• 기본간호학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.28-36
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study were to develop a new restraint for the intensive care units (ICU) and to investigate the application effect in comparison with a control group using existing restraints. Method: A non-equivalent control group non-synchronized quasi-experimental research design was used. The participants were 40 (control 20, experimental 20) patients who were recruited by convenience sampling the ICU of a university hospital. To avoid contamination of the experiment, data for the control group were collected prior to the experimental group. Measurement variables were edema and skin damage (redness and abrasion) at the application site, and nurses' perceived convenience in applying restraints. Results: Three days after applying the restraint, amount of edema at the application site was small and incidence of skin damage decreased in the experimental group in comparison with the control group. Also, score for application convenience measured by the nurses was higher in for the newly developed restraint than for existing restraints. Conclusion: Results indicate that the newly developed restraint has lower effects such as edema and skin damage and is more convenient compared with existing restraints, and is therefore recommended for patients in the ICU.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.1257-1268
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• 2018

In this article we first investigate a sort of unit-IFP ring by which Antoine provides very useful information to ring theory in relation with the structure of coefficients of zero-dividing polynomials. Here we are concerned with the whole shape of units and nilpotent elements in such rings. Next we study the properties of unit-IFP rings through group actions of units on nonzero nilpotent elements. We prove that if R is a unit-IFP ring such that there are finite number of orbits under the left (resp., right) action of units on nonzero nilpotent elements, then R satisfies the descending chain condition for nil left (resp., right) ideals of R and the upper nilradical of R is nilpotent.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.861-866
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• 1998

심실중격결손이 동반된 폐동맥폐쇄(PA/VSD)는 폐동맥의 형태 및 공급원이 매우 다양하고, 폐동맥의 발육부전 과 협착 및 폐동맥지 연결이상 유무가 교정수술시의 문제점으로 대두되고 있으므로, 저자들은 동맥관인접협 착(juxtaductal stenosis)이 동반되어 있는 환자들을 대상으로 체폐단락술전후 폐동맥 크기의 변화를 비교하 여, 수술방법 및 시기를 결정하는데 도움이 되고자 본 연구를 하였다. 1991년 7월부터 1996년 7월까지 연세대 학교 심장혈관센터에서 심실중격결손이 있는 폐동맥폐쇄환자중 동맥관인접협착이 동반되어 체폐단락술을 시행 한 59례가 있었으며, 수술전후의 심도자술 및 심혈관조영술을 시행한 29례를 대상으로 하였다. 우측(10례, Group I) 및 좌측단락술(19례, Group II)에서 단락술전후의 하행대동맥, 양측폐동맥 및 동맥관인접협착 부위의 직경을 측정하여, 수술부위에 따른 수술전후 변화를 비교하였다. 두 군에서, 하행대동맥직경에 대한 동측 폐동 맥직경의 비(ratio)가 수술전 0.78$\pm$0.31에서 수술후 1.01$\pm$0.26로, 또한 수술전 0.67$\pm$0.18에서 수술후 0.84$\pm$ 0.27로 각각 유의하게 증가하였으며, 편측 폐동맥직경의 비는 수술전 0.92$\pm$0.28에서 수술후 1.05$\pm$0.15로, 또한 수술전 0.94$\pm$0.27에서 수술후 1.08$\pm$0.37로 각각 증가하였으나 통계학적으로 유의하지는 않았다. 동맥관 인접협착 부위의 변화는 수술전 0.43$\pm$0.27에서 수술후 0.39$\pm$0.25로, 또한 수술전 0.32$\pm$0.10에서 수술후 0.30$\pm$0.16로 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 통계학적으로 유의하지 않았으며, 2례의 경우에서는 수술후 단절된 소견을 보였다. 체폐단락술을 통한 폐동맥혈류의 확보는 폐혈관 성장에 좋은 효과가 있으므로 폐혈류 감소 및 폐동맥 발육부전환자에서 추천되는 치료법이나 심실중격결손을 동반한 폐동맥폐쇄의 경우에는 동맥관인접협착의 변화가 중요한 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구 결과에서는 체폐단락술을 시행한 동측의 폐동맥이 성장함을 확인할 수 있었고, 동맥관인접협착은 악화될 가능성이 있는 것으로 생각되었다. 또한, 좌측 체폐단락술을 시행하여, 2례의 좌측 폐동맥의 단절을 경험하였다. 그러므로, 체폐단락술을 시행한 경우에는, 보다 철저한 술후 추적 및 검사가 요구되며, 동맥관인접협착이 동반된 측의 폐동맥에 단락술을 시행한 경우에는 조기에 완전 교정술을 고려하여야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.623-631
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• 2001

Let $\kappa$ be a real abelian field of conductor f and $\kappa$(sub)$\infty$ = ∪(sub)n$\geq$0$\kappa$(sub)n be its Z(sub)p-extension for an odd prime p such that płf$\phi$(f). he aim of this paper is ot compute the cohomology groups of circular units. For m>n$\geq$0, let G(sub)m,n be the Galois group Gal($\kappa$(sub)m/$\kappa$(sub)n) and C(sub)m be the group of circular units of $\kappa$(sub)m. Let l be the number of prime ideals of $\kappa$ above p. Then, for mm>n$\geq$0, we have (1) C(sub)m(sup)G(sub)m,n = C(sub)n, (2) H(sup)i(G(sub)m,n, C(sub)m) = (Z/p(sup)m-n Z)(sup)l-1 if i is even, (3) H(sup)i(G(sub)m,n, C(sub)m) = (Z/P(sup)m-n Z)(sup l) if i is odd (※Equations, See Full-text).

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of teaching strategies for scientific conceptions in the units of oxygen and combustion in elementary school science textbook. 70 elementary school 6th grade students in Seoul participated. They were divided into experimental group and controlled group. Five scientific concepts were adopted from the units of oxygen and combustion in the 6th grade science textbook. Subjects' preconceptions were investigated by pre-questionnaires. A series of 6 instructional sessions based on the teaching strategy of cognitive confliction theory were given to the experimental group. By the end of the instructional session, a post-test was administered to both experimental and controlled groups. There was a statistically significant difference between post-test gains of the experimental and controlled groups. These results support the notion that the teaching strategy was effective for changing from preconceptions to scientific concerts.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.61-74
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• 1997

Let $d$ be a positive integer with $d\not{\equiv}2$ mod 4, and let $K=\mathbb{Q}({\zeta}_{pd})$ for S an odd prime $p$ such that $p{\equiv}1$ mod $d$. Let $K_{\infty}={\bigcup}_{n{\geq}0}K_n$ be the cyclotomic $\mathbb{Z}_p$-extension of $K=K_0$. In this paper, explicit generators for the Tate cohomology group $\hat{H}^{-1}$($G_{m,n}$ are given when $d=qr$ is a product of two distinct primes, where $G_{m,n}$ is the Galois group Gal($K_m/K_n$) and $C_m$ is the group of cyclotomic units of $K_m$. This generalizes earlier results when $d=q$ is a prime.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.823-835
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• 2010

The research aimed to measure the efficiency of using multi stores in a foodservice company using by DEA (data envelopment analysis) which is a new management science technique. The study also attempted to identify relevant variables affecting DEA efficiency in order to suggest methods for improving efficiency. The data were collected from 148 contract foodservice operations, which were operated in similar fashion in October 2009. The DEA efficiency was calculated as an output-oriented BCC Model. Sales, and CSI (customer satisfaction index) were used as output variables whereas food cost, labor cost, and management expense were used as input variables to calculate the DEA efficiency. Operation process variables of the unit consisted of the were consist of ratio of regular employee, ratio of housekeeper, meal counts, meal price, food cost per meal, contract period, number of menu items, forecasting accuracy, order accuracy, inventory turnover, use of processed food, deviation of food cost, number of new menus, and number of events. According to the BCC score and profitability, units were classified into four groups: High efficiency-high profitability (HEHP), High efficiency-low profitability (HELP), Low efficiency-high profitability (LEHP), and Low efficiency-low profitability (LELP). The HEHP group contained 54 units, which mostly contracted management fee type and had a high meal price. The units were also very large and, served three meals. Twenty of the units were operated with high labor cost: most of these were factories and hospitals. The LEHP group contained 20 units, that were mainly office stores of large scale and medium price. Fifty-four LELP group had a low meal price. A high performance group must have high efficiency, profitability, and satisfaction. The BCC score was over 0.969, the meal price was over 4,116 won, the food cost was over 2,077 won, and meal counts per month were over 10,212 meals.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.557-566
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• 2022

이 연구는 중학생의 증강현실을 활용한 2인 1조의 소집단 학습에서 나타나는 언어적·물리적 상호작용을 분석하였다. 서울 시내 중학교 2학년 학생 12명이 용해도, 녹는점과 끓는점 개념에 대해 증강현실을 활용한 2인 1조의 소집단 학습에 참여하였다. 이 수업은 녹음 및 녹화되었으며, 수업이 종료된 후 학생들을 대상으로 반구조화된 면담을 시행하였다. 연구 결과는 개별 진술 단위, 상호작용 단위 그리고 물리적 상호작용으로 각각 분석하였다. 개별 진술 단위에서는 정보 설명과 정보 질문의 비율이 높게 나타났다. 상호작용 단위는 단순 상호작용, 정교화 상호작용의 비율이 높았다. 정교화 상호작용을 하위 영역별로 보면, 누적형 상호작용의 비율이 높았으며 뒤를 이어 교정형 상호작용이 나타났다. 물리적 상호작용은 활동지를 쓰는 행동과 가상 객체를 관찰하는 행동의 비율이 높았다. 이상의 연구 결과를 바탕으로 중학생 2인의 증강현실을 활용한 소집단 학습을 효과적으로 구성할 수 있는 적절한 방안을 제시하였다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제101권3호
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• pp.526-537
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• 2012

본 연구는 경상북도 봉화군 구룡산 일대의 산림식생을 대상으로 2010년 7월부터 2010년 8월까지 72개의 방형구를 설치하여 Z-M 식물사회학적 방법으로 식생구조의 유형분류를 실시하였다. 최상위 단계에서 신갈나무군락군이 분류되었고, 군락단위에서는 금강소나무군락, 고로쇠나무군락, 신갈나무전형군락이 구분되었으며, 인공식재림은 일본잎갈나무군락, 잣나무군락으로 분류되었다. 금강소나무군락은 군단위에서 굴참나무군과 금강소나무전형군으로 세분되었으며, 고로쇠나무군락은 개벚지나무군과 물참대군의 2개 군으로 세분되어 총 7개의 식생단위로 분류되었다. 그리고 분류된 식생단위와 해발고와 지형의 환경요인이 상관관계가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 층위별 상대우점치를 분석한 결과, 금강소나무군락(식생단위 1, 2)을 유지하기 위해서는 각 층위에 우점치가 높은 신갈나무, 굴참나무 등의 참나무류에 대한 지속적인 숲가꾸기가 필요할 것으로 사료되었다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.562-572
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• 1989

The changes of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT], serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase [SGPT], serum lactic dehydrogenase [LDH] and serum creatine phosphokinase [CPK] were examined during and after the open heart surgery. In the total of 52 patients with heart diseases including 40 cases of congenital heart anomalies and 12 cases of acquired valvular heart diseases who undergone open heart surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The average value of SGOT before surgery was 30.27 [ 18:86 units. The enzyme was reached to the maximum of 139.88 [ 89.43 units on the 1st day after the operation [p< 0.05], the enzyme activity was gradually decreased from the 3rd day after the operation, returned to the normal range on the 7th day after the operation. 2. The average value of SGPT before surgery was 14.36 [ 7.45 units. The enzyme was reached to the maximum of 34.67 [ 27.64 units on the 2nd day after the operation, but it was valueless statistically, the enzyme activity was gradually decreased from the 3rd day after the operation, returned to the normal range on the 5th day after the operation. 3. The average value of LDH before surgery was 263.07 * 86.66 units. The enzyme was reached to the maximum of 662.29 * 303.60 units on the 2nd day after the operation [p < 0.05], the enzyme activity was gradually decreased from the 5th day after the operation, returned to the normal range on the 7th day after the operation. 4. The average value of CPK before surgery was 141.35 * 43.44 units. The enzyme was reached to the maximum of 377.42 [ 222.02 units on the 1st day after the operation [p < 0.05], the enzyme activity was gradually decreased from the 5th day after the operation, returned to the normal range on the 7th day after the operation. 5. In the relationships of the serum enzymes and duration of the extracorporeal circulation, the values on the group over 90 minute of the extracorporeal circulation were increased than on the group below 90 minute of the extracorporeal circulation, but it was valueless statistically.