• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2004년도 임시총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.450-452
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• 2004

Using factor analysis and bivariate comparisons of major components in ground water, three geochemical processes were identified as controlling factors of ground water chemistry; 1) natural mineralization by water rock interactions, 2) effect of seawater which includes salinization by seawater near seashores and deposition of sea salt, and 3) nitrate contamination by N fertilization. Contribution of rainfall was also estimated from the measured composition of wet deposition. The geochemical processes were separated using total alkalinity as an indicator for natural mineralization, Cl for effect of seawater, and nitrate for N fertilization. Relatively high correlation of major components with nitrate suggests that nitrification of nitrogenous fertilizers significantly affects ground water chemistry. Total cations derived from nitrate sources have good linearity for nitrate in equivalent basis with a slope of 1.8, which is a mean of proton production coefficients in nitrification of two major compounds in nitrogenous fertilizers, ammonium and urea. Contribution of nitrate sources to base cations, Cl, and SO$_4$ in ground water was determined considering maximum contribution of natural mineralization to estimate a threshold of the effect of N fertilization for ground water chemistry, which shows W fertilization has a greatest effect than any other processes in ground water with nitrate concentration greater than 50 mg/L for Ca, Mg, Na and with concentration greater than 30 mg/L for Cl and SO$_4$.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농공학회 2003년도 학술발표논문집
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• pp.303-306
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• 2003

This survey was carried out to investigate the chemical characteristics of ground water for livestock purpose and to estimate the influence of ground water quality by livestock farming. Water samples were collected three times in 2000, and analyzed for theirs chemical compositions using Korean Standard Methods for Water Quality. The EC of ground water was from 0.214 to 0.474 dS/m. $NO_3-N$ contamination range was from 3.56 to 11.81. The $SO_4{^{2-}}$ was $4.31{\sim}69.37mg/L$ and CI was $12.75{\sim}41.46mg/L$. The data of ground water quality indicated suitable quality for livestock. Also, the concentration of heavy metals in the sample could not make damage to the animals. The $NO_3-N$ concentration of the water by times are as follows: October (8.19 mg/L) > July (7.65 mg/L) > April (4.04 mg/L) with no significant differences during the livestock farming period. The average quality of groundwater for livestock is good for its purpose, and it was showed there was few influence by livestock farming.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제37권11호
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• pp.939-947
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• 2004

해안을 통하여 유출되는 지하수량은 하천 유출량에 비하여 상대적으로 크기는 작으나 해안 지역의 지하수자원의 개발과 연안의 오염과 관련하여 중요성을 가진다. 선행 연구에서는 관측정 수위, 투수계수 등의 간단한 자료만을 가지고 지하수의 해안 유출량을 평가하는 방법을 제시하였다 본 연구에서는 남해안과 서해안과 같이 해안선의 형태가 복잡한 경우에 평균동수경사, 해안선의 폭과 담수층의 평균 두께를 산정하는 방법을 제시하여 지하수 해안유출량 평가의 정확도를 높이는 방법을 제안하였다. 제안된 평가 방법은 경계면모델을 이용한 수치해와 비교하여 평가되었다. 해안선의 복잡성을 고려하지 않은 Darcy의 법칙의 적용에 비하여 정확도가 대폭 개선되었다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2000년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.401-406
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• 2000

Spilling of petroleum hydrocarbons such as gasoline, motor oils, and diesel fuel from underground storage tanks (USTs) is a major source of contamination to ground water and soils. In response to the need of developing an effective and economical cleanup technique, this study investigates the effectiveness of using sonication to enhance the soil flushing method. The study involves laboratory testing, and the testing was conducted using a specially designed and fabricated device to determine the effect of sonication on contaminant removal. The sonication was applied at 20 kHz frequency under different power levels. Test soil was Joomoonjin Sand, and diesel fuel was used as a contaminant of soil flushing test. The results of the investigation show that sonication enhanced the contaminant removal from soils significantly, and the degree of enhancement varied with power levels of sonication. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that the flushing method with sonication has a great potential to become an effective method for removing petroleum hydrocarbons from the contaminated ground.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2000년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.232-236
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• 2000

Multi-regression statistical analyses were applied for the water quality data of shallow alluvial ground water (n = 47) collected from the Youngdeok area, in order to quantitatively generalize the natural (non-anthropogenic) causes of regional water quality variation. Seven samples having the high contamination index ( $C_{a}$ > 3) reflect the striong effects by anthropogenic activity. Most of the alluvial groundwaters have acquired their quality primarily due to the dissolution of carbonate minerals. The results of multi-regression analysis show that chlorine is mainly derived from seawater effect. Sulfur isotopic compositions of dissolved sulfur and the S $O_4$/Cl ratio also enable us to discriminate the samples (n = 18) which are affected by atmospheric input of marine aerosol (sea-spray) and also by mixing between freshwater and seawater. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope data of the samples collected lie close to the local meteoric water line obtained from nearby Pohang city but has lower slope (5.45) on the $\delta$D-$^{18}$ O plot, indicating that alluvial groundwater was recharged from infiltrated meteoric water which has undergone some degree of kinetic evaporation. The estimated initial isotopic composition of the recharged water ($\delta$D = -74.8$^{0}$ /$_{00}$, $\delta$$^{18}$ O = -10.8$^{[-1000]}$ /$_{[-1000]}$ ) suggests that the alluvial ground water recharge largely occurs during summer storm events.s.s.

• 지질공학
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.433-439
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• 2009

압축패커장치는 지하수관정의 지표하부오염방지시설의 개선을 위하여 개발한 장치이다. 이 장치는 안전잠금장치의 해제와 케이싱의 압축조작이 단순하여 시공이 간편하고, $4.5\;kg/cm^2$의 내압성을 갖고 있어 지하수 누출이 없도록 수밀성을 갖추고 있으며, 단일케이싱을 설치하며 그라우팅을 위한 확공은 300 mm로 굴착 가능하므로 시공비를 절약할 수 있다. 압축패커의 재질은 실리콘 고무를 사용하여 신장율이 590%이고 Pb, Cd, 페놀 등의 유해성분이 기준치 이하거나 불검출되어 우수한 환경성을 가지고 있다. 또한 시공비가 기존의 그라우팅 공법의 35~62% 이하, 환경신기술 제 47호인 팽창 패커 공법의 87% 이하로 시공이 가능한 경제적인 방법이며, 지하수 수질보전등에 관한 규칙, 제주도 지하수개발 이용시설 설치 및 관리기준, 환경부와 농림수산식품부의 소규모수도시설 운영관리 방안 지침 등 관련 법령규정에 적합한 제품이다.

• 동굴
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• 제61호
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• pp.5-16
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• 2000

Recently many environmental researcher are concerned about the ecological environment and the issue of environmental pollution in cave. In this paper we discuss about air pollution, water pollution, state of water quality, ecological environment and situation of environmental public damage in cave The concerning of air pollution in cave is mainly to the type of secondary contamination, which much is developed in various fields recently. The natural water in the most of cave is no problems but ground water has slitting with natural water during much raining period. The state of water quality is gradually contaminated with artificial environmental pollution, that is, the contents of kinds of Aluminum, Nickel, Copper, Zinc and Calcium are higher than before. On the other hand it is very important things to keep the control of constant temperature, darkness and humidity in cave. The contamination by lamp flora and even black colored contamination are appeared nowadays. The ecological environment in cave destructed by growing of mi coorganism. In fact the internal of cave is shielded with the state of climate of cave external but the environment of internal cave is contaminated, because blowing from external climate state. In addition to environmental pollution caused by carbon dioxide and body temperature of tourists. By the way eco-examination of cave is black color public damage, green color one and white color one has been discovered, so we need to have the situation of demand of environmental reservation alternatives.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.83-94
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• 1992

Recently water demand is increasing as the industry prospers. The increase of water demand is followed by the increase of wastewater discharge which pollutes rivers and ground water extensively. These rivers, reservoirs and ground water are sources for drinking water and their contamination affects the quality of water supply and other potable water. In Korea there are 776 water treatment plants which supply drinking water from main rivers or reservoirs. Rivers are the biggest water source for drinking water is being contaminated, the innovation of treatment process is needed. The construction and operation of water supply facilities is under the control of the Ministry of Construction and the water supply offices of cities and provinces. However, drinking water quality is under the control of the bureau of sanitation in the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs. There are 33 items in drinking water quality standards of Korea. Trihalomethanes, Selenium, Diazinone and other three of pesticides have been included lately, The Ministry of Health and Social Affairs is planning to enhance. the level of $VOC_S$(Vola-tile Organic Compounds) standard. Drinking water quality standard is the goal to protect the quality of supply water and ground water. In order to protect the source water from domestic or industrial water, technological improvement and adequate investment should be urgently made. The ultimate goal of drinking water quality is safety and health of consumers. The more stringent the standard are, the better the water quality will be. As the drinking water quality standards become more stringent this year, various and positive solutions by the authorities concerned must be prepared.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2004년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.459-462
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• 2004

This study assesses groundwater vulnerability to contaminants in 12 administrative districts of the city of Changwon, using DRASTIC technique. DRASTIC was originally applied to situations in which the contamination sources are at the ground surface, and the contaminants flow into the groundwater with infiltration of rainfall. However, groundwater contamination in urban areas can also be related to excessive pumping resulting in a lowering of the water level. The correlation coefficient between minimum DRASTIC indices and the degree of poor water quality for 10 districts is low as 0.40. The correlation coefficients between minimum DRASTIC indices and the groundwater discharge rate, and between minimum DRASTIC indices and well density per unit area are 0.70 and 0.87, respectively. Thus, to evaluate the potential of groundwater contamination in urban areas, it is necessary to consider other factors such as groundwater withdrawal rate and well density per unit area with ratings and weights as well as the existing six DRASTIC factors.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.611-631
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• 1999

Enviromental geochemisty and heary metal contamination at the Kongjueil mine creek were underaken on the basis of physicohemical properties and mineralogy for various kinds of water (surface, mine and ground water),soil, precipitate and sediment collected of April and December in 1998. Hydrgeochemical composition of the water samples are characterized by relatively significant enricant of Ca+Na, alkiali ions $NO_3$ and Cl inground and surfore water, wheras the mine waters are relatively eneripheral water of the mining creek have the characteristics of the (Ca+Mg)-$(HCO_3+SO_4)$type. The pH of the mine water is high acidity (3.24)and high EC (613$\mu$S/cm)compared with those of surface and ground water. The range of $\delta$D and $\delta^{18}O$ values (relative to SMOW) in the waters are shpwn in -50.2 to -61.6% and -7.0 to -8.6$\textperthousand$(d value=5.8 to 8.7). Using computer program, saturation index of albite, calcite, dolomite in mine water are nearly saturated. The gibbiste, kaolinite and smectite are superaturated in the surface and ground water, respectively. Calculated water-mineral reaction and stabilities suggest that weathing of silicate minerals may be stable kaolinite owing to the continuous water-rock reaction. Geochemical modeling showed that mostly toxic heavy metals may exist larfely in the from of metal-sulfate $(MSO_4\;^2)$and free metal $(M^{2+})$ in nmine water. These metals in the ground and surface water could be formed of $CO_3$ and OH complex ions. The average enrichment indices of water samples are 2.72 of the groundwater, 2.26 of the surface water and 14.15 of the acid mine water, normalizing by surface water composition at the non-mining creek, repectively. Characteristics of some major, minor and rate earth elements (Al/Na, K/Na, V/Ni, Cr/V, Ni/Co, La/Ce, Th/Yb, $La_N/Yb_N$, Co/Th, La/Sc and Sc/Th) in soil and sediment are revealed a narrow range and homogeneous compositions may be explained by acidic to intermediate igneous rocks. And these suggested that sediment source of host granitic gneiss colud be due to rocks of high grade metamorphism originated by sedimentary rocks. Maximum concentrations of environmentally toxic elements in sediment and soil are Fe=53.80 wt.% As=660, Cd=4, Cr=175, Cu=158, Mn=1010, Pb=2933, Sb=4 and Zn=3740 ppm, and extremely high concentrations are found are found in the subsurface soil near the ore dump and precipitates. Normalizing by composition of host granitic gneiss, the average enerichment indices are 3.72 of the sediments, 3.48 of the soils, 10.40 of the precipitates of acid mine drainage and 6.25 of the soils near the main adit. The level of enerichment was very severe in mining drainage sediments, while it was not so great in the soils. mineral composition of soil and sediment near the mining area were partly variable being composed of quartz, mica, feldspar, chlorite, vermiculite, bethierin and clay minerals. reddish variable being composed of quartz, mica, feldspar, chlorite, vermiculite, bethierin and clay minerals. Reddish brown precipitation mineral in the acid mine drainage identifies by schwertmanite. From the separated mineralgy, soil and sediment are composed of some pyrite, arsenopyite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, malachite, goethite and various kinds of hydroxied minerals.