• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.505-514
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• 2022

Background: The roots of Panax ginseng contain two types of tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins, namely, protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type saponins and protopanaxatiol (PPT)-type saponins. In P. ginseng, the protopanaxadiol 6-hydroxylase (PPT synthase) enzyme catalyses protopanaxatriol (PPT) production from protopanaxadiol (PPD). In this study, we constructed homozygous mutant lines of ginseng by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of the PPT synthase gene and obtained the mutant ginseng root lines having complete depletion of the PPT-type ginsenosides. Methods: Two sgRNAs (single guide RNAs) were designed for target mutations in the exon sequences of the two PPT synthase genes (both PPTa and PPTg sequences) with the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Transgenic ginseng roots were generated through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The mutant lines were screened by ginsenoside analysis and DNA sequencing. Result: Ginsenoside analysis revealed the complete depletion of PPT-type ginsenosides in three putative mutant lines (Cr4, Cr7, and Cr14). The reduction of PPT-type ginsenosides in mutant lines led to increased accumulation of PPD-type ginsenosides. The gene editing in the selected mutant lines was confirmed by targeted deep sequencing. Conclusion: We have established the genome editing protocol by CRISPR/Cas9 system in P. ginseng and demonstrated the mutated roots producing only PPD-type ginsenosides by depleting PPT-type ginsenosides. Because the pharmacological activity of PPD-group ginsenosides is significantly different from that of PPT-group ginsenosides, the new type of ginseng mutant producing only PPD-group ginsenosides may have new pharmacological characteristics compared to wild-type ginseng. This is the first report to generate target-induced mutations for the modification of saponin biosynthesis in Panax species using CRISPR-Cas9 system.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.620-625
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• 2007

According to 'Metropolitan Traffic Network Plan' announced in 2001, radial railways which connect Seoul with satellite cities around Seoul appear gradually. And followed by this, social demand for circular metropolitan railways that can connect the radial railways horizontally is increasing. But existing plans about circular metropolitan railways has limits to propose only passing cities of the railways. If there is no detailed guideline for circular metropolitan railways, the each railway for circular line will be constructed individually and then it will be not effective circular railways totally. Additionally that railway project will be easily interrupted by popular complaints. Therefore "The basic plan for circular metropolitan railways" is needful to guide a right direction for circular metropolitan railways. In this paper, rough track diagram of 'node' station for circular metropolitan railways is proposed. It is essential part of the basic plan. If the track diagram of a node is publicized in advance and individually lines of circular metropolitan railways is enforced to followed it, all lines will has rich circular functionality. Finally, effective circular metropolitan railways can be built.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2008.07a
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• pp.1450-1451
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• 2008

To investigate the reliability of the conductive lines patterned by ink-jet printing, we evaluated the reliability of the ink-jet printed silver (Ag) patterns according to the guide lines built up as assessments methods in the production of conventional rigid printed circuit boards. The assessment methods include the uniformity of line width and space, adhesive strength, dielectric withstand, solder float, thermal shock test and pressure cooker test (PCT). To prepare assesment vehicles, different regular test patterns were created by Ag ink-jet printing on the same polyimide substrate for each of assessment methods.

• Proceedings of the Korea Association of Crystal Growth Conference
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• 1998.09a
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• pp.1-20
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• 1998

Processing of thin films by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is accompanied by chemical reactions, in which the rigorous kinetic analysis is difficult to achieve. In these conditions, thermodynamic calculation leads to better understanding of the CVD process and helps to optimise the experimental parameters to obtain a desired product. A CVD phase diagram has been used as guide lines for the process. By determining the effect of each process variable on the driving force for deposition, the thermodynamic limit for the substrate temperature that diamond can deposit is calculated in the C-H system by assuming that the limit is defined by the CVD diamond phase diagram. The addition of iso-supersaturation ratio lines to the CVD phase diagram in the Si-Cl-H system provides additional information about the effects of CVD process variables.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.50-57
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• 2003

In this paper, the protective relay setting rules of Korean electric power system are studied by analysis of errors to be considered. An accurate operation of protective relays with accurate settings are important in power system reliability. The setting rules are used from the first establishment in 1982 and revision in 1990 Therefore, it needs revise and analysis of the setting rules because of environmental changes such as voltage raise or applied new technology of power system. Two major setting rules are studied. One is the rule for Zones of distance relay for transmission lines. The other is the one of differential current in a differential relay for power transformers. The range of errors in the setting rules accepted in the field experience is studied in simulation of case study. Also some guide lines for the range of errors in the setting rules are presented from the case study using Matlab simulation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Quality Management Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.351-359
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• 2006

Author considered the contradiction of Capitalism and its solution, systemized the concept to newly define ethics management and social responsibility whose various terminologies are used in domestic and foreign country and compared, analyzed and considered global guideline. Standard organization and global evaluation model of internationally-performed ethics management on the basis of the concept of new ethics management.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 1998.04a
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• pp.561-567
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• 1998

Recently, TV makers have tried for high sound quality and power, However, due to the high power of the speaker the structure of set brings about a sound vibration problem. Therefore, this paper illustrates the sound vibration phenomenon for a monotype TV set and suggests guide lines for reducing the sound vibration in the design of TV sets,

• Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
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• 2004.07b
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• pp.1001-1003
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• 2004

In this paper, design and performance analysis of switched reluctance motor(SRM) according to shape of its magnetic circuit are researched. The parameters which are sensitive to the performance are examined and selected to have good performances. Some effective guide lines to have a good performance motor are suggested. Prototype machines are constructed to compare with the simulated and tested results.

• Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
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• 2004.07a
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• pp.294-297
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• 2004

In this paper, design and performance analysis of switched reluctance motor(SRM) according to design parameters are researched. The parameters which are senstive to the performance are examined and selected to have good performances. Some effective guide lines to have a good performance motor are suggested. Prototype machines are constructed to compare with the simulated and tested results.

• Proceedings of the Korea Electromagnetic Engineering Society Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.205-208
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• 2002

This paper presents a quantitative analysis on the intermodulation product between transmitter W-CDMA leakage signal and receiver out of band blocker, and proposes design guide lines for overcoming the effect in receiver design. Our analysis shows that duplexer isolation, attenuation and LNA IIP3 are mainly responsible for the 3rd order intermodulation product. Analysis also shows that LNA IIP3 required for meeting 3GPP TS 34.121 specification is about 1 ㏈m with duplexer isolation of 50 ㏈ and duplexer attenuation of 24㏈.