• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.636-641
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• 2011

Four different green manure crops, hairy vetch, Italian ryegrass, crimson clover, orchard grass were cultivated to test the differences in their effects on soil improvement. After plowing to incorporate the green manure crops, tomato plants were grown as a succeeding crop to investigate the effects of green manure on the soil physical properties and plant growths. The experimental results showed that green manure could decrease the soil hardness. Italian ryegrass and hairy vetch as the green manure were especially effective in decreasing the soil hardness. Orchard grass and Italian ryegrass provided more void in soil matrix, resulting increased soil moisture contents. After two months, bulk density was decreased in the plots of Italian ryegrass and orchard grass. However, there were no significant differences between green manure plots and control after the cultivation of the succeeding crop. The results indicated that the growing Italian ryegrass and hairy vetch as green manure helped growing tomato plants. Orchard grass also improved the soil characteristics, comparable to Italian ryegrass in spite of their relatively small biomass.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.205-217
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• 2006

This research was carried out to investigate the effects of some organic materials such as rice straw, compost, hairy vetch, phosphate rock, magnesium lime powder and ash in the organic paddy fields, and also to develope the new technique for better soil management using described materials. The results are as follows; Height and tiller of rice plants were higher in chemical fertilizer than rice straw or compost, however, those of rice plants in hairy vetch-rice cropping system reached to chemical fertilizer. The Eh value of soil has decreased consecutively since on 30th, May because of the rising of soil temperature by an increase in the activity of microbes. As a result of measuring yield and yield components, there is not significant difference between treatment. The application of organic materials enriched the contents of available phosphorus, exchangible potassium and calcium in soil, and, also improved the physical properties such as pore space rates and bulk density. From the viewpoint of soil management technology in organic paddy fields, the application of rice straw or organic compost might cause the decrease of yield compared with conventional cultivation system, chemical fertilizer, however, the application of hairy vetch residues of soil compensated for growth and yield as well as improved the physicochemical property. Therefore, it is assumed that the cultivation of hairy vetch for winter season can be one of the useful methods for organic farming system.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.247-253
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• 2008

Winter annual green manure crops may be an effective tool for environmental-friendly agriculture system. The effect of legume (hairy vetch), non-legume (rye) and N fertilization ($190kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$) was examined and compared on red-pepper yield, nitrogen uptake, carbohydrate composition, and soil N and C contents. We monitored soil N and C for 120 days after incorporation (DAI) of green manures or mineral fertilizer. The mineralization of nitrogen reached the maximum around 30 DAI. The amount of inorganic nitrogen supplied by mineralization of hairy vetch residue was greater with than chemical N or rye. Photosynthetic rate was similar by 70 DAT in all treatments however, it in rye-incorporated red-pepper presented a sharp decline at later growth period. Leaf total nitrogen was greater with hairy vetch and chemical N than rye throughout the experiment. The soluble sugar increased steadily in all treatments from 40 to 110 days after transplanting (DAT) whereas starch showed a tendency of great decrease. Hairy vetch greatly promoted red-pepper growth by the later period however, chemical N showed the highest fruit yields.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.257-262
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• 2007

The objective of this research was to develop a high yielding, early and medium-late flowering new hairy vetch(Vicia villosa Roth) varieties derived from an accession in Korea. Most vigorous early and medium-late flowering hairy vetch lines were selected and crossed by open pollination and their seeds were bulked and plants were reselected at Seongju in the Keongbuk and at Sacheon in the Keongnam. A performance trial was conducted to evaluate agronomic characteristics, forage quality and dry matter(DM) yield of new hairy vetch early-maturing 'Cold green' and medium-late maturing variety 'Cheong pa' at Seongju and Sacheon. 'Cold green' and 'Cheong pa' are hair but 'Haymaker plus' and 'Latigo' are nearly hairless. 'Cold green' has purple flowers while 'Cheong pa' has violet. The cold tolerance of 'Cold green,' 'Cheong pa' and 'Latigo' was higher than 'Haymaker plus' at Seong-ju, Keongbuk province, in inland region but there were a little differences at Sacheon, Keongnam province in southern coast region. Fifty percent-flowering dates of 'Cold green' and 'Haymaker plus' had earlier than others and 'Cheong pa' was earlier than 'Latigo'. The DM yield of 'Cold green' was higher than that of others, but 'Cheong pa' and 'Haymaker plus' had higher than 'Latigo' at Seong-ju(P<0.05). In Sacheon, The DM yield of 'Cold green' and 'Haymaker plus' was higher than others and 'Cheong pa' had higher than 'Latigo'.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 1998

Legume winter cover crop hairy vetch(Vicia villosa Roth, HV) can supply mineral nitrogen for silage corn by HV cover killed. The purphose of this study was to understand changes of soil mineral N, yield and N uptake of silage corn by N level (0, 135kgFN/ha) and cover cmp(no cover crop: NCC, hairy vetch cover crop: HVC) at field of Crop Experiment Station in 1996. HV growth decreased soil mineral N concentration before seeding corn, but killed HV cover increased concentration of soil mineral N at surface soil (0~7.5cm) at six-leaf stage of corn. Total dry matter(DM) and N uptake of corn averaged over N level was more decreased in HVC than in NCC at silk stage, but N uptake of corn after silk was more increased in HVC than in NCC by N mineralized fiom HV killed, especially in OkgFNJha. N fertilization increased total DM and and N uptake of corn averaged over cover crop, especially more increased the DM and N uptake before silk stage. Early application of N fertilizer was recommendable in netillage silage corn using hairy vetch cover crop.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.160-165
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: Mixed cropping of legume and grass was effective system in view point of providing organic matter and nitrogen or reducing the nitrogen starvation of following crop. The relation of the change of N and P constituents depending on the cropping types and those effects on the growth and nutrient uptake of the following crop were observed. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three cropping types, hairy vetch mono cropping, barley mono cropping, and mixed cropping of hairy vetch and barley were applied. Soil properties, growth characteristics, and nitrogen production of green manure crops were observed. In additions, the effect of cropping types on the growth pattern of corn as the following crop was observed. In the mixed cropping system, creeping type hairy vetch climbed to the erect type barely for light utilization resulting in improvement of light interception rate and higher LAI (Leaf Area Index) than in mono cropping. Mixed cropping showed higher biomass production and soil nitrogen availability among the cropping types, indicating relatively much more nutrient supply and higher yield production of following crop. CONCLUSION: Mixed cropping showed relatively higher LAI (dry matter) mainly because of intense competition for light utilization usually after flowering stage. Mixed cropping also showed relatively higher yield of corn, the following crop rather than other types, mainly due to the more biomass production potential and higher N and P production ability. Therefore, mixed cropping was adaptable method to reduce or replace chemical fertilizer application for environmentally-friendly agriculture.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.307-312
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to compare the agronomic characteristics and productivity of induced annual legumes at paddy field of Cheonan and Naju from 2004 to 2006. Chinese milk vetch (wild type), crimson clover (C.V. Linkarus), forage pea (C.V. Austrian pea), hairy vetch (C.V. Oregon commen) were used in this study. At the Naju region, the earliest flowering on 2nd may was found in Chinese milk vetch, while the latest on 18th May in forage pea. Fresh, dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) yields of crimson clover were highest as 28,870, 6,986 and 943 kg/ha, respectively. but the yield of chinese milk vetch was low by 9,885, 1,749 and 338 kg/ha. At the Cheonan region, the most fast flowering date variety was Chinese milk vetch, hairy vetch was very late as 19th May. Fresh, DM and CP yields of hairy vetch were highest as 7,916, 1,141 and 113 kg/ha, respectively. but the yield of chinese milk vetch showed the lowest by 270, 42 and 8 kg/ha. The CP content of annual legumes was 14.3%. chinese milk vetch showed the highest CP content by 19.3% and hairy vetch showed the lowest content by 9.9%. The present data showed that the productivity was closely dependent on winter hardness, in conclusion, crimson clover at Naju and hairy vetch at Cheonan region was suggested to be the most proper species as winter crop after rice harvest on paddy field when considered the winter hardiness.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.243-250
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted to evaluate agronomic characteristics, forage quality and dry matter (DM) yield of early-maturing hairy vetch 'Cold green', 'Haymaker plus', 'Cappello' and medium-late maturing cultivar 'Cheong pa', 'Challenger', 'Hungvillosa' and 'Latigo' at Seongju in the Kyeongbuk from 2009 to 2011. The experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. Hairy vetchs were seeded on Sep. 26 and Oct. 11 in 2009 and 2010. Vetch plants were harvested on 30 Apr. in 2010 and 2011. Cold tolerance for Haymaker plus and Cappello were a little lower than other cultivars. Fifty percent-flowering dates of Cold green had earlier than others and Haymaker plus and Cappello were earlier than Cheong pa, Challenger, Hungvillosa and Latigo. Cheong pa and Challenger were ealirer than Hungvillosa and Latigo. The DM yield of Cold green was the highest (p<0.05) of the cultivar except Haymaker plus. Haymaker plus was higher (p<0.05) than others and Cappello, Cheong pa, Challenger were higher (p<0.05) than Hungvillosa and Latigo in 2010. In 2011, the DM yield of Cold green was the highest (p<0.05) of the cultivar and Haymaker plus was higher (p<0.05) than others. Cappello was higher (p<0.05) than Hungvillosa and Latigo. Cheong pa and Challenger were higher (p<0.05) than Latigo. Vetch cultivar was high in crude protein (CP) and low in Acid detergent fiber (ADF). According to the results obtained from this study, it is suggested that early-maturing cultivar would be recommendable for fall sown vetch for DM production.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.161-164
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• 2011

Nitrogen fixation by legumes can be valuable sources for organic farming. This study was to investigate the effect of different legume mixtures on nitrogen fixation and transfer to grasses on spring paddy field. Three different mixtures were used (rye+hairy vetch, Italian ryegrass+crimson clover, oat+pea) in a randomized complete block design with three replications and sowed in pots with different sowing rate (5:5 rye:hairy vetch,7:3=Italian:crimson, 6:4=oat:pea) on early March. $(^{15}NH_4)SO_4$ solution at. 99.8 atom%$^{15}N$ was applied to the each pot at the rate of 2kg N $ha^{-1}$ on $16^{th}$ April. Forage were harvested at ground level in heading stage and separated into legume and grass. Total N content and $^{15}N$ value were determined using a continuous flow stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry. DM yield of rye+vetch, Italian+crimson and oat+pea were 6,607, 3,213 and 4,312kg/ha, respectively. Proportion of N from fixation was 0.73(rye+vetch), 0.42(Italian+crimson) and 0.93(oat+pea). The percentages of N transfer from legume to grass were from 61% to 24% in different method by treatments and -35% to 21% in isotope dilution method.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.689-696
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• 2015

The green manure crops are returned to soil when the plants are still green. The green manure crops play a role in reducing chemical fertilizers, improvement of soil fertility, reduction of soil erosion, weed control, and landscapes effect. Typical green manure crops are barley green manure, hairy vetch, chines milk vetch and clovers. We sowed 49 species of green manure crops in upland soil to increase the usage of green manure crops. We searched the effectiveness of green manure yield, C/N ratio, soil mulching, and landscape effect. The green manure crops that have $5tonha^{-1}$ or more of green manure yield (fresh weight) were 6 gramineous crops, 4 leguminous crops, and 3 others. Green manures yield in a short growth period was higher in gramineous crops than leguminous crops. Among the green manure crops, 3 gramineous crops, 12 leguminous crops, and 3 others were under 25 in C/N ratio. Seven gramineous crops, 8 leguminous crops, and 5 others were over 50% of soil covering rate. Green manure crops that have beautiful flowers were in total 16 kinds, such as 4 gramineous crops, 6 leguminous crops, and 6 others. In result, based on green manure yield and C/N ratio, excellent species in the green manure crops were 4 species (triticale, 2 kinds of hairy vetch, and lupin). Green manure crops that were effective at soil mulching were 20 species, like hairy vetch, oats, sorghum, phacelia, buckwheat, etc. Buckwheat, crotalaria, mustard plant, phacelia, and etc. could be available for landscape crops.