• Anxiety and mood
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.32-40
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• 2020

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the cognitive performance of major depressive disorder (MDD) in military service/conscription personnel who visited the psychiatric clinic for a medical certificate to consider the situation from the perspective of Korea's unique compulsory military system. We used the Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (K-WAIS-IV) as the test for verifying the suitable level of cognitive functioning for military service and as the embedded measure with reflecting suboptimal effort. Methods : The study was conducted on 56 (28 males, age 19-34) in/out-patients admitted to the psychiatry department and diagnosed with MDD (DSM-IV). All participants completed a structured clinical interview (MINI-Plus), as well as self-report questionnaires related to demographics and severity of clinical symptoms. K-WAIS-IV was administered to each subject to assess cognitive characteristics. Results : Military group showed significantly lower processing speed index (PSI) score including subtests of symbol search (SS) and coding (CD) score, compared to the control group. There was no other significant differences in the Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI), Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI), Working Memory Index (WMI) scores including sub-tests comprised of the above indices, and Reliable Digit Span (RDS), Enhanced-RDS-Revised (E-RDS-R) between the study and control groups. Conclusion : This study was the first effort to verify the characteristics of Korea's military group with MDD and suggest the applicability of PSI and processing speed of K-WAIS-IV as an embedded performance index to test sub-optimal effort or low motivation beyond the purpose of testing cognitive deficits.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.182-195
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• 2003

This study investigated the effects of triamcinolone acetonide by iontophoretic transdermal drug delivery on anti-inflammatory action into the rats and which had carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia and edema in the feet, trauma-induced tissue damage in the thigh. Each group was treated under the fellowing conditions. 1. Group I : Control group 2. Group II : Application of direct current 3. Group III : Application of 0.1$\%$ triamcinolone acetonide solution 4. Group IV : Iontophoresis of 0.1$\%$ triamcinolone acetonide solution The degree of anti-inflammation was evaluated by the paw withdrawal latency, the change in volume of foot the change of paw edema, histological change in rats. 1. In paw withdrawal latency, group IV showed the most significant therapeutic effect than the other groups at 0, 3, 6 and 9 hours(p < 0.001). 2. In paw edema experiment in the foot, group IV showed the most significant effect than group I at 0, 3, 6 and 9 hours. It meant that there was effective anti-inflammatory reaction in group I (p < 0.001). 3. In the light microscopic observation, group IV showed the most significant reduction of haemorrhage, hyperemia and infiltrative inflammation. From the results, the iontophoresis with triamcinolone acetonide is more effective than using each groups. It is one of the effective physical agent which delivered large molecular weight drug into the body. The continuous study is needed for many interesting issues of iontophoretic transdermal drug delivery in new future.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.323-334
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• 2002

Purpose: This study was designed to verify preemptive effects of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) infusion on postoperative pain in women having a total abdominal hysterectomy. Method: The research design was a nonequivalent control group post test only design. The participants in this study were 50 women who were scheduled for a total abdominal hysterectomy at a University affiliated Hospital in Suwon, Korea. The subjects were divided into two groups. For the experimental group, IV-PCA infusion was started before the skin incision and for the control group. IV-PCA infusion was started after the skin was closed. Each group was evaluated in terms of pain score by the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the number of times they pushed the button for IV-PCA at postoperative hours 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24. The data were collected from July 1 to December 10, 2001. Collected data was analyzed by SPSS/PC + program. Result: 1. There was no difference between the two groups, over six points for the number of times the control button for IV-PCA was used. Group differences and interaction effect were not significant. 2. There was no significant difference in pain scores between the two groups, over seven time points. A significant interaction effect was observed between groups and measurement Points in time. 3. There was a significant difference in the requirements for additional analgesia between the two groups, 32% of the control group received additional analgesia. Conclusion: Preemptive analgesics administration may have a better effect in relieving postoperative pain than the usual analgesic treatment which is started after surgery.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.426-432
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• 2009

The overall purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of level of isoflavones supplementation on bone metabolism in osteoporosis rats. The effects of level of isoflavones supplementation on calcium and osteocalcin blood level, femur/body weight, bone mineral density(BMD) and bone strength were inspected in this study. This study classified 28 of 12 weeks-old male Sprague Dawley rats which have osteoporosis caused by ovariectomy into four groups of 7 rats and made the subjects medicated them isoflavone. Group I was non-treatment after osteoporosis(control); Group II was low-dose isoflavone(20 mg/kg) feeding after osteoporosis; Group III was middle-dose isoflavone(40 mg/kg) feeding after osteoporosis; Group IV was high-dose isoflavone(80 mg/kg) feeding after osteoporosis; In the calcium and osteocalcin level as one of bone formation indexes, there was a statistically significant difference between the group II, III, IV compared to group I. In respect to the femur/body weight, there was a statistically significant difference between the group II, III, IV compared to group I. In the bone mineral density and bone strength test, there was a statistically significant difference between the group II, III, IV compared to group I. The above results suggests that isoflavone medicated is effective to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 1984

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the speed of grinding and coolants on mercury vaporization during amalgam removal. Forty amalgam filled stone dies were stored at $37^{\circ}C$ and 100% relative humidity for 7 days prior to the beginning of the mercury vapor experiment and were divided into 4 different groups; In Group I; Used by high speed without coolant & evacuator during amalgam removal. In Group II; Used by high speed with coolant & evacuator during amalgam removal. In Group III; Used by low speed without coolant & evacuator during amalgam removal. In Group IV; Used by low speed with coolant & evacuator during amalgam removal. The amalgam specimens were removed in a 30-second time period and mercury vapor was collected with membrane filter at 27mm from the site of removal and 45 degree above there. Samples in Group II, IV were removed with coolant spray at a flow rate of 30 ml/min with high-velocity evacuator. Mercury vapor collected membrane filter was analysed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer using cold vapor method. The results were as follows; 1. The mercury vapor levels were obtained all of the Groups. 2. The mercury vapor levels of the Group II, IV (with coolant & evacuator) were less than that of the Group I, III (without coolant & evacuator). 3. The highest mercury vapor level recorded during amalgam removal procedure was Group I (used by high speed without coolant & evacuator) and its record was $0.78{\pm}0.09\;mg/m^3$, which exceed the T.L.V. by 15 times. 4. The mercury vapor level of the Group IV (used by low speed with coolant & evacuator) was more than that of the Group II (used by high speed with coolant & evacuator), but its difference was not significant, statistically. (p > 0.05)

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.105-111
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• 2005

Canine sarcoptic mite (Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis) is ectoparasite which burrow usually in the stratum corneum of the skin of dogs. Antigens from the burrowing mites induce humoral and cellmediated immune responses in the hosts. The effect of antigenecity induced by somatic antigens of house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) isolated by continuous elution has been evaluated in canine sarcoptic mites infestation. Continuous elution was carried out in 7.5% SDS-PAGE to isolate proteins of common antigens from somatic antigens of house dust mite. These eluted proteins from somatic antigens of house dust mite were confirmed by Western blotting in 7.5% SDS-PAGE, and eluted proteins (65, 60 kDa) were isolated. To evaluate the antigenetic effect of eluted proteins, eight dogs were divided as 4 groups such as non-vaccinated and non-challenged control (Group I), challenged control (Group II), vaccinated (Group III), and vaccinatedandchallenged (Group IV) groups. Group II and IV were artificially infested canine sarcoptic mites. Group III and IV were immunized with eluted proteins (65, 60 kDa). At the 6th week of the vaccination, the antibody titers of Group of IV were statistically significant higher than those of Group II (p<0.05). And antibody titers of Group III were also statistically significant higher than those of Group I (p<0.05). From these result, it is possible to replace somatic antigens of canine sarcoptic mites with eluted proteins from somatic antigens of house dust mites in order to diagnose and prevent the canine sarcoptic mite infestations.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.261-270
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to evaluate relationship of probing attachment levels, radiographic measurements and surgical measurements according to gingival inflammatory condition. Patients with incipient to moderate periodontitis were selected. Upper and lower premolar and molar teeth excluding third molars were measured. At first visit, gingival index and bleeding on probing were taken, and subjects were grouped into 4 categories as follows : Experimental group I : gingival index 1 and no bleeding on probing. Experimental group II : gingival index 2 and no bleeding on probing absent. Experimental group III : gingival index 1 and bleeding on probing present. Experimental group IV : gingival index 2 and bleeding on probing present. Probing attachment levels were measured with manual probe on mesial and distal surfaces from cementoenamel junctions to terminal ends of probe. Radiographic measurements were made to assess bone loss by measuring the distance from cementoenamel junction to the alveolar crest. After thorough scating, a flap was raised exposing the alveolar bone and surgical measurements were made from cementoenamel junction to alveolar bone. The results were as follows: 1. Differences between probing attachment level and radiographic measurements showed $1.01{\pm}0.73mm$ for experimental group I, $0.98{\pm}0.48mm$ for experimental group II, $0.59{\pm}0.66mm$ for experimental group III, $0.98{\pm}0.38mm$ for experimental group IV and with no significant difference between groups. 2. Differences between probing attachment level and surgical measurements showed $1.36{\pm}0.80mm$ for experimental group I, $1.47{\pm}0.54mm$ for experimental group II, $1.06{\pm}0.39mm$ for experimental group III, $1.41{\pm}0.40mm$ for experimental group IV and with no significant difference between groups. 3. Differences between surgical and radiographic measurements showed $0.36{\pm}0.48mm$ for experimental group I, $0.51{\pm}0.54mm$ for experimental group II, $0.57{\pm}0.72mm$ for experimental group III, $0.41{\pm}0.49mm$ for experimental group IV and with significant difference between experimental group I and experimental group II, III, IV(P<0.05).

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.337-344
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• 2016

Intravenous administration of mesenchymal stem cells (IV-MSC) protects the ischemic rat brain in a stroke model, but the molecular mechanism underlying its therapeutic effect is unclear. We compared genomic profiles using the mRNA microarray technique in a rodent stroke model. Rats were treated with $1{\times}10^6$ IV-MSC or saline (sham group) 2 h after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). mRNA microarray was conducted 72 h after MCAo using brain tissue from normal rats (normal group) and the sham and MSC groups. Predicted pathway analysis was performed in differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and functional tests and immunohistochemistry for inflammation-related proteins were performed. We identified 857 DEGs between the sham and normal groups, with the majority of them (88.7%) upregulated in sham group. Predicted pathway analysis revealed that cerebral ischemia activated 10 signaling pathways mainly related to inflammation and cell cycle. IV-MSC attenuated the numbers of dysregulated genes in cerebral ischemia (118 DEGs between the MSC and normal groups). In addition, a total of 218 transcripts were differentially expressed between the MSC and sham groups, and most of them (175/218 DEGs, 80.2%) were downregulated in the MSC group. IV-MSC reduced the number of Iba-$1^+$ cells in the peri-infarct area, reduced the overall infarct size, and improved functional deficits in MCAo rats. In conclusion, transcriptome analysis revealed that IV-MSC attenuated postischemic genomic alterations in the ischemic brain. Amelioration of dysregulated inflammation- and cell cycle-related gene expression in the host brain is one of the molecular mechanisms of IV-MSC therapy for cerebral ischemia.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.398-407
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• 2007

This study was performed to evaluate possibility to reduce treatment time for child patient who have limited control activity during flowable composite resin restoration according to comparing microleakage and shear bond strength. Group I, II with Single $Bond^{TM}$, group III, IV with AQ Bond $Plus^{TM}$, group V, VI with Prompt L-$Pop^{TM}$, and group VII as control group without adhesive system. 12 premolars and 10 molars were assigned into each group. Restorative material was used the Filtek $Z350^{TM}$ flowable. The results were as follows; 1. The result of microleakage evaluation, in the group I, II with Single $Bond^{TM}$ showed low dye penetration score. Dye penetration between group I and group II were similar. 2. Results for shear bond strength at group I and group II showed values higher than other groups. (p<0.05) There were no statistical differences between group I and group II. (p>0.05) 3. There was no statistical differences among I and II, III and IV, V and VI groups. 4. Group VII showed significantly low shear bond strength than group I, II, V, VI(p<0.05). Group VII showed low value than group with III and IV, but no statistical significances. In conclusion, adhesive bonding resin was not affect significantly to microleakage and shear bond strength of flowable resin restoration. Therefore, to reduce the operation time, adhesive bonding resin and flowable composite resin can be cured at once. But contamination of saliva, location of cavities can affect to bond strength in clinical field.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.447-452
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• 2006

This study was performed to compare propofol, thiopental, etomidate and diazepam plus ketamin as induction agents for the isoflurane anesthesia in dogs. Experimental groups were divided into low groups (thiopental group: thiopental 15 mg/kg IV, propofol group: propofol mg/kg IV, etomidate group: etomidate 1.5 mg/kg IV, DZP+KET group: diazepam 0.5 mg/kg + ketamine 5 mg/kg, IV) and each group was consisted of 4 dogs. Cardiorespiratory changes (heart rate, $SpO_2$, respiratory rate, End-tidal $CO_2$ and body temperature), blood serum chemistry values (alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransforase, and total protein), and recovery and walking time were measured. The end tidal carbon dioxide level was significantly increased in the thiopental group (P<0.05). Heart rate and respiratory rate higher in the DZP+KET groups. There was hypothermia in all groups and significant decrease in body temperature was showed in thiopental group (p<0.05). Mean arousal time and mean walking time were significantly longer in thiopental group (P<0.05). Cardiovascular stimulating effects were minimal in etomidate group. Etomidate provides uneventful and rapid recovery.