• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.44 no.5
• /
• pp.853-858
• /
• 2011

The cultivation methods are important for determining crop yield of green manure. The effect of cultivation methods of green manure crops (GMC) on biomass and rice yield was investigated. This experiment was conducted at Sinheung series (fine loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic family of Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts from Oct. 2007 to Oct. 2008 at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA, Suwon, Gyeonggi province, Korea. Seven GMC (hairy vetch, barley, Chinese milk vetch, rye, crimson clover, oats, rattail fescue) were cultivated and incorporated on paddy soil by broadcasting before rice harvesting (BBRH) and partial tillage seeding (PTS). Among the three leguminous GMC, the biomass and N production were the highest at the hairy vetch of PTS. Among the four gramineae GMC, the biomass and N production tended to be higher in the rye of BBRH and barley of PTS. The C/N ratio (56.5~74.2) of rye was high compared with hairy vetch (14.1). Among the GMC, the incorporation of hairy vetch increased $NH_4$-N contents in rice paddy soil at 14 and 42 days after transplanting. These results showed that hairy vetch had no significant to rice yield compared with conventional fertilization. Therefore, hairy vetch seems to be the most efficient green manure crop as an alternatives to chemical N fertilizer in the central regions of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.44 no.5
• /
• pp.709-716
• /
• 2011

In order to collect basic data of soil environment in the Vicinity of King Sejong Station, King George Island, Antarctica, the physico-chemical characteristics of soils were investigated. Soil samples were collected in Barton Peninsula from 13 sites according to direction from the Sejong Cape. Soils from 13 sites were divided into three groups. The sand percentage of soils were much higher as above 90% than silt and clay percentages of soils at the all sites. Soil texture was classified sandy (10 sites) and loamy sand (3 sites). In distribution characteristics at different soil particles according to direction, large particles ($>500{\mu}m$) were higher in the order of Group 1 (Marian cove coast regions) > Group 2 (Inland regions) > Group 3 (Maxwell bay coast regions). On the other hand, small particles ($<355{\mu}m$) were higher in the order of Group 3 > Group 2 > Group 1. Chemical characteristic of soils showed significant differences at different areas. pH ranged 4.5-6.7, showing it was slightly acid and EC ranged $0.06-0.16dS\;m^{-1}$. T-N, OM and T-C contents were high at #6, #8, #12 and #13 sites. T-P and P2O5 contents were high at #9 and #12 sites. The results of this study will be helpful to understand soil environment in the Antarctic Peninsula and surrounding islands.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.44 no.5
• /
• pp.794-800
• /
• 2011

To develop biochar for soil conditioner using water plants, characteristics of nutrients release of biochars were investigated under different water plants, manufacturing times and manufacturing temperatures. Under different water plants for manufacturing biochar, the concentrations of T-N and $P_2O_5$ in the water with biochars were higher in the order of CRXDM > ZIZLA > PHRCO > TYHOR > MISSA. The concentrations of $K_2O$ in the water were in the order of TYHOR ${\fallingdotseq}$ CRXDM > ZIZLA > PHRCO > MISSA. Under different manufacturing times for biochar, the concentrations of T-N, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ in the water with biochars were higher in the order of 2 hr > 30 min ${\fallingdotseq}$ 1 hr. The concentrations of T-N, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ in the water with biochars were on the order of $350^{\circ}C$ > $500^{\circ}C$ > $600^{\circ}C$ under different manufacturing temperatures. Total amounts of T-N and $K_2O$ releases in the water with biochars were higher in the order of CRXDM > ZIZLA > PHRCO > TYHOR > MISSA. Using biochars by water plants, total amounts of $P_2O_5$ releases in the water with biochars were on the order of CRXDM > ZIZLA > MISSA >PHRCO > TYHOR. The results of this study suggest that biochars by water plants can supply some of the nutrient requirements of crops and can be a valuable fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.44 no.6
• /
• pp.1095-1102
• /
• 2011

The effect of mixed cultivation with green manure crops and liquid pig manure on rice growth was investigated. Field experiment in site 1 (Astragalus sinicus L.) and site 2 (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) were designed with control (non-green manure crop), PLM 100 (non-green manure crop + liquid pig manure 100%), A(L)PLM 0 (green manure crop + PLM 0%), A(L)PLM 50 (green manure crop + PLM 50%), A(L)PLM 75 (green manure crop + PLM 75%), and A(L)PLM 100 (green manure crop + PLM 100%). The results of 1,000 grain in rice plant were in the order of APLM 100 ${\geqq}$ APLM 75 ${\fallingdotseq}$ PLM 100 ${\fallingdotseq}$ APLM 0 ${\fallingdotseq}$ APLM 50 ${\fallingdotseq}$ control for site 1 and LPLM 100 ${\geqq}$ LPLM 75 = LPLM 50 = PLM 100 ${\geqq}$ LPLM 0 ${\fallingdotseq}$ control for site 2. The yields of rice in site 1 and site 2 were $636kg\;10a^{-1}$ (increasing yield 10%) for APLM 100 and $775kg\;10a^{-1}$ (increasing yield 12%) for LPLM 100, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.44 no.3
• /
• pp.465-472
• /
• 2011

To investigate the effect of inorganic ($GeO_2$) and organic (Ge-132) germanium treatment on Brasica juncea C. plant, growth characteristics and Ge contents were examined with various inorganic or organic germanium treatments (0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and $100mg\;L^{-1}$), respectively. Brasica juncea C. growth did not much inhibited until Ge $10mg\;L^{-1}$ concentration under both Ge-132 and $GeO_2$ treatments as compared to control. On the other hand, at Ge concentration higher than $25mg\;L^{-1}$ concentration, Brasica juncea C. growth was inhibited under both Ge-132 and $GeO_2$ treatments. Under treatment of $GeO_2$, length of root and shoot slightly increased until $5mg\;L^{-1}$ concentration and dry weight slightly increased until $10mg\;L^{-1}$ concentration. Under treatment of Ge-132, length of root and shoot slightly increased until $10mg\;L^{-1}$ concentration and dry weight slightly increased until $25mg\;L^{-1}$ concentration. Total Ge contents in Brasica juncea C. early seedlings with $GeO_2$ treatment were a bit higher than those with Ge-132 treatment. Germanium was primarily accumulated in the roots (77%) with organic Ge (Ge-132) treatments, whereas Ge was primarily accumulated in the leaf (70%, respectively) with $GeO_2$ treatments. The Ge uptake rates in inorganic Ge treatments were slightly high than those in organic Ge treatments. Under inorganic Ge treatment with $2.5mg\;L^{-1}$, about 3% of Ge was accumulated into plant and distribution in leaf and root was 84.8% and 15.2%, respectively. Under organic Ge treatment with $2.5mg\;L^{-1}$, about 2.6% of Ge was accumulated into plant and distribution in leaf and root was 66.4% and 33.6%, respectively.

• Food Engineering Progress
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.299-306
• /
• 2010

This study was performed to develop new functional red ginseng drinks with Astragali Radix and Opuntia humifusa. Optimum extraction conditions such as solvent property and temperature for Astragali Radix were determined by distilled water vs. ethanol (95%) ratio (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25) and 60 vs. $80^{\circ}C$. Water-soluble extracts at $80^{\circ}C$ showed higher antioxidant activities than fat-soluble extracts at $60^{\circ}C$. Viscosities of 1-2% (w/v) of Opuntia humifusa solution were similar to that of the 0.1% guar gum solution. Addtion of Astragali Radix (3% and 5%, w/v) and Opuntia humifusa (1.2%, w/v), especially, had effect on the changes of pH of the red ginseng solution(5%, w/v) during storage for 7 days. A significant difference during the storage was shown in total plate counts by addition of Opuntia humifusa (1.2%, w/v) and microorganisms were reduced by six log cycles. Significant antiproliferation effects of red ginseng (5%, w/v) solution with Astragali Radix (3% & 5%, w/v) and Opuntia humifusa (1.2%, w/v) on Colon26m-3.1 carcinoma (colorectal carcinoma) cell and U87-MG neuronale glioblastoma (brain carcinoma) cell were not observed.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.70-95
• /
• 2013

The Tejaprabha Buddha painting, located in the Korai Museum in Kyoto, Japan, was made in 1569 when Joseon Dynasty was in his $14^{th}$ year under SeonJo's ruling, and is only one of Tejaprabha Buddha paintings from the early Chosun dynasty. With its well preserved state, the painting allows clear indications of all icons and list of names that were written, and the record region also has minimal deterioration. This Buddhist painting is a GumSeonMyoHwa which is drawn with gold lining on red hemp cloth and has a relatively small dimension of $84.8{\times}66.1cm$. With the Tejaprabha Buddha in the center, the painting has two unidentified Bodhisattvas, Navagrabha, Rahu, Keto, YiSipPalSoo (28 constellation of the eastern philosophy), SipYiGoong (12 zodiacs of the western philosophy), SamDaeYookSung, and BookDooChilSung (the Big Dipper), all of which provide resourceful materials for constellation worshipin the Joseon era. This painting has a crucial representation of the overall Tejaprabha Buddhism - a type of constellation worships - from the early Joseon dynasty. Even though the composition does seem to be affiliated with the paintings from the Koryo dynasty, there are meaningful transformations that reflect changes in content into constellation worship in Joseon dynasty. As a part of the Tejaprabha Buddha, SipIlYo has become a center of the painting, but with reduced guidance and off-centered 'Weolpe (star)', the painting deteriorates the concept of SipIlYo's composition. Furthermore, addition of Taoistic constellation beliefs, such as JaMiSung (The purple Tenuity Emperor of the North Pole), OkHwangDaeChae, and CheonHwangJae, eliminates the clear distinction between Taoistic and Buddhist constellation worships. Unlike the Chinese Tejaprabha Buddha painting, the concept of YiSipPalSoo (28 constellation of eastern philosophy) in this painting clearly reflects Korean CheonMoonDo's approach to constellation which can be applied to its uniqueness of the constellation worships. The fact that the Big Dipper and ChilWonSungKoon (Buddha of the Root Destiny Stars of the Northern and central Dipper) are simultaneously drawn can also be interpreted as the increase in importance of the constellation worship at the time as well.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.262-273
• /
• 2020

Amending biopolymers such as β-glucan (BG) and Xanthan gum (XG) generally enhances soil strength by ionic and hydrogen bonds between soil particles. Thus, biopolymers have been studied as eco-friendly construction materials in levees. However, physiological responses of plants grown on soil amended with biopolymers are not fully understood. This study focuses on the effects of biopolymers on the growth of Camelina sativa L. (Camelina) under excess zinc (Zn) stress. The optimal concentrations of BG and XG were confirmed to have a 0.5% ratio in soil depending on the physiological parameters of Camelina under excess Zn stress. The Zn binding capacity of biopolymers was investigated using 1,5-diphenylthiocarbazone (DTZ). The reduction of Zn damage in Camelina was evaluated by analyzing the Zn content and expression of heavy metal ATPase (HMA) genes under excess Zn stress. Amendments of BG and XG improved Camelina growth under excess Zn stress. In DTZ staining and ICP-OES analysis, Camelina grown on BG and XG soil showed less Zn uptake than normal soil under excess Zn stress. The Zn-inducible CsHMA3 gene was not stimulated by either BG or XG amendment under excess Zn stress. Moreover, both BG and XG amendments in soil exhibit Zn-stress mitigation similar to that of Zn-tolerant CsHMA3 overexpres sed Camelina. These results indicate that biopolymer-amended soils may influence the prevention of Zn absorption in Camelina under excess Zn stress. Thus, BG and XG are proven to be suitable materials for levee construction and can protect plants from soil contamination by Zn.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.320-328
• /
• 2008

Background: Numerous surgical devices for mitral repair have been used in the past with good results. In this study we describe a simple annuloplasty technique with using a new device ($Mitracon^{(R)}$). The aim of this study was to assess its efficacy and surgical results with using $Mitracon^{(R)}$. Material and Method: From May 2003 to October 2005, 46 patients (21 women and 25 men (mean age of $51.4{\pm}17.8$ years) with mitral regurgitation from various causes were treated with either the $Mitracon^{(R)}$ (the $Mitracon^{(R)}$ group) or the Capentier Edward rigid ring (the CE group). The median follow-up duration was 18.9 months. Result: The mean grade of mitral regurgitation before and immediately after surgery in the $Mitracon^{(R)}$ group and the CE group decreased from $3.2{\pm}0.8$ to $0.6{\pm}0.7$ and $3.4{\pm}0.7$ to $0.3{\pm}0.5$, respectively. There were no significant changes in the ejection fraction either between the two groups or before and immediately after surgery. No deaths were seen in either group. Early postoperative echocardiography of all 46 patients showed only trivial mitral regurgitation or none at all. Echocardiography at a median of 18.9 months also showed no progression in mitral regurgitation. The mean grade of mitral regurgitation in the $Mitracon^{(R)}$ group at this time point decreased from $3.2{\pm}0.8$ to $0.8{\pm}0.7$ (p<0.05). The CE group also showed a similar degree of decrease from $3.4{\pm}0.7$ to $0.3{\pm}0.6$ (p<0.05). The mitral valve area in the $Mitracon^{(R)}$ group at 1 year follow-up was $3.3{\pm}0.9cm^2$. The mitral valve area in the CE group was $2.7{\pm}0.6cm^2$. The mean mitral pressure gradient in the $Mitracon^{(R)}$ group at 1 year follow-up was $3.1{\pm}1.3$ mmHg. The mean pressure gradient in the CE group was $4.5{\pm}2.1$ mmHg, although any statistical significant difference for this between the groups was not reached. Conclusion: The present study showed the described technique to be safe and effective in the intermediate term. Because long term results are unavailable, a more extensive prospective randomized multicenter trial may be warranted to determine whether this procedure should be generally applied for repair of mitral valve disease.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.295-317
• /
• 2000

This study was conducted to prevent oral disease of primary school, middle school, and high school students, providing basic data for the development of oral health education programs. Data were collected from 898 primary school, middle school, and high school students from March 2, 1999 to May 31, 1999. The results of this study are summarized as follows; 1) The subjects of this study were primary school students(32.6%), middle school students(33.0%), and high school students(34.4%). Boy students were slightly more prevalent than girl students. That is, primary school boys were 56.3%, middle school boys were 53.2%, and high school boys were 52.6%. 2) According to the self-judgement of oral health, primary school students were better than middle/high school students and boy students were better than girl students, 63.5% of primary school students and 57.8% of middle/high school students brushed their teeth once or twice a day. 3) 76.3% of middle/high school students and 63.5% of primary school students experienced dental caries. Girl students were higher than boy students in experiencing dental caries, 35.9% of primary school students and 27.6% of middle/high school students experienced periodontal disease. 4) 22.9% of primary school students and 7.9% of middle/high school students received oral examinations periodically. Girl students showed a higher rate than boy students in primary school, while boy students showed a higher rate than girl students in middle/high school. 5) Explaining to the reasons for reluctant visits to dental hospitals and clinics, 'no time to go' was highest(22.9% of primary school students; 27.4% of middle/high school students) and the rate of 'feeling scared' was second highest. Middle/high school students were more reluctant to visit dental hospitals and clinics than primary school students. In case of problematic symptoms in the mouth, the rate of 'feeling painful or cold in teeth when eating cold or hot foods' was highest, 71.3% of primary school students was concerned about oral health, while 68.6% of middle/high school students was concerned about it. 6) In gathering to the sources of information on oral health, the rate of medical institutions was highest(30.0%) in primary school students, while the rate of family members or persons around them was highest in middle/high school students. 7) 54.9% of primary school students received oral health education, while 13.1% of middle/high school students received it. Only 4.7% of middle school and high school girls received it. In relation to dental health education, the rate of 'possibility of prevention of oral caries or disease of the gum' was highest. 79.5% of primary school students and 80.3% of middle school students answered that they would attend oral health education. 8) 60.4% of primary school students and 60.2% of middle/high school students think the purpose of oral health is to prevent dental caries and disease of the gums. In preventing dental caries, 78.8% of primary school students and 71.8% of middle school students thought that periodical oral examination was effective, 88.4% of primary school students and 88.8% of middle/high school thought that brushing one's teeth was effective and 64.1% of primary school students and 50.7% of middle school students thought that the use of toothpaste containing fluoride was effective. In preventing periodontal disease, 91.1% of primary school students and 90.2% of middle/high school students thought that brushing one's teeth was effective, while 72.4% of primary school students and 70.3% of middle/high school students thought that teeth cleaning was effective. 9) 16.0% of middle school students and 12.7% of high school students thought that their oral health condition was healthy. According to individual experiences in dental treatment, the rate of experience of middle school students was higher than that of high school students, 12.7% of middle school students received oral examinations periodically, while only 3.3% of high school students did so. 10) In cases of 'having no problematic symptoms in the mouth' and 'concerns about oral health', the rate of middle school students was higher than that of high school students. In gathering obtaining information on oral health, the rate of obtaining it through broadcast media including TV, Radio, etc. was highest in middle school students, while the rate of obtaining it through family members or persons around them was highest in high school students. 11) 81.7% of middle school students have not received oral health education. In case of girl students, 97.3% have not received it in high school students. 85.6% of middle school students and 151.2% of high school students think that oral health education is necessary. 12) According to the knowledge level of oral health, the point of high school students($26.33{\pm}2.33$) was similar to the point of high school students($26.23{\pm}2.30$). It appeared that the point of primary school students was highest($26.35{\pm}2.50$) The more concerned about oral health the students were the higher the knowledge level of oral health was. In conclusion, the middle/high school students' knowledge level of oral health was lower than primary school students. The rate of middle/high School students' experience in oral health education was too low. Therefore, it is necessary to intensify oral health education for middle/high school students. Especially, the necessity of oral health education to girl students is strongly recommended. Developing an oral health education program for primary school, middle school, and high school students, related public authority and organizations, teachers; and dentists must actively make efforts together in order to maintain healthy teeth through having students prevent dental caries and periodontal disease.