• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.67-91
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• 2000

Fisheries Agreements among Korea, China, and Japan, for the effective management of fisheries resources and protection of fisheries disputes, have been processed in a manner to conclude interim arrangements those are effective prior to the final demarcation of the maritime delimitation which often requires much time to settle among the relevant states, Based on this understanding, Korea, China, and Japan, had proceeded their mutual fisheries agreement ; and, two fisheries agreements, between Korea-Japan and China-Japan, have already entered into force on 22 January 1999 and on 1 June 2000, respectively. Lastly fisheries negotiation between Korea and China has been concluded in order to make it effective on 30 June 2001. As Korean fisheries have already experienced the impacts after the entry into force of Korea-Japan Fisheries Agreement, it is inevitable that the likewise will also be true for the Korea-china Fisheries Agreement. The results of fisheries negotiation should minimize the loss by ensuring Korean flagged vessels' fishing rights to the maximum level in the counterpart's waters, and to maximize our counterpart's loss by restricting its vessels' fishing rights to the minimum level in our waters. However, such goals are almost unreachable in an intergovernmental negotiation. On this ground, regardless of the results, the negotiation is highly criticized from all the interested realms of the society. First, this study reviews the negotiation process ana subject matters of the fisheries agreement, and then evaluates the disputed items issued by academic, political, and industry areas in an international law and fisheries perspective. After the entry into farce of fisheries agreement, various activities should be accommodated as future tasks, such as the adjustments of the domestic fisheries structure, the reorganization of the resource management based fisheries structure, the construction of EEz large surveillance system, and the construction of the multilateral fisheries cooperation system Through an earlier implementation of those tasks, the Korean fisheries will be better prepared in minimizing the predicted impacts once the Korea-China Fisheries Agreement becomes effective.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2005

In order to investigate the structures and dynamics of phytoplankton communities, each physicochemical environmental factor, species composition, standing crop, and dominant species were examined in the marine ranching ground of Tongyeong coastal waters from April to October, 2000. During the studies, mean water temperature and salinity were $18.8^{\circ}C$ and 33.1 psu, respectively. DO, SS and transparency varied from 5.43 to 11.39 mg/l, 14.6 to 32.4mg/l and 3.5 to 9.0m, respectively. Light intensities varied from 0.02 to $966{\mu}E/m^2/s$, which decreased with depth. $NH_4-N,\;NO_3-N,\;NO_2-N,\;PO_4-P,\;and\;SiO_2-Si$ were fluctuated from 0.059 to 0.332 mg/l, 0.040 to 0.800 mg/l, 0.001 to 0.468 mg/l, 2.3 to $143.0{\mu}g/l$, and 0.007 to 0.600 mg/l, respectively. chlorophyll a concentrations were fluctuated from 0.7 to $8.9{\mu}g/l$. Among 130 taxa of phytoplankton communities observed. diatoms occupied more than 81.54% of the total species, and the others were dinoflagellates and silicoflagellates. Phytoplankton standing crops ranged from $4.6{\times}10^4\;to\;2.6{\times}10^6cells/l$. In October, the standing crops were at bloom level showing more than $10^6cells/lat$ all stations. Dominant species changed by month and station. Leptocylindrus danicus occupied 59.84% in April and 22.03% in June. Pseudo-nitzschia pungens in August and Chaetoceros socialis and Skeletonema costatum in October were predominant species. In order to investigate factors influencing the total phytoplankton standing crops the correlations between the standing crops of diatoms, dinoflagellates, all phytoplanktons occurred and environmental factors were calculated using a multiple regression analysis. The coefficient of determination $(R^2)$ for total standing crops was 0.63 which explained 63% of variance and that of $R^2$ for diatom was 0.82. In statistical analysis, the results showed that the environmental factors influencing the size of the communities were predominantly water temperature, salinity and silicate.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2008

Fishes by a set net in the coastal waters off Gwideuk, Jeju Island were studied to determine species composition and catch variation, 2004. The fishing period conducted by a set net in Gwideuk fishing ground were from April to December. A total of 45,473.2 kg including 21 species was caught during the survey period. Most of them consisted of fishes of 17 species and a few were cephalopods of 4 species. Dominant species were Trachurus japonicus and Siganus fuscescens, 44.3% in the total. And sub-dominant species were Sepioteuthis lessoniana, Seriola dumerili, Seriola quinqueradiata, Loligo bleekeri, Seriola lalandi accounting for 54.4%. Although the number of species had a tendency to decreased from July to December, the catch by a set net was higher in summer and autumn than in spring. Such catch variations were closely related to recruitment of dominant species and also the seasonal variation of fishing ground temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2002

We studied the characteristics of catch fluctuation and distribution of yellow tail resources in Korean Waters from 1991 to 2000. The obtained results are summarized as follow, The distribution of yellow tail resources in Korean Waters was showed by mooving north-ward groups from Spring to Autumn and south-ward groups from Autumn to Winter with they passed Winter and spawned from the south of Jeju Island and Tsushima current. Therefore, the fishing ground of yellow tail by handline fishing around Marado targets a school of yellow tails which migrate south-ward so as to winter and spawn.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2016

Field observation for oceanic conditions and paralarvae of the common squid, Todarodes pacificus in Korean waters were sampled with the Bongo net (diameter: 60 cm, mesh size: $333{\mu}m$) by using oblique tow method with the oceanographic research vessel (Tamgu 12 and Tamgu 20) around Korean waters (middle of the Yellow Sea, northern part of the East China Sea, East Sea) in 2013 and 2014 was carried out. The observation in the Yellow Sea and the northern part of the East China Sea was done in August, 2013 and in the East Sea it was repeated at seven times from June, 2013 to September, 2014. The paralarvae in August of 2013 was not found in the Yellow Sea and one paralarvae was found in the northern part of the East China Sea. In the East Sea, 39 paralarvae during whole observation period were found, mantle length of paralarvae was from 1.7 to 13.5 mm. Surface water temperature in the Yellow Sea was $30^{\circ}C$, and cold water mass lower than $10^{\circ}C$ was occupied in the deep layer than 30 m. In the northern part of the East China Sea, surface water temperature was $31^{\circ}C$, and higher water temperature above $20^{\circ}C$ was found in deeper than 50 m. In the East Sea, optimum temperature for survival, $15-24^{\circ}C$, was existed shallower than 75 m.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.145-158
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• 2008

To assess the source of oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and clam (Ruditapes phillippinarum), phytoplankton community structures in the water column and sediment, including the composition of phytoplankton in oyster and clam digestive organs were investigated bimonthly from December 2006 to June 2007 in the Taeahn coastal waters. During the sampling period, water temperature and salinity varied from 7 to 23$^{\circ}C$ and 34 to 35 PSU, respectively. Total phytoplankton abundances at St. O in the water column were higher than those at St. J, whereas total phytoplankton abundances at St. O in the sediment were lower. In addition, total phytoplankton abundances in the water column and sediment were observed to be relatively higher in February and April 2007. Among the diatoms, Paralia sulcata was always dominant, accounting for 41$\sim$87% of total phytoplankton, except St. J for February 2007 during the sampling period. The following phytoplankton compositions observed in the digestive organs of oyster and clam appeared: diatoms such as genus Paralia, Navicula, Melosira and Coscinodiscus, Silicoflagellate Dictyocha, dinoflagellates Prorocentrum and Dinophysis. Phytoplankton compositions observed in the digestive organs of oyster and clam corresponded relatively well with the species composition appeared in the water column and sediments of each season. A significant relationship was found between individual weight of oyster or clam and their digestive organs weight, while there was not a close correlation with total phytoplankton amount. We suggest that P. sulcata always dominated as one of important the food source of oyster and clam in the marine ranching ground of Taeahn coastal waters.

• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.79-84
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• 2004

It is well accepted that modem emulsion explosives are intrinsically much less sensitive than traditional products such as dynamites or black powder. However, they have still been involved in a significant number of accidental explosions. In October 1975, Canadian Research, Limited's, Energetic Research Laboratory in Quebec exploded. Although explanations for the incident varied, one logical explanation was that the pump used in transporting the emulsion dead headed, thereby turning mechanical work in to frictional heating under a zero flow rate. There is a minimum pressure required for combustion(MBP) to propagate in emulsion explosives. A stable deflagration may lead to a deflagration-to-detonation transition(DDT) in emulsion explosives. Tests were also performed on sensitized sampled consisting of 6 to 21% waters as well as 1 to 11% aluminium powder. It was founded the emulsion explosives consisting of 6% waters had the lowest minimum homing pressure(MBP) of 3 bar, and the 21% waters were unable to achieve sustained homing at pressures as high as 100 bar. The aluminium contained explosives tested here displayed a MBP higher than that of without emulsion. It appears that this test may offer a firm ground for the classification of emulsion explosives in view of the regulating the hazards associated with the various process used for their manufacturing and transport.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.409-416
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• 2003

Marine populations are maintained through the processes of spawning, growth, recruitment, natural death and fishing in a marine ecosystem. Based upon each of these processes, a quantitative population dynamic model was developed to estimate damages in fishery production due to accidents in a fishing ground. This model was applied for the abalone culture grounds in Korean waters. Three components of damages were identified in the ecosystem of the abalone culture grounds, namely, physical damages in the substratum of the fishing ground, biological damages in the structure and function of the ecosystem, and damages in fishery production. Considering these three components the processes and durations of damages in fishery production were determined. Because the abalone population is composed of multiple year classes, damages influence all the year classes in the population, when they occur The model developed in this study is: $$y=(n_{\lambda}+1){\times}Y_E\;-\;\sum\limits^{n_\lambda-n_c}_{l=0}\;y_{n_c/i}$$ where, y is the expected damages in fishery production during the period of restoration of the damaged abalony population, $Y_E$ is the annual equilibrium yield, $n_{\lambda}$ is the maximum age in the population, $t_s$ is the year of damage occurrence, $n_c$ is the age at recruitment, and $\sum\limits^{n_\lambda-n_c}_{l=0}\;y\;_{n_c/i}$ is total expected lifetime catch of year classes which were recruited during the restoration period.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.61-76
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• 2011

This study was objected to provide suggestions for best management practices to restore the cultural and historical values of the wells in Palaces as well as their water qualities. Water resources in the five Palaces in Seoul Metropolitan, including Gyeongbokgung, Changdeokgung, Changgyeonggung, Jongmyo Shrine, and Deoksugung, were surveyed for their physical flows and chemical compositions from April to July in 2010. Ground waters in most wells were found at depths within 5 m from the ground surface, showing typical water-table aquifer systems. Hydraulic gradients indicate water resources in Gyeongbokgung, Changdeokgung, and Changgyeonggung flowing toward south, and toward east in Deoksugung area. Especially, water-level fluctuation data at S-10 in Deoksugung implied the influence of groundwater discharge facility. In Jongmyo Shrine, water was not detected in wells, indicating the water level was lower than the well depth. Based on the water chemistry and stable isotope analyses, water resources and their qualities appeared to be formed by the water-rock interaction along the groundwater paths. S-10 (Deoksugung) and S-14 (Changgyeonggung) samples were contaminated with nitrate ($NO_3$) in levels of higher than Korean drinking water standard, 10 mg/L as $NO_3$-N, but once in four sampling campaigns. In the situation that water resources in Palaces still maintain natural characteristics, the materials that will be used for the restoration and improvement of the Palace water supplies should be carefully selected not to disturb the natural integrity. In addition, because the wells are located in the center of metropolitan area, a systematic monitoring should be applied to detect and to manage the potential impacts of underground construction and various pollution sources.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.182-188
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• 2004

It has been, in general, known that the catching efficiency of a trammel net is better than that of a gill net because of the variability of catch species and size. In this stidy, A fishing gear test was carried out to analyze the catching efficiency of the gill net and the trammel net on the coast of Geomun-do of southern Korean waters and fish school aggregation was also investigated using a underwater video camera. CPUE of the gill net was 49.2% higher than the trammel net but fish species was 34.5% lower where there was no difference on the significance level of 5% by ANOVA test. Main catch species caught by the gill net were red seabream(Pagrus major) and triggerfish(Aluterus monoceros), skate ray(Raja Kenojei) and red seabream for the trammel net, and the average body length of red seabream was shorter than the trammel net. It was thought that the reason of higher catch in the gill net than the trammel net was a fish school which can be caught easily by gill net and the size of population was suitable for the gill net.