• 한국의류학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.247-257
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to develop men's garment sizing system, based on the anthropometric measurements called 'SizeKorea', which was surveyed between 2003 and 2004. The number of the survey subjects was 3,215 of males, who were from 18 to 69 years old. In the results, body types were assorted by drops, consisting of 4 upper body types and 2 lower body types. Height, chest, waist and hip were selected as the key dimensions of sizing system and the intervals of them were decided on statistical analysis of key dimensions, size intervals of ready-to wear clothes and sizing systems of other countries. In the results, older group or shorter height group had less differences between chest and waist as well as between waist and hip, but younger group and taller group had more differences. The size intervals for fitted jacket and coat were 3cm in chest and waist, while the intervals for fitted pants were 2cm in waist and hip. The intervals for not-fitted clothes were 5cm in chest, waist and hip, which 5 cm interval of height were applied, in all cases.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.488-495
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• 2011

This study was performed to fabricate the porous titanium foam by space holder method using NaCl powder, and to evaluate the effect of NaCl volume fractions (33.3~66.6 vol.%) on the porosities, compressive strength, Young's modulus and permeability. For controlling pore size, CP titanium and NaCl particles were sieved to different size range of 70~150 ${\mu}m$ and 300~425 ${\mu}m$ respectively. NaCl of green Ti compact was removed in water followed by sintered at $1200^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. Total porosities of titanium foam were in the range of 38-70%. Pore shape was a regular hexahedron similar that of NaCl shape. Porous Ti body showed that Young's modulus and compressive strength were in the range of 0.6-6 GPa and 8-127 MPa respectively. It showed that pore size and mechanical properties of Ti foams was controllable by NaCl size and volume fractions.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.49-63
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to study real body size and ideal body shape by considering the degree of satisfaction of body part and understanding body size by the degree of leanness/obesity. The subjects in this study were 420 males from 18 to 25 years old. Body measurements and surveys were taken and analyzed by mean, standard variation, correlation analysis, regression analysis, crosstabulation analysis, cluster analysis, one-way ANOVA, and Duncan's Test. The results of analyses indicate that the subjects tended to be satisfied with thick chest and upper limbs, wide shoulder width, and preferred to be tall and have big hands and feet. By cluster analysis of 19 variables, the subjects were divided into 4 groups, each consisting 41, 138, 134, and 47 males. Because the 19 variables were body measurements transformed to eliminate the body size factor, this classification was considered to express how lean or how obese a human body appears. The results of one way ANOVA and Duncan's Test indicate that, according to the degree of leanness/obesity from Group I (lean tendency) to Group IV(obese tendency), characteristics of the body shape changed as follows; height became lower, limbs became shorter, trunk and limbs became thicker and weight became heavier. Also it showed that Group IV were most satisfied with chest girth, upper limb girth and shoulder width and Group I with height, hip girth and waist girth.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.343-355
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• 2006

Statement of problem. The success of osseointegration can be enhanced with an implant that has improved surface characteristics. Anodic oxidation is one of the surface modifying method to achieve osseointegration. Voltage of anodic oxidation can change surface characteristics and cell activity Purpose. This study was performed to evaluate MG63 cell responses such as affinity, proliferation and to compare surface characteristics of anodic oxidized titanium in various voltage. Material and method. The disks for cell culture were fabricated from grade 3 commercially pure titanium,1 m in thickness and 12 mm in diameter. Surfaces of 4 different roughness were prepared. Group 1 had a machined surface, used as control. Group 2 was anodized under 220 V, group 3 was anodized under 300 V and group 4 was anodized under 320 V. The microtopography of specimens was observed by scanning electron microscope (JSM-840A, JEOL, Japan) and atomic force microscope(Autoprobe CP, Park Scientific Instrument, USA). The surface roughness was measured by confocal laser scanning microscope(Pascal, LSM5, Zeiss, Germany). The crystal structure of the titanium surface was analyzed with x-ray diffractometer(D8 advanced, Broker, Germany). MG63 osteoblast-like cells were cultured on these specimens. The cell morpholgy was observed by field emission electron microscope(Hitachi S-4700, Japan). The cell metabolic and proliferative activity was evaluated by MTT assay Results and conclusion. With in limitations of this in vitro study, the following conclusions were drawn. 1. In anodizing titanium surface, we could see pores which did not show in control group. In higher anodizing voltage, pore size was increased. 2. In anodizing titanium surface, we could see anatase. In higher anodizing voltage, thicker oxide layer increased crystallinity(anatase, anatase and rutile mixed). 3. MG63 cells showed more irregular, polarized and polygonal shape and developed more lamellipodi in anodizing group as voltage increased. 4. The activity of cells in MTT assay increased significantly in group 3 and 4 in comparison with group 1 and 2. However, there was no difference between group 3 and 4 at P<0.05. Proliferation of MG63 cells increased significantly in pore size($3-5.5{\mu}m$) of group 3 and 4 in comparison with in pore size($0.2-1{\mu}m$ ) of group 2.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2005

이 연구의 목적은 근단공의 크기가 다양한 치아에서 근단공 확대의 유무에 따른 근관성형시 치아의 미세누출을 평가하기 위함이다. 1근관 치아 60개를 치근첨 상방 5mm에서 절단후 각 치아의 근단공 크기에 따라 큰 근단공 (L) 작은 근단공 (S)으로 나누었다 이 두 군을 치근첨 상방 5mm의 횡단면상 근관의 형태로 원형 (R)과 난형 (O)으로 나누었다(SR, SO, LR, LO). 각 군은 Quantec series Nickel-Titanium (Ni-Ti) rotary file을 이용하여 .02 taper로 성형 후 측방가압법으로 충전하였다. 누출은 40 $cmH_2O$ 압력하에 fluid transport method로 측정하였다. 측정 후 누출이 있는 시편은 .04 taper와 .06 taper로 재근관치료 하여 다세 미세누출을 평가하였다. 통계학적으로 chi-square test와 fisher's exact test를 이용하였다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. .02 taper로 성형한 군에서는 근단공의 크기에 따른 미세누출은 통계적으로 유의성이 있었고 (p < 0.05) .04 taper로 성형한 군에서는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다 (p > 0.05) .2.근첨 상방 5 mm에서 근관단면의 형태에 따른 미세누출은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다 (p > 0.05). 3. LR group과 LO group에서는 .02 taper로 성형한 군과 .04 taper로 성형한 군사이에 유의한 차이를 보였다 (p < 0.05).

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.141-147
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• 2012

This study was operated to establish induction using ultrasonography by estimating the relation of follicle size and estrus manifestation. Clinical estrus symptoms were observed 97.4% in cows and 87.5% in heifers when overall 55 cows were induced to estrus in a single dose of $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ after verifying CL through ultrasonography, which means estrus hours among those 52 cows showing the clinical estrus symptoms were estimated 2.39 days on cows and for 2.37 days on heifers which showed no differences (p>0.05). The estrus manifestation hours according to the follicle size in cows didn't have any significance each other (p>0.05), though estrus hours was 54 hours (the shortest) with follicle size bigger than 10 mm and were made up within 69 hours. The estrus manifestation hours according to the follicle size in heifers didn't have any significance each other (p>0.05) and took around 42 hours (the shortest) with follicle size of 5mm (the smallest) and were made up within 66 hours. Follicles after $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ injection were ovulated and assigned to many phases as follows; Group 1 (growing phase) - continuously growing into ovulation, Group 2 (growing and static phase) - delaying in growth after the growth of follicles, Group 3 (static and growing phase) - growing after growth delay, Group 4 (regressing and new growing phase) - the follicle is closed and a new follicle grows. In addition, the process of follicle development and estrus hours had no significance each other (p>0.05), though estrus manifestation hours in Group 1 and 2 was relatively short, and in Group 3 and 4 for a relatively long time. In the result of all above, the estrus manifestation hours after $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ injection has no differences accoring to the follicle size in cows and heifers. Therefore, High pregnancy rate is obtained when practicing artificial insemination within 3 days in estrus or TAI in 72 to 80 hours after adminitrating $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2016

Purpose: Disruption of normal renal development can lead to congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, including renal hypodysplasia. We aimed to clarify whether small kidney size affects clinical manifestations in children with urinary tract infection (UTI). Methods: One hundred fifty-four patients who had their first symptomatic UTI between January 2014 and June 2015 were enrolled in this study. Differences in kidney size were estimated based on percent uptake of $^{99m}Tc-$ dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) in scintigraphy. The patients who showed more than 10% difference in kidney size on DMSA scintigraphy with none or minimal cortical defects were included in group A. (group A, n=17). Laboratory, clinical, and imaging results were compared with those of the other patients (group B, n=137). Results: Group A had a relatively higher incidence of vesicoureteral reflux than group B (44% vs 20%, P<0.05). The levels of plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and serum C-reactive protein were significantly higher in group A (193 [64-337] vs 91 [59-211] ng/mL and 4.1 [0.5-11.9] vs 2.1 [0.7-5.3] ng/mL, respectively; all P <0.05). Linear regression analysis revealed that plasma NGAL level strongly correlated with the difference in renal uptake in DMSA scintigraphy in group A ($R^2=0.505$). Conclusion: The difference in kidney size could influence the clinical course and severity of pediatric UTI.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the interrelationship between temporomandibular joint disorders, and the condyle size and angle of the posterior slope of the articular eminence. The subjects used in this study were 100 patients with temporomandibular joint disorders and 100 volunteers with normal temporomandibular joints. All the patients and the volunteers were subjected to take panoramic and temporomandibular radiographs for the morphologic evaluation. The films were traced, measured, and analyzed. The data were processed with SPSS/PC+ package for statistical analysis. The obtained results were as follows; 1. The posterior slope of the articular eminence in the group of temporomandibular joint disorders was larger than that in the normal group (p<0.05). The mean articular eminence angle was $31.6^{\circ}\;{\pm}\;6.3$ in the group of temporomandibular joint disorder, and $29.9^{\circ}\;{\pm}\;8.4$ in the normal group. 2. There were no statistically significant differences in the discrepancies of the left and right articular eminence angular measurements between the group (p>0.05). 3. There were no statistically significant differences in the condylar ratio between the groups (p>0.05). 4. There were no statistically significant differences in the discrepancies of the left and right ramus length measurements between the groups (p>0.05). 5. The relative size of condyle to fossa in the group of temporomandibular disorders was smaller than that in the normal group (p<0.05).

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.5-12
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• 2019

상부구조물은 여러 개의 말뚝 기초를 말뚝 캡으로 연결한 무리말뚝이 사용되고 있다. 무리말뚝 설계 시 상부구조물의 연직 및 수평하중은 말뚝 기초가 지지할 뿐 말뚝 캡의 지지효과는 무시하였다. 그러나 최근 상부구조물의 연직하중에 대한 안정성 범위에서 말뚝 기초의 사용량을 줄이기 위해 말뚝 캡의 지지효과를 반영하기 위한 연구가 진행되고 있으나 수평하중에 대한 말뚝 캡의 지지효과에 관한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 수평 지진 하중을 받는 무리말뚝에서 말뚝 캡의 변화가 무리말뚝에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해 상부구조물을 지지하는 무리말뚝의 말뚝 캡 크기를 변화시켜 진동대 모형실험을 수행하였다. 그 결과 말뚝 캡의 크기가 상부구조물 및 무리말뚝의 동적 거동에 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었으며, 말뚝 캡의 크기가 증가할수록 지반 구속 효과로 인해 지반과 말뚝 기초가 일체 거동하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.273-285
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• 1991

Crowded group is composed of 60 subjects who visited Yonsei University for orthodontic treatment and has no history of orthodontic treatment. Noncrowded group is composed of 26 subjects who has no crowding, considered to have a normal occlusion and no history of orthodontic treatment. Currently available and approved analytic method was used. Interrelationship between tooth size and arch size, and it's correlation on tooth crowding was studied and the following results were obtained. 1. In comparison of sum of mesiodistal width, of crown size of teeth was greater in noncrowded group than that of crowded group on both arch. (p < 0.01). 2. In comparison of arch lengths, the values measured from arch length 2 showed greater in noncrowded group (p < 0.01). Also in crowded group, arch length 1 showed greater value than arch length 2 on both arch (p < 0.01). 3. In comparison of arch widths, upper interlateral (p < 0.01) and upper intercanine width (p < 0.05) showed greater value in noncrowded group on upper arch and intermolar width showed greater value in noncrowded group on both upper and lower arches (p < 0.05). 4. In comparison of arch perimeters, arch perimeter 2 was greater value in noncrowded group on both upper and lower arches (p < 0.01). 5. Dentoalveolar disproportion was greater in noncrowded group on both upper and lower arches (p < 0.01). 6. In lower incisors MD/FL ratio, the central and lateral incisors were greater in crowded group, but statistial significance was only in lateral incisors (p < 0.01) 7. The irregularity index of lower incisors showed greater value in crowded group (p < 0.01).