• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.151-162
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• 2012

Analysis for back fat thickness (BFAT) and daily body weight gains from birth to the end of a performance test were conducted to find an optimal method for estimation of weaning age effects and to ascertain impacts of weaning age on the growth performance of purebred Berkshire pigs from a closed population in Korea. Individual body weights were measured at birth (B), at weaning (W: mean, 22.9 d), at the beginning of the performance test (P: mean, 72.7 d), and at the end of the performance test (T: mean, 152.4 d). Further, the average daily gains in body weight (ADG) of 3,713 pigs were analyzed for the following periods: B to W (DGBW), W to P (DGWP), P to T (DGPT), B to P (DGBP), B to T (DGBT), and W to T (DGWT). Weaning ages ranged from 17 to 34 d, and were treated as fixed (WF), random with (WC) and random without (WU) consideration of an empirical relationship between weaning ages in the models. WF and WC produced the lowest AIC (Akaike Information Criterion) and least fractions of error variance components in multi-traits analysis, respectively. The fractions of variances due to diverse weaning age and the weaning age correlations among ADGs of different stages (when no overlapping allowed) by WC ranged from 0.09 to 0.35 and from -0.03 to 0.44, respectively. The maximum weaning age effects and optimal back fat thicknesses were attained at weaning ages of 27 to 32 d. With the exception of DGBW, the effects of weaning age on the ADGs increased (ranging from 1.50 g/d to 7.14 g/d) with increased weaning age. In addition, BFAT was reduced by 0.106 mm per increased day in weaning age. In conclusion, WC produced reasonable weaning age correlations, and improved the fitness of the model. Weaning age was one of crucial factors (comparable with heritability) influencing growth performance in Berkshire pigs. Further, these studies suggest that increasing weaning age up to 32 d can be an effective management strategy to improve growth performance. However, additional investigations of the costs and losses related to extension of the suckling period and on the extended range of weaning age are necessary to determine the productivity and safety of this practice in a commercial herd and production system.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.269-277
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• 2011

Age and growth pattern of Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus were determined using samples collected in Jinhae Bay in Korea during the spawning period from 2006 to 2009. The ages of 333 specimens were estimated using their otoliths. The reliability of scales as a means of age determination was analyzed by comparing the ages estimated from otoliths and scales of 96 specimens. The scales collected from the base of the second dorsal fin or from the caudal peduncle were proved to be suitable for age determination of Pacific cod. Monthly changes in the marginal index in otoliths decreased from December showing the lowest value in February. Ages ranged from 4 to 6 years for both females and males, and most of them were 6 years old. Relationships between the otolith radius (R) and total length (TL) were TL=10.4R+3.1 for males, and TL=11.5R+3.4 for females. The growth curves in total length ($L_t$, cm) were expressed as $L_t$=141.5 [1-exp{-0.089 (t+0.209)}] for males and $L_t$=127.5 [1-exp {-0.124 (t+0.077)}] for females.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.8-16
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• 2003

The Phyllostachys pubescens planted in the Nambu forest Experiment was used for this study. The growth ages of the P. pubescens were 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively. The experiment was carried out every month in between June of 2001 and May of 2002. The p. pubescens were divided into upper, middle and lower parts according to the growing points. The static modulus of elascity($MOE_d$) and dynamic modulus of elascity($MOE_d$) were investigated for the physical and mechanical properties of the P. pubescens. The density, MOEs and $MOE_d$according to the growing points were highest in the upper part of the P. pubescens. Generally, density and MOEs and $MOE_d$ of the P pubescens for 3 years grows larger every month. However, moisture content, MOEs and $MOE_d$ of the P. pubescens for 1, 2 years had nothing to do with growth ages and felling time. In the case of the relationships between average MOEs and $MOE_d$ the correlation coefficient was 0.88 in between June of 2001 and May of 2002. Also, $MOE_d$ showed about 18.5% higher than MOEs. Generally, the equally expressed in research that was known that $MOE_d$ of wood is higher than MOEs of wood. Therefore, the $MOE_d$ using a resonance frequency mode is useful as a nondestructive evaluation(NDE) method for predicting the MOE of the P. pubescens.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.130-166
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• 1996

As compared with body height and body weight by ages and sexes, by means of the data reported under other researchers from 1967 to 1994 for 33 years, this study obtained the estimate value of body height and body weight by ages and sexes for the same period, and figured out prediction value of body height and body weight in the ages of between 6 and 14 from 1995 to 2000. These surveys and measurements took for one year from October 1st 1994 to September 30th. As shown in the 〈Table 1〉, in order to calculate the establishment, estimate value and prediction value of the chronological regression model of body height and body weight, by well-grounded 17 representative research papers, this research statistically tested propriety of liner regression model by the residual analysis in advance of being reconciled to simple liner regression model by the autonomous variable-year and the subordinate variable-body weight and measured prediction value, theoretical value from 1962 to 1994 by means of 2nd or 3rd polynomial regression model, with this redult did prediction value from 1995 to 2000. 1. Chronological Change of Body Height and Body Weight The analysis result from regression model of the chronological body height and body weight for the aged 6 - 16 in both sexes ranging from 1962 to 1994, corned from the 〈Table 2-20〉. On the one hand, the measurement value of respective researchers had a bit changes by ages with age growing, but the other hand, theoretical value, prediction value showed the regular increase by the stages and all values indicated a straight line on growth and development with age growing. That is, in case of the aged 6, males had 109.93cm in 1962 and females 108.93cm, but we found the increase that males had 1I8.0cm, females 1I3.9cm. In theoretical value, prediction value, males showed the increase from 109.88cm to 1I7.89cm and females from 109.27cm to 1I5.64cm respectively. There was the same inclination toward all ages. 2. Comparision to Measurement Value and Prediction Value of Body Height and Body Weight in 1994 As shown in the 〈Table 21〉, in case of body height, measurement value and prediction value of body height and body weight by ages and sexes almost showed the similiar inclination and poor grade, in case of body weight, prediction value in males had a bit low value by all ages, and prediction value in females had a high value in adolescence, to the contrary, a low value in adult. 3. Prediction Value of Body Height and Body Weight from 1995 to 2000 This research showed that body height and body weight remarkably increased in adolescence but slowly in adult. This study represented that Korean physique was on the increase and must be measured continually hereafter.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.115-141
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• 2003

The aim of this paper is to describe a long-term trend toward earlier retirement and its reversal since 1985 in the United States, together with changes in socioeconomic conditions and social-policy programs which have contributed to this new development. The American people's recent propensity to retire at relatively younger ages was mainly a result of secular increase in individual wealth that had made it possible for them to enjoy higher standard of living without their participation in labor market activities at older ages. In addition to the introduction of compulsory retirement system, both social security retirement pension program and corporate pension system have also contributed significantly to the declining retirement age and its reversal around the mid-1980s. This paper pays full attention to the set of social policy programs which are currently being used to sustain the recent reversal in ages at retirement. The basic question to be raised here, however, is about whether or not the U. S. government will ave to continue to implement the social policies and programs used to discourage the elderly from retiring at relatively younger ages in the future. In this paper, it is argued that labor productivity growth and improvement in work attitude prior to retirement will help the elderly find little difficulties in having higher standard of living, despite their further lengthening of life expectancy at birth and post-retirement survival chances, the latter being often called the "third life". Most American people hope that the social-policy programs that have promoted early retirement will remain unchanged in the first part of the 21st century while they will put significant financial burden on their future descendants who have to work in the paid labor market. Taking this observation in consideration, this paper concludes that the U. S. government has to focus more on developing the programs that improve work propensity and labor productivity among the currently working-age population rather than continuing to implement the programs that sustain the recent reversal in retirement ages.ment ages.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.293-306
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to analysis children's measurement and to provide the fundamental information for he clothing design which can reflect the characteristic of their bodies. An anthropometric database used for this study was the 1992 national anthropomatric survey of Koreans. The results obtained are as follows; (1) Children showed the significant difference of their growth in accordance with the increase of their ages. There were also the difference between body and girls. Height, length of items grew most promthy. For example; boys from 10 to 11 and girls from 10 to 11 again their height mostly. (2) In character of body proportion, significant difference were found in accordance with their ages and sex. However, in the items of height, length noticeable changes of proportion could not be found because there were hardly any actual difference of size means while girth items appeared differently. (3) There were significant factors from the result of factor analysis of body dimension. The fist factor ; grith, depth, breath. The second factor ; height, length. (4) We can class three groups with the results of cluster analysis of body dimension.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.251-257
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the acclimation responses of Tamarix chinensis to cold stress. We evaluated the acclimation responses by measuring biomass, daily elongation rate, chlorophyll content, and total soluble carbohydrate content. The plant samples comprised leaves from seedlings of 2 different ages (8 and 12 weeks); the leaves were collected 0, 2, and 4 weeks after cold treatment. We found that the cold-treated samples showed reduced daily elongation rates and chlorophyll content. Further, these samples showed more than 8-fold increase in the total soluble carbohydrate content. However, the seedling ages did not have a significant influence on the growth of cold-treated seedlings. On the basis of these findings, we can conclude that T. chinensis seedlings aged less than 1 year old show acclimation to cold stress by accumulating soluble carbohydrates. This study may help us understand how T. chinensis seedlings acclimatize to their first cold season.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.230-243
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyse the body sizes of $7{\sim}12$ years elementary school girls and also to categorize KS size dimensions by the detailed information of ages and body shapes. For the study, the data of SizeKorea(2004) was analysed. Height, bust, waist, hip, the ratio of waist to height and hip to height were significant between age groups, but the ratio of bust to height was not. Therefore, the increase of bust size was resulted in growth of bust circumference, instead of bust volume. In the same height group, over 11 year girls had smaller waist, while over 12 year girls had bigger hip. For Grouping girls by ages and body shapes, the ages were divided into 2 groups, under 10 years old and 11 to 12 years old. The body shapes classified into 3 groups 'Stout-shape', 'Middle-shape', and 'slim-shape', by the ratios of bust to height and hip to height. 'Stout-shape' was significantly big at the almost sizes, but 'Middle-shape' was significantly big at only circumferences, not lengths. In addition, drop(the difference between bust and hip) and lower-drop(the difference between waist and hip) were in inverse proportion to the ratios of bust to height and hip to height. It meant the increases of bust-ratio and hip-ratio of 'Stout-shape' were resulted in overweight, rather than female matureness. The distribution of sizes over 0.5% were grouped for grading system and the subtotal percentiles of each group were calculated for industrial data. The groups which covered more than 10% of consumers were 2 to 6 and the 1 or 2 groups for 'Stout-shape' were also observed, so that children's ready-to wear companies could use them efficiently for their own consumer target.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.385-393
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• 1990

Age and growth in length of anchovy juveniles were analysed from the samples collected from the coastal waters of Chonnam, Korea, in 1988 and 1989. Ages in days were determined by counting growth increments in otolith from 248 individuals. Growth in length versus age in days was well represented by Gompertz curve: $$L =5.76{\times}E xp(1.66 \times(1- E xp(-0.44\;t)))$$, or $$L=3.7{\times}E xp(1.99\times(1-E xp(-0.0614\;t)))$$. The mean growth rate was 0.38 mm/day from 20 days to 40 days. Growth rate was maximum at 10 days, and then decreased gradually. The growth of anchovy juvenile were nearly constant inspite of the sampling dates or stations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.929-937
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Acanthopanax senticosus extract (ASE) (ethanol : DW=1:1, v/v) on inhibition of type 2 diabetes using an OLETF rat model via regulation of HbA1c and AGEs levels. Supplementation with ASE 0.1% and 0.5% effectively lowered levels of glucose, insulin, oral glucose tolerance test, and Homa-insulin resistance, suggesting reduced insulin resistance. Blood levels of HbA1c and AGEs were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner. As oxidative stress plays a key role in accelerating production of HbA1c and AGEs, which worsen symptoms of type 2 diabetes, levels of malonaldehyde and pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured. Lipid peroxidation in both blood and liver tissues was significantly reduced, and induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-${\beta}$ and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, which elevate production of HbA1c and AGEs, was inhibited (P<0.05). To evaluate the possible cellular events after AGEs receptor activation, genetic expression of protein kinase C (PKC)-${\delta}$ and transforming growth factor (TGF)-${\beta}$ was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Supplementation with both ASE 0.1% and 0.5% significantly inhibited mRNA expression of PKC-${\delta}$ and TGF-${\beta}$, indicating that ASE may have beneficial effects on preventing insulin-resistant cells or tissues from progressing to diabetic complications. Taken together, ASE has potential to improve type 2 diabetes by inhibiting insulin resistance and protein glycosylation, including production of HbA1c and AGEs. Anti-oxidative activities of ASE are a main requisite for reducing production of HbA1c and AGEs and are also related to regulation of the PKC signaling pathway, resulting in suppression of TGF-${\beta}$, which increases synthesis of collagen, prostaglandin, and disease-related proteins.