• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.15
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• pp.1-31
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• 1974

Introducing genes for earliness of wheat varieties is important to develop early varieties in winter wheat. In oder to obtain basic informations on the response of heading to the different day length and temperature treatments and on the inheritance of heading dates, experiments were conducted at the field and greenhouse of the Crop Experiment Station, Suwon. Varieties used in this experiments were, early variety Yecora F70, medium varieties Suke #169, Parker and Yukseung #3, and late varieties Changkwang, Bezostaia, Sturdy and Blueboy. The parents and F$_1$s of partial diallel crosses of above eight varieties were subjected the following four different treatments; 1. high temperature and long day, 2. high temperature and short day, 3. low temperature and long day, and 4. low temperature and short day. The same materials were grown also in field condition. Parents, F$_1$ and F$_2$ generation were grown also in both greenhouse under high temperature and short day and in field. The results obtained were summarized as follow: 1. No effects of temperature and daylength on the number of leaves on the main stem were found when -varieties were vernalized. The number of main stem leaves were fewer for spring type of varieties than for winter type of varieties. 2. The effects of temperature and daylength on the days to flag leaf opening were dependent on the speed of leaf emergence. The speed of leaf emergence were faster for lower leaves than for upper leaves. 3. The response to short day and long day (earliness of narrow sense) of varieties were found to be direct factor responsible to physiology of heading dates in vernalized varieties. Great difference of varieties to heading date was found in high temperature and short day treatment, but less differences were found in high temperature and long day, low temperature and long day and low temperature and short day treatments respectively. The least varietal difference for heading dates was found in the field condition. 4. Changkwang and Parker were found to be the most sensitive to short day treatment (photosensitive) and the heading of these varieties were delayed by short day treatment. No great varietal differences were found among other varieties. 5. Varietal differences of heading dates due to daylength were greater in high temperature than in low temperature. 6. Varietal differences of heading dates due to temperature were not great. but in general the heading dates of varieties were faster under high temperature than under low temperature. 7. Earliness of heading dates was due to partial dominance effect of genes involved in any condition. The degree of dominance was greater under short day than under long day treatment. 8. The varietal differences of heading date under high temperature and long day were due to earliness or narrow sense (response to long day) of varieties. The degree of dominance was greater for Yecora F70, spring type than for other winter type of varieties. No differences or less differences of degree of dominance was found among winter type of varieties. The estimated number of effective factor concerned in the earliness of narrow sense was one pair of allele with minor genes. 9. The insensitivity of varieties to short day treatment in heading dates was due to single dominant gene effect. Under the low temperature the sensitivity of varieties to short day treatment was less apparent. 10. The earliness of short day and long day (earliness of narrow sense) sensitivities of varieties appearea to be due to partial dominance of earliness over lateness. In strict sense, the degree of the dominance should be distinguished. 11. Dominant gene effects were found for the thermo-sensitivity of varieties, and the effect was less, significant than the earliness in narrow sense. 12. One pair of allele, ee and EE, for photosensitivity was responsible for the difference in the heading dates between Changkwang and Suke #169. Two pairs of alleles, ee, enen and EE, EnEn. appeared to be responsible for the difference between Changkwang and Yecora F70. The effects of EE and EnEn were, additive to the earliness and the effects of EE were greater than EnEn under short day. However, the effects of EE were not evident in long day but the effects of EnEn were observed in long day. 13. Two pairs of dominant alleles for the earliness were estimated from the analysis of F$_1$ diallels in the field but the effects of these alleles in F$_2$ were not apparent due to low temperature and short day treatment in early part of growth and high temperature and long day treatment in later part of growth. The F$_2$ population shows continuous variation due to environmental effects and due to other minor gene effects. 14. The heritabilities for heading dates were ranged from 0.51 to 0.72, indicating that the selection in early generation might be effective. The extent of heritability for heading dates varied with environments; higher magnitude of heritability was obtained in short day treatment and high temperature compared with long day and low temperature treatments. The heritabilities of heading date due to response to short day were 0.86 in high temperature and 0.76 in low temperature. The heritabilities of heading date due to temperature were not significantly high. 15. The correlation coefficients of heading dates to the number of grains per spike, weight of 1, 000 grains. and grain yield were positive and high, indicating the difficulties of selections of high yielding lines from early population. But no significant correlation coefficient was obtained between the earliness and the number of spikes, indicating the effective selection for high tillering from early varieties for high yielding.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.736-745
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• 2016

Cheonggukjang, a traditional Korean fermented soy food, was prepared by inoculation of Bacillus subtilis EMD4 or Bacillus amyloliquefaciens EMD17 with anti-bacterial or anti-fungal activities into soybeans. Cheonggukjang was also prepared by co-inoculation of EMD4 and EMD17 (1:1, v/v). Control cheonggukjang was prepared by using B. subtilis KACC16450 (Natto strain). Growth of B. cereus cells spiked with starter organisms was completely inhibited by B. amyloliquefaciens EMD17 after 12 h of fermentation at $37^{\circ}C$. Growth of B. cereus was also inhibited by B. subtilis EMD4, but the degree of inhibition was weaker. After 48 h of fermentation, cheonggukjang samples were stored for 10 days at $4^{\circ}C$. B. cereus cells were not detected from cheonggukjang inoculated with EMD4, whereas significant numbers still present in control. The pH values of cheonggukjang samples were not significantly different. During fermentation, cheonggukjang fermented with EMD17 showed the highest fibrinolytic activity and during storage, cheonggukjang fermented with a Natto strain was the highest. Cheonggukjang fermented with a Natto strain also showed the highest amount of total phenolic compounds. The results show that control of B. cereus in cheonggukjang is possible by using starters such as B. amyloliquefaciens EMD17.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 1985

The effects of morphological development and environmental temperature on synthesis and accumulation behavior of cell-wall constituents were studied in maize cv. Blizzard and sorghum cv. Sioux and Pioneer 931 at Muenchen Technical University from 1979 to 1981. Various growth stages of maize and sorghum plants were grown on field and phytotron at 4 temperature regimes of 30/25, 25/20, 28/18 and 18/8 degree C and mid-summer sunlight over 13-hour days. The results are summarized as follow: 1. Cell-wall constituents in sorghum and maize plants were shown to have a great synthesis rates at early growth stage from growing point differentiation to final leaf visible. The highest concentration of cell wall contents were found at heading stage with 52-54% and 64-68% of neutral detergence fiber, and 30% and 45% of acid detergence fiber foe maize and sorghum, respectively. 2. The structural carbohydrates, cellulose and hemicellulose, were found as a main components of cell-wall constituents. Cellulose were mainly accumulated in stalks, while hemicellulose were an important cell wall components in leaves and panicle. 3. Synthesis rates of cell-wall constituents and non-strnctural carbohydrates were associated with increasing of temperature. Reserved carbohydrates such as fructosan, mono - and dissaccharose in plant were, however, declined when the temperature exceeded 30 deg C, during the accumulation of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were increased continuously. 4. Cell-wall constituents lowered digestibility and net energy accumulation in sorghum and maize plants. In a in vitro and in vivo trial, it was found a negative correlation between digestion dry matter and cell wall constituents, especially cellulose and lignin.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.50-58
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• 1992

Studies were conducted to determine the combined effect of uniconazole [(E) -1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4, 4-demethyl 2-(1,2,4 triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol] and silver thiosulfate $[Ag {(S_2O_3)}^3\;_2-]$ (STS) on reduction of ozone injury in tomato plants(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 'Pink Glory'). Plants were given a 50ml soil drench of uniconazole at concentrations of 0, 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 mg/pot at the stage of emerging 4th leaf. Two days prior to ozone fumigation, STS solution contained 0.05% Tween-20 was also sprayed at concentrations of 0, 0.3 and 0.6 mM. Uniconazole at 0.01 mg/pot and STS at 0.6 mM were effective in providing protection against ozone exposure(20h at 0.2ppm) without severe retardation of plant height and chemical phytotoxicity, respectively. Combined treatment with uniconazole, STS significantly reduced ozone injury at the lower concentration than a single treatment with uniconazole or STS. Uniconazole treatment reduced plant height, stem elongation and transpiration rate on a whole plant level and increased chlorophyll concentration. STS did not give any effect on plant growth and chlorophyll content but increased transpiration rate in non-ozone-fumigated plants. Ethylene production in the leaves of ozone-fumigated plants was decreased by uniconazole and STS pretreatment, but there was no protective effect on epinasty of leaves in uniconazole-treated plants. STS increased ethylene production in non-ozone-fumigated plants, but it significantly reduced the degree of epinasty and defoliation of cotyledons when plants were exposed to ozone. Uniconazole slightly increased superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities. But STS showed little or no effects on such free radical scavengers. Day of flowering after seeding was shortened and percentages of fruit set were increased by uniconazole treatment. STS was highly effective on protecting reduction of fruit set resulting from ozone fumigation. These results suggest that combined use of uniconazole and STS should provide miximum protection against ozone injury without growth retardation resulting in yield loss.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.796-805
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• 2002

This study examined the knowledge structure constructed by children before formal instruction, and successive changes in the structural complexity of knowledge during and after the learning of 'Structure and Function of Plant' unit. It also investigated how those changes were affected by children's learning modes. The researchers made the 5th graders draw the first draft of their concept map to see the pre-existing knowledge structure concerned with the unit and four more concept maps after completing every fourth lesson. And to see how long their knowledge structures were preserved, the researchers made children draw additional concept maps in 3 days, 3 months, and 7 months after completing the unit. Children drew their current concept maps on the basis of the previous one while learning the unit and without the previous one after completing the unit. Each concept map drawn by children showed the degree of their current understanding on the structures and functions of plants. The results revealed that only two levels of hierarchy and five relationships among the components of the first concept map(relationship, hierarchy, cross link and example) were proven to be valid in terms of conceptual relevance. Growth in the structural complexity of knowledge took place progressively throughout the unit and the effects of learning mode on the growth were favorably reflected in concept map scores of meaningful learners over time(relationship, cross link, example: p<.01, hierarchy: p<.05). Although there were some differences on the concept map scores between two types of learners, they commonly showed that knowledge restructuring had occurred apparently in the early periods from the 1st to the 6th lesson and had not occurred at all in the last period of the unit. The frequency of tuning was higher in rote learners than in meaningful learners throughout the unit, but the frequency of accretion was reverse. Concept map scores of rote learners constructed in the course of learning of the unit decreased little by little gradually in all the categories after completing the unit. However, the average total map score of meaningful learners increased a little more in 7 months than in 3 months after completing the unit. Therefore it can be inferred that meaningful learners construct more stable and well-differentiated knowledge structures than the rote learners.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.86-92
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• 1989

This experiment was conducted to find out the effect of soil improvement on the changes of soil physical properties and the silage yield of corn in the newly-reclaimed sloped land. Corn (Suweon 19) was cultivated under the six different treatments at Songjeong loam, 20 percent slope, during 1985 to 1987 and various soil physical properties and silage yield were investigated. Growing Degree Days of corn during the growing season were $820.6^{\circ}C$ in 1985, $810.2^{\circ}C$ in 1986, and $812.4^{\circ}C$ in 1987. The changes of soil bulk density were high variances by different treatments in 1st year, but sluggish in 2nd year. In 3rd year, the control plot was the highest, but the integrated improvement plot was the lowest than the other plots. Soil hardness was reduced in subsoiling and integrated improvement plot with deep plowing, and water stable aggregates and air permeability were higher in these plots. Moisture retention was no differences between treatments. Dry matter yield of corn was decreased in the 2nd year than the 1st year, but increased in the 3rd year. Increasing ratio of yield was in the order of integrated improvement > subsoiling > lime > phosphate > compost > control plot. Correlation among the dry matter yield and soil physical properties were significant at 1%, but moisture retention of soil was not significant at 5%.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.107-111
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• 2007

Sex differentiation of the brown croaker Miichthys miiuy (Basilewsky) is described from hatching to the 120th day post-hatching (dph) (water temperature $24^{\circ}C$). Primordial germ cells (PGCs) were observed on the 20th dph (10.4 mm total length (TL), 0.14 g body weight (BW), and began to protrude into the peritoneal cavity from the 40th dph (19.4 mm TL, 0.39 g BW). On the 65th dph (31.3 mm TL, 0.93 g BW, $1,560D^{\circ}$ (degree-days)), initial ovarian differentiation was identified by the PGCs with condensed chromatin, and their transformation into meiotic oocytes. By the 120th dph (4.60 mm TL, 1.38 g BW, $2,880D^{\circ}$), the oocytes were in the perinucleolus stage and had increased from 20 to $40{\mu}m$ in diameter. While ovaries gradually grew after sex was differentiated, testes continued to multiply from the 65th dph. On the 80th dph (37.9 mm TL, 1.39 g BW, $1,920D^{\circ}$), the beginning of testis lobule formation was indicated by the occurrence of spermatogonial cysts enveloped by somatic cells in some of the testes. On the 120th dph, the testis lobules of some of the fish contained all germ cell stages through to the spermatocytes. Therefore, the sex differentiation type of the brown croaker is identified as gonochoristic.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.484-490
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• 2015

Thirty-eight Pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes were screened to identify varieties to be suitable for sprout. Based on seed yield and sprout qualities such as whole length and sprout yield, five genotypes (PI269803, PI343278, PI343283, PI343300 and PI 343307) were primarily selected as candidates for pea sprouts. In order to determine optimal cultivation condition for pea sprouting, growth characteristics were investigated according to the change of germination temperature and days for sprouting. Whole length and hypocotyl length were observed to increase as a time dependent manner at each tested temperature (20, 23, and $25^{\circ}C$). However, whole length, hypocotyl length, and sprout yield were highly increased at $23^{\circ}C$ compared to 20 and $25^{\circ}C$. Especially, PI269803 and PI343300 showed higher sprout yield than the others. In addition, the effect of the change of germination temperature on antioxidant properties was estimated by measuring total phenolic content (TPC) and free radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABST activity). TPC and DPPH/ABST activities of PI269803 and PI343300 were higher at $23^{\circ}C$ than at 20 and $25^{\circ}C$, while antioxidant properties of PI343278 and PI343283 were decreased in a temperature-dependent manner. The results show a high degree of correlation between TPC and antioxidant activities and suggest that the temperature change for pea sprouting could be responsible for antioxidant properties. Taken together, these results provide optimal cultivation conditions for pea sprouting and suggest that PI269803 and PI343300 with high sprout yield and antioxidant properties could be used for pea sprouts.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.80-85
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• 2020

A new Gomchwi cultivar 'Soomany' was derived from a cross between Gomchwi (Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz.) and Handaeri-gomchwi (Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis Nakai). The investigation and selection of growth and yield characteristics were conducted from 2007 to 2015 in field and greenhouse of Highland Agriculture Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, in Korea. On a newly developed cultivar 'Soomany', color of petiole ear is light green, petiole trichome is existent, trichome and light on the back of the leaves don't exist, and density of leaf vein is degree 4. Plant height, leaf length, leaf width and petiole length are 77.1, 22.3, 21.5 and 57.2 cm, respectively in the growth characteristics of the 2_nd year. Plant size was also higher than that of 'Sammany' generally. Bolting date was on August 15. Flowering date was on September 19, about 9 days later than 'Sammany'. 'Soomany' and 'Sammany' had 149 and 133 leaves per plant, respectively. Total yield of 'Soomany' (1,623 g/plant) made a very good comparison with that of 'Sammany' (1,385 g/plant). 'Soomany' showed harder leaves (25.8 ㎏/㎠) than 'Sammany' (20.8 ㎏/㎠), whereas 'Soomany' had thinner leaves (0.53 mm) than 'Sammany' (0.62 mm). 'Soomany' variety has shown strong resistance to powdery mildew disease compared to 'Sammany'. In May 2019, the right of variety protection of 'Soomany' was registered as a new Gomchwi variety (Register No. 192).

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.475-480
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• 2017

A new Gomchwi cultivar 'Damogy ' was bred by crossing between Gomchwi (Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz.) and Handaeri-gomchwi (Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis Nakai). The selection and investigation of growth and yield characteristics were conducted from 2006 to 2011 in field and greenhouse of Highland Agriculture Research Institute, NICS, Rural Development Administration, Korea. On a newly developed cultivar 'Damogy', Color of petiole ear was purple, petiole trichome was exist, light of leaf back was not exist, and density of leaf vein was degree 4. Plant height, leaf length, leaf width and petiole length were 45.9, 16.9, 21.1 and 29.0 cm, respectively in the $3^{rd}$ year in growth characteristics. Plant size was also higher than that of Gondalbi. Bolting and flowering time were Aug. $23^{th}$ and Sept. $10^{th}$, respectively. In contrast, Gondalbi showed quite earlier bolting time more than 38 days compared with 'Damogy' and consequently earlier flowering time more than 26 day. 'Damogy' showed similar leaf number (129) per plant compared to 'Gondalbi' (130). Furthermore, yield was higher 'Damogy' (1,889 g/plant) than in 'Gondalbi' (798 g/plant). 'Damogy' showed higher leaf thickness (0.71 mm) than 'Gonalbi' (0.46 mm), and consequently showed more hardness in leaf characteristics ($28.3kg/cm^2$) compared with 'Gondalbi' ($23.0kg/cm^2$). 'Damogy' showed higher resistance in the susceptibility of powdery mildew disease compared to 'Gondalbi'. 'Damogy' variety was registered plant variety protection right as a No. 89 on December 2015.