionnaire. Clinical, socio-demographic and private health insurance related factors were also gathered. Results : Overall, 43.9% of patients had purchased one or more private health insurance schemes related to cancer, with an average monthly premium of \65,311 and an average benefit amount of \19million. Females, younger aged, high income earners, national health insurers and metropolitan citizens were more likely to purchase private health insurance than their counterparts. Conclusions : About half of Korean people have supple-mentary private health insurance and their benefits are sufficient to cover the out-of-pocket fees required for cancer treatment, but inequality remains in the purchase of private health insurance. Further studies are needed to investigate the impacts of private health insurance on NHI, and the relationship between cancer patients' burden and benefits.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.14-24
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• 2009

This study aims at deriving any useful information necessary to strengthen the competitiveness for growth through empirical analyses on general hospital located in a province in order to countermeasure the opening and competition of medical markets. The characteristics of user were identified on the basis of disease groups under KCD in the research method. In addition, the analysis on the expenses of diagnosis and treatment was divided into the treatment progress and degree of hospital resource utilization And the regression was carried out to identify the impacts of characteristics of inpatient users on the degree of hospital resource utilization. As a result of major research, the inpatient users of the general hospital located in the provincial area in consideration of inpatient users were formed around the inpatient disease groups representative for Korea(diseases of the respiratory system, injury and poisoning & certain other consequences of external causes). And it was understood that most of residents within a distance of 40 minute by the public transportation were using. And mostly were under the age of 9 or over 60, and the provision of medical features such as the degree of consultation and operational functions were inadequate. When we classify inpatient treatment cost for each resource application as the medical cost being the center of patient care function, the equipment and human resource application sector are constituted over half. Accordingly, the following suggestions are made as plans to strengthen the competitiveness for the growth of general hospitals located in the provincial areas on the basis of analytical results. First, it is necessary to have the characterization matching to the age and disease groups with a high frequency. Second, it is necessary to increase the degree of hospital resource utilization according to the characterization. Third, it is necessary to concentrate on public relations. The above suggestion, as a method for securing image improvement and competitive power as a general hospital, and through expansion of social function that a regional general hospital needs to secure not only as an individual institution but also as a general hospital, it can be seen that a general improvement of image as a regional general hospital is possible.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.439-454
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• 1996

The present study investigated Bul-Chun-Wi Sacrificial Ritual (sacrificial service which has been handed down from generation to generation to worship the family ancestors in the period of $1400{\sim}1800$) and foods for the sacrificial service among fourteen head families in Andong area. The findings are as follows; 1. In Bul-Chun-Wi Sacrificial Rituals, family shrine has been maintained in good shape, and the table, dishes, and foods used in the rituals have not been changed so much until these days. 2. While vegetable soup is widely used as soup, one family uses the seaweed soup, the other soup mixed with meat, fish, and vegetable. Specially soybean-powdered soup, which is the distinguishable food in Andong area, has been used. 3. As a basic Ddock, mainly Si-Ru-Ddock(a steamed rice cake), piled up to 13-15 stacks, is used. Additional 7-9 kinds of Ddock are placed on top of the basic Ddock. 4. For grilled-meat food(Geuck), eight families use the raw meat, and one family uses the half-cooked meat. Recently, five families have used the cooked meat. Mostly used ones are meat-Geuck, fish-Geuck, chicken-Geuck, and the Geuck are not served one by one. Instead the Geuck are stacked in one dish designed for Geuck in order of meats from poultry, animal, fish, and shell. As the sub-dishes for rice, raw and cooked Geuck are used. 5. The number of stew (Tang) are 3 to 6 and 5 stews is the most popular. Commonly used stews are meat stew, fish stew, chicken stew, vegetable stew, blood stew, and organs stew. For the vegetable stew, buckwheat gel can be used. 6. As the fruit, chinese date, pear, nut and dried persimmons are the basic ones. The even number of 6 or 8 colorful fruits are used, while the odd number of 7 or 9 colorful fruits are used in three head families. 7. As Sik-Hae which is a drink and made from fermented rice, rice Sik-Hae or fish Sik-Hae has been necessarily used. 8. As raw meat dish, the liver of cow or meat is used. As a wrapping materials, the reticulum of a ruminant, green seaweed or thinly fried egg can be used.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.602-612
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to identify employees' perception of social and economic values that social enterprises pursue and to provide implications for the training of social enterprise workers. The main results are as follows. First, more than half of the social enterprise workers recognized that economic value and social value were equally important. In addition, the responsibilities of realizing corporate social values were somewhat higher than those of employees. The social value of the social enterprise should be pursued in preference to the value for the company and its members. However, efforts to set goals for the social value of social enterprises were lacking. Second, social enterprise workers generally had a high perception of economic value and recognized that the responsibility and effort of management was more important than the employees in order to realize economic value. Third, the higher the age of workers, the higher the importance of social value than economic value, emphasized the responsibility of the manager, and the less the work experience, the more important is the social value and the manager's responsibility. While commercial enterprise workers are highly aware of the importance of economic value, non-profit enterprise workers are highly aware of the importance of social value. In the future, it will be necessary to provide an educational support program that allows workers to recognize the social and economic value of social enterprises in a balanced manner. Efforts are needed to develop, monitor and monitor standardized measures for measuring the value of social enterprises.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.498-503
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• 2017

Objective : The purpose of the present study was to compare inter-fragmentary compression pressures after fixation of a simulated type II odontoid fracture with the headless compression Herbert screw and a half threaded cannulated lag screw. Methods : We compared inter-fragmentary compression pressures between 40- and 45-mm long 4.5-mm Herbert screws (n=8 and n=9, respectively) and 40- and 45-mm long 4.0-mm cannulated lag screws (n=7 and n=10, respectively) after insertion into rigid polyurethane foam test blocks (Sawbones, Vashon, WA, USA). A washer load cell was placed between the two segments of test blocks to measure the compression force. Because the total length of each foam block was 42 mm, the 40-mm screws were embedded in the cancellous foam, while the 45-mm screws penetrated the denser cortical foam at the bottom. This enabled us to compare inter-fragmentary compression pressures as they are affected by the penetration of the apical dens tip by the screws. Results : The mean compression pressures of the 40- and 45-mm long cannulated lag screws were $50.48{\pm}1.20N$ and $53.88{\pm}1.02N$, respectively, which was not statistically significant (p=0.0551). The mean compression pressures of the 40-mm long Herbert screw was $52.82{\pm}2.17N$, and was not statistically significant compared with the 40-mm long cannulated lag screw (p=0.3679). However, 45-mm Herbert screw had significantly higher mean compression pressure ($60.68{\pm}2.03N$) than both the 45-mm cannulated lag screw and the 40-mm Herbert screw (p=0.0049 and p=0.0246, respectively). Conclusion : Our results showed that inter-fragmentary compression pressures of the Herbert screw were significantly increased when the screw tip penetrated the opposite dens cortical foam. This can support the generally recommended surgical technique that, in order to facilitate maximal reduction of the fracture gap using anterior odontoid screws, it is essential to penetrate the apical dens tip with the screw.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.9-20
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• 1988

In order to quantify the contribution of cosmic-ray ionizing component to the dose given by natural background radiation, a series of measurement has been carried out using LiF TLDs for about one and a half years on quarterly basis. Three different types of LiF TLDs namely, chips and PTFE based disks of $^{7}LiF$, and the same disks of $^{6}LiF$ for identifying possible contribution of neutron component were used. Measurements were made by placing badge-incased TLDs in a lead castle of 10 to 15cm thick installed in a room on the third floor of a four-story building in CNU Daedeok campus for 5 cycles of 90 days. For comparison a series of spectrometric study was also performed for the energy region over 3MeV using a 3'${\phi}\;{\times}\;3$'NaI(Tl) scintillation detector in association with an MCA of 1024 channels, and it was found that the data obtained by the TLDs placed in the lead castle indicate 75% of the dose given by outdoor cosmic-ray component. The results obtained by the TLDs through correction for shielding loss show that the outdoor dose contribution of ionizing component of cosmic rays at this campus is $34.3{\pm}1.1nGy/h$ which satisfactorily agrees with that expected for our particular location of measurement.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• no.39
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• pp.221-252
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• 2008

The current social service delivery system for people with disabilities has four critical problems: absence of needs assessment, absence of case management, shortage of professional workers, and absence of local social welfare agencies. The Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Family of Korea has pushed forward with a project to reform the welfare infra-structure for people with disabilities since 2007. It's main purpose is to reorganize the social service delivery system for people with disabilities. A report from the project makes two suggestions: introduction of new standards for disability and set-up of disability service determination centers. The new standards for disability are suggested to include a work ability test and a welfare needs assessment tool as well as a medical standard. Three models for disability service determination centers are suggested: independent model, local governmental model, and public corporational model. Tentative operations using the three models are on the way in the second half of 2008. In order to reform the social service delivery system for people with disabilities, this study makes a fundamental suggestion: set-up of about 120 local welfare agencies over which the Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Family can have direct control, and which are equipped with professional workers who are able to perform needs assessment and case management. In actuality, welfare centers for disabled people are the best options for local welfare agencies for disabled people.