• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.67-77
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• 2013

To improve the energy efficiency of conventional thermal treatment, soil remediation with microwave has been studied. In this study, the remediation efficiency of contaminated soil with semi-volatile organic contaminants were evaluated with microwave oven and several additives such as water, formic acid, iron powder, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, and activated carbon. For the experiment, loamy sand and sandy loam collected from Imjin river flood plain were intentionally contaminated with hexachlorobenzene and phenanthrene, respectively. The contaminated soils were treated with microwave facility and the mass removals of organic contaminants from soils were evaluated. Among additives that were added to increase the remediation efficiency, activated carbon and NaOH solution were more effective than water, iron powder, and formic acid. When 10 g of hexachlorobenzene (142.4 mg/kg-soil) or phenanthrene (2,138.8 mg/kg-soil) contaminated soil that mixed with 0.5 g iron powder, 0.5 g activated carbon and 1 ml 6.25 M NaOH solution were treated with microwave for 3 minutes, more than 95% of contaminants were removed. The degradation of hexachlorobenzene during microwave treatments with additives was confirmed by the detection of pentachlorobenzene and tetrachlorobenzene. Naphthalene and phenol were also detected as degradation products of phenanthrene during microwave treatment with additives. The results showed that adding a suitable amount of additives for microwave treatments fairly increased the efficiency of removing semi-volatile soil organic contaminants.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.522-529
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• 2009

To supply safe drinking water to areas lacking in water supply and drainage system, such as rural area and military bases in proximity to Demilitarized Zone, effective method for treating organic contaminants such as MTBE is required. This study focuses on seeking optimal conditions for effective degradation of MTBE using a bath type ultrasound reactor. Effectiveness of MTBE degradation by ultrasound is dependent on the frequency, power, temperature, treatment volume, initial concentration, catalyst, etc. In this study the degradation rate of MTBE by ultrasound was proportional to power/unit volume ratio and removal is relatively more efficient for 0.1 mM than for 1 mM of MTBE solution. Efficiency of ultrasound treatment for 1 mM MTBE solution was enhanced under bath temperature of $30^{\circ}C$ compared to $4^{\circ}C$, but the temperature effect was negligible for 0.1 mM MTBE solution. Also for 0.1 mM MTBE solution, effect of catalyst such as $TiO_2$ and $Fe^0$ on treatment speed was negligible, and zeolite even increases the time taken for the degradation. Under these specific experimental conditions of this study, the most determinant factor for degradation rate of MTBE in solution was frequency and power of ultrasound. The results have shown that a continuous ultrasound reactor system can be used for small scale remediation of organically polluted groundwater, under optimal conditions.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2002

본 연구는 제강분진/${H_2}{O_2}$ 시스템을 이용한 매립지 침출수의 화학적 산화처리 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 먼저 회분식 실험을 통해 산화촉매로서의 제강분진의 활용 가능성을 확인하였으며, 반응의 주요 변수인 pH, 제강분진과 과산화수소의 주입농도, 그리고 과산화수소의 분할주입 등의 조건변화에 따른 매립지 침출수의 처리효율과 최적 반응조건을 알아보았다. 최적 ${H_2}{O_2}$와 제강분진의 주입조건인 20g/L dust +2,000mg/L ${H_2}{O_2}$에서 반응시간 60분내에 초기 TOC 농도(250mg/L)의 75%가 제거되었으며, 이 때 ${H_2}{O_2}$/dust 시스템의 최적 반응 pH는 3-4였다. 철염을 반응촉매로 사용하는 펜톤산화반응과 비교하였을 때, 제강분진을 반응촉매로 사용하는 경우가 반응성과 경제성에서 더 유리한 것으로 나타났다.

• 유체기계공업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 유체기계공업학회 2005년도 연구개발 발표회 논문집
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• pp.273-277
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• 2005

The large particles of suspended matter in raw water can be removed by allowing them to settle out in a presedimentation basin. But there are smaller particles in almost all surface water and some groundwater that will not settle out within a reasonable time without some help to accelerate the process, In the coagulation and flocculation processes, nonsettleable solids are converted into large and heavier settleable solids by physical-chemical changes broght about by adding and mixing coagulant chemicals into the raw water. The object of this research was to improve corrective injection method for low dissolution liquid in the water treatment plant. A sort of chemical feed equipment are diaphram pump, flow control in combined magnetic flowmeter md control valve, roto dipper wheel system and tube pump. Particularly low dissolution liquid (Calcium Hydroxide) put in a bit by feed equipment, tube pump is very useful method for corrective injection method in the water treatment plant.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2018

Improper management and unsanitary approaches are implemented in disposal of leachate, which has resulted in groundwater pollution at village Uruli Devachi, Pune, India. Various physico-chemical treatment methods are commercially available for leachate treatment. However, the application of biological methods viz. phytoremediation to the municipal solid waste landfill leachate has been limited. We report the remediation ability of Typha aungstifolia and Acrorus calamus that is capable of reducing hazardous constituents from the landfill leachate. After 96 h of hydraulic retention time (HRT), it was observed that T. aungstifolia-treated sample showed high reduction potential in reducing biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, hardness, total dissolved solids, Na, Mg, Ca and Ni whereas A. calamus showed greater reduction capacity for alkalinity, Cl, Cu, Zn and Cr. Furthermore, it was also observed that T. aungstifolia withstood longer HRT than A. calamus. In situ application of T. aungstifolia and A. calamus for remediation of landfill leachate carries a tremendous potential that needs to be further explored.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.55-60
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• 2015

상수도 보급율이 계속적으로 높아지면서 먹는 물의 관리가 대형화 및 전문화되고 있어 안전한 물 공급에 유리한 면이 많다. 그러나 농어촌지역의 경우 소규모 상수도 및 지하수, 샘물 등을 먹는 물로 이용하는 경우가 여전히 많다. 지하수를 포함한 먹는 물에는 다양한 오염물질이 포함되어 있다. 개별 또는 소규모 정수시설의 경우 비소를 포함하는 중금속에 의해 오염되어 있을 가능성을 배제할 수 없고 대부분 자연기원인 셀레늄, 스트론튬 등의 미량원소의 농도도 높게 검출되는 경우가 있다. 본 연구에서는 경북중북부지역의 지하수, 소규모 먹는 물 공급시설을 대상으로 비소, 셀레늄, 스트론튬의 농도를 측정하였으며 오염 정도를 국내외 환경기준과 비교하고 시료를 채취한 지역의 지질적 특성과도 비교 분석하였다. 비소의 경우 총 1,412개의 시료 가운데 WHO 및 국내의 먹는 물 기준을 초과한 시료는 76개이며 비율은 5.38%이다. 셀레늄의 경우 총 1,283개의 시료 가운데 WHO의 권고기준을 초과한 시료는 4개이며 비율은 0.31%이다. 지질적 특성비교에서 비소의 경우 흑운모화강섬록암 > 흑운모 화강암 > 대구층에서 높게 검출되었으며, 셀레늄의 경우 흑운모화강암 > 흑색혈암 > 홍적층의 지질의 지역에서 높게 검출되었다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.75-87
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• 2014

In order to analyze environmental impact of livestock manure and organic fertilizers, this study investigated livestock-breeding and pollution loads, the status of individual and public livestock manure treatment facilities, and the status of production, supply and components of compost and liquid fertilizers in the Nonsan area. Also, on a trial basis, this study investigated the life cycle of the environmental impact of livestock manure and its organic fertilizers on stream, groundwater, and agricultural soil. The results are as follows. Firstly, were detected the range of $0.13{\sim}1.32{\mu}g/L$ of As, $0.004{\sim}0.467{\mu}g/L$ of Cd and $0.5{\sim}9.2{\mu}g/L$ of Pb as a harmful substances which show lower concentrations than person preservation criteria of water qualities and aquatic ecosystem. However, it is not clear that heavy metals affect environment such as stream, groundwater and agricultural soil. Secondly, this influence could change according to investigation time and treatment efficiency. As were detected large amounts of persistent organic pollutants(e.g. $14.24{\sim}38.47{\mu}g/L$ of acetylsalicylic acid, $1.17{\sim}2.96{\mu}g/L$ of sulfamethazine, and $2.25{\sim}174.09{\mu}g/L$ of sulfathiazole) in effluent from livestock farms and small amounts of sulfathiazole($ND{\sim}1.63{\mu}g/L$) in the stream, it is necessary to monitor POPs at individual and public livestock manure treatment facilities. However, significant environmental impact did not appear at groundwater and agricultural soil in the test area supplied with liquid fertilizers. These results could be applied to investigate the environmental impact of livestock manure through a comprehensive livestock manure management information system.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.281-288
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• 2011

초음파 기술은 공동현상(cavitation)에 의한 산화분해 및 열분해 과정을 이용해 오염물질을 저감시키는 활발한 연구가 진행되고 있으나 대부분 저용량 소규모(Lab scale) 실험에 그치고 있다. 본 연구에서는 대용량 연속식 처리가 가능한 Pilot Scale의 초음파 시스템을 개발하고, 분해 대상물질로 나프탈렌을 선정하여 개발된 시스템의 처리효율을 비교 검증하였다. 전반사가 유도된 최적의 다주파 조사 조건으로 V-$120^{\circ}$ 형태가 일반형에 비해 약 1.4~2.2배 우수한 효율을 나타내었다. V-$120^{\circ}$ 초음파 조사 형태, 연속식 처리가 가능하기 위한 유입 유출수 설치, 보조제 첨가부 및 외곽 냉각 순환시스템을 적용하여 총 3가지 형태의 pilot scale(20~40 L) 반응조를 제작하였다. 세 반응조의 나프탈렌 처리 결과는 모두 EPA의 나프탈렌 음용수 권고기준을 만족하였으며, 특히, 전반사 조건이 유도된 PS1과 PS2 type이 약 97% 이상의 우수한 분해효율을 보였다. 연속식(CSTR형) 처리 방식에서도 2.5~10 mg/L의 나프탈렌을 시간당 10~20 L를 처리한 결과 약 84~96%의 우수한 분해효율을 나타내었다. 인공 현장 지하수 조건에서의 초음파 적용시 초음파 효율의 큰 차이를 보이지 않아 개발된 본 시스템의 현장 적용 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.115-123
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• 2007

토양환경내 오염물질의 고정화 현상은 오염물질의 거동을 결정하는 주요 과정중 하나이다. 특히 생물화학적 반응에 대해 비가역적이며, 이로부터 오염물질의 독성도 동시에 제거되는 산화-공유결합반응에 의한 고정화 반응은 오염물질의 주요한 자연정화 메커니즘중 하나일 뿐만 아니라, 이를 공학적으로 응용함으로써 기존의 분해에 의존해 오던 정화 방법에 비해 보다 효과적으로 오염토양 및 지하수의 복원에 적용될 수 있다. 특히 이러한 산화-공유결합반응을 일으키는 촉매로서의 역할을 하는 망간산화물은 미생물 자체, 혹은 미생물을 포함한 균류, 식물체 등으로부터 추출한 산화-환원 효소를 이용하는 것에 비해 실용적인 측면에서 많은 장점을 가지고 있다. 이에 본고에서는 망간산화물을 이용한 유기오염물질의 정화 기작에 대한 최근의 다양한 연구 결과들을 정리하였다. 특히 망간산화물에 대해 반응성을 가지지 않는 안정한 유기오염물의 처리를 위한 관련 연구로서 반응매개체를 적용한 사례와, PAHs 처리기법, $Fe^0$를 이용한 환원 전처리 등 적절한 전처리 기법과의 조합에 의한 처리방법 등에 대한 연구결과를 소개하였으며, 이로부터 보다 광범위한 적용 가능성을 제시하고자 하였다. 자연계 내에서 일어나는 탄소의 순환과정을 고려할 때 산화-공유결합 반응에 의한 고정화 및 안정화 반응은 특히 분해에 대해 높은 내성을 가지는 방향족 유기오염물질의 제거에 보다 효과적으로 적용될 수 있는 친환경적 기법으로 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.175-183
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• 2014

The influence of temperature on the treatment efficiency of chlorinated organic substances contained in groundwater by permeable reactive barrier which is composed of $Fe^{\circ}$ has been investigated by constructing the Pourbaix diagrams for Fe-$H_2O$ system at different temperatures based on thermodynamic estimation. In aerobic condition, the equilibrium potentials for $Fe^{\circ}/Fe^{2+}$ and $Fe^{2+}/Fe^{3+}$ were observed to increase, therefore, the dechlorination reaction for organic pollutants by $Fe^{\circ}$ was considered to decline with temperature due to the diminished oxidation of reactive barrier. The result for the variations of the ionization fraction of $Fe^{2+}$ and $Fe^{3+}$ ion in the pH range of 0 ~ 2.5 obtained by employing Visual MINTEQ program showed that the ionization fraction of $Fe^{2+}$ increased with pH, however, that of $Fe^{3+}$ decreased symmetrically and the extent of the variation of ionization fraction for both ions was raised as temperature rises. The equilibrium pH for $Fe^{3+}/Fe(OH)_3$ was examined to decrease with temperature so that the treatment efficiency of chlorinated organic substance was expected to decrease with temperature due to the enhanced formation of passivating film in aerobic condition. The change of the reactivity of a specific chemical species with temperature was defined quantitatively based on the area of its stable region in Pourbaix diagram and depending on this the reactivity of $Fe^{3+}$ was shown to decrease with temperature, however, that of $Fe(OH)_3$ was decreased monotonously as temperature is raised for $Fe^{3+}/Fe(OH)_3$ equilibrium system. In anaerobic condition, the equilibrium potential for $Fe^{\circ}/Fe^{2+}$ was observed to rise and the equilibrium pH for $Fe^{2+}/Fe(OH)_2$ were examined to decrease as temperature increases, therefore, similar to that for aerobic condition the efficiency of the dechlorination reaction for organic substances was considered to be diminished when temperature rises because of the reduced oxidation of $Fe^{\circ}$ and increased formation of $Fe(OH)_2$ passivating film.