• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.597-607
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• 1998

Processing is generally employed to alter the physical and chemical properties of feeds used in pig diets, using hammer/roller mills, pellet mills and extruders/expanders. The reported optimum particle sizes of corn are approximately $500{\mu}m$, $500-700{\mu}m$, $400-600{\mu}m$, for nursery, growing-finishing, and breeder pigs respectively. Optimum particle size of grains are affected by diet complexity. There was a trend towards reducing particle size in order to increase ADG in pigs fed a simple diet, though such was not the case for pigs fed a complex diet. Uniformity of particle size also affects the nutritional values of swine feeds. Uniform particle sizes would consistently give greater nutrient digestibilities. In terms of pellet quality, it is reported that a higher incidence of fmes in pelleted feeds has a direct correlation with poorer feed conversion ratio in pigs. Particle and pellet sizes are also very important for pelleting in terms of grinding, digestibility, stomach ulceration and pellet durability. A particle size of $600{\mu}m$, or slightly less, seemed optimal for com in fmishing pigs, and the 5/32 in. diameter pellets supported the best efficiencies of gain during nursery and finishing phases. Extruder and/or expander processes would allow the feed industry an increased flexibility to utilize a wider spectrum of feed ingredients, and improve pellet quality of finished feeds. It would appear that extruded or expanded diets containing highly digestible ingredients have little effect on the growth performance of pigs, and the feeding values of the feeds over pelleted diets were not improved as pigs grew. The extruder or expander is much more effective than a pelletizer in salmonella control. Gastric ulcerations and/or keratinizations were consistently reported in pigs fed mash and processed diets containing finely ground grains, whereas carcass quality was not affected by diet processing methods such as pelleting, extruding or expanding. In corn- or sorghum-based diets, the electrical energy consumption is 4-5 times higher in the expanding than in the pelleting process. But the expander's processing cost was half of that shown by an extruder. Finally, the decision of which feed processing technology to adopt would depend on the processing cost, and any potential improvement in growth performance and digestibilities of nutrients should offset the increased operating and capital costs related to the extruder/expander technology over mash or pelleting processes in pigs.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.107-115
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• 2011

목적: 안경렌즈 조제가공을 위한 보급형 전자동 옥습기 개발을 위해 설계하고 제작하고자 한다. 방법: 보급형 전자동 옥습기의 주요 설계도를 캐드로 그려서 제작에 필요한 정보를 얻었다. 이 데이터를 기본으로 보급형 자동옥습기 개발을 위해 시제품을 제작 하였다. 결과: 무패턴 모드는 외부 자동 취형기에서 안경테의 렌즈삽입부 정보를 RS232C 전송방식으로 형판 없이도 작동할 수 있었고, 패턴 모드는 형판을 이용해서 개발품의 좌측에 장착하여 작동할 수 있었다. 보급형 자동옥습기는 헤드부, 오토암부, 형판고정부 그리고 연삭부와 같은 주요 요소들로 구성되었다. 헤드부는 좌우모터와 상하모터의 작동을 이용하여 안경렌즈의 연삭을 제어하였다. 연삭부는 유리 재질, 플라스틱 재질, V-홈 그리고 광택을 낼 수 있는 연삭휠로 구성하였다. 슬라이드는 고정된 형판의 하부에 구비되었고, 고정 샤프트에 의해 회전되는 형판이 슬라이드부에 의해 지지할 수 있었다. 형판고정부는 안경사의 수동적인 조작에 의해 헤드파트를 승강 및 좌우 이동시킬 수 있게 하였다. 연삭휠의 분당 회전수를 3,600 rpm으로 최적화 하였다. 결론: 패턴리스와 패턴 렌즈 가공이 가능한 보급형 자동옥습기를 설계 및 제작하여 시제품 제작에 성공하였다. 최소의 비용으로 효율적이고 간편하게 조제가공이 가능하여 안경사들에게 큰 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.1405-1409
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• 2017

Objective: This experiment was to determine proper physical traits in the diet for goats by investigating the effects of physically effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF) content on dry matter intake (DMI), digestibility, and chewing activity in black goats fed with total mixed ration (TMR). Methods: Six growing wethers of Korean native black goats (Capra hircus coreanae) aged 8 months and weighing between 26.9 kg and 27.1 kg ($27.03{\pm}5.05kg$) were used in this experiment. Three diets of varying peNDF content were obtained by original TMR (T1), 12,000 rpm grinding (T2), and 15,500 rpm grinding (T3) of the same TMR diet. The $peNDF_{1.18}$ content of the experimental diets was 23.85%, 21.71%, and 16.22% for T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Results: Average daily gain (ADG) was higher in T2 group compared to those of the control and T3 groups, but ADG and DMI were not affected by the dietary particle size and peNDF content. Also, there was no difference between apparent nutrient digestibility of dry matter, crude fiber, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber. Although there was no significant difference, rumination and total chewing time were associated with decreased peNDF content. Conclusion: The feeding of peNDF-based TMR showed no impact on apparent nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance. Further studies are required with a wider range of dietary peNDF level and particle size to better identify the effect of dietary peNDF and particle size on chewing activity and performance in goats.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1078-1083
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• 1996

쌀보리를 정맥기를 사용하여 도정한 정맥에 대해 제분기의 종류를 달리하여 제분한 결과 보리가루는 입도 분포에서 차이를 나타내 Jet mill로 제분한 보리가루의 입자 크기가 가장 작았으며 그 다음으로 Pin mill과 Cyclotec sample mill에 의한 입자 크기가 작았고 Ball mill과 Fitz mill에 의한 보리가루가 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 보리가루는 입자크기가 작을수록 색이 밝고 전분 손상도가 높은 경향을 나타냈다. 보리가루의 표면구조는 크고 작은 전분 입자, 주름진 세포벽 물질 등으로 관찰되었으며 가루 입자의 형태 및 크기가 제분기의 종류에 따라 다소 차이를 나타냈다. 보리가루는 손상된 전분의 양이 많을수록 높은 수분흡수지수 및 보수력을 나타냈으며 수분용해도지수 역시 증가하는 경향을 보여주었다. 보리가루의 호화 특성을 측정한 결과 보리가루의 점도는 입자가 크게 분쇄된 Fitz mill에 의한 보리가루에서 가장 낮았으며 Pin mill과 Cyclotec mill에서 높게 나타났다. 아주 미세하게 분쇄된 Jet mill은 호화가 빨리 진행된 반면 점도의 상승은 크지 않아 지나친 전분의 손상은 점도를 떨어뜨리는 것으로 판단되었다.

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제25권
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• pp.9-26
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 정선 아우라지 유적 청동기 시대 주거지에서 출토된 화살다발의 제작기법 연구 및 보존처리 과정을 서술하였다. 화살은 화살촉과 화살대 부분으로 이루어진 유물이며, 화살대는 유기물로 제작되기 때문에, 화살대가 화살촉과 함께 완형으로 발굴된 사례는 매우 드물다. 특히 정선 아우라지 화살다발은 무경식석촉과 탄화된 화살대가 결구된 흔적이 확인되었다는 사실에 큰 의의가 있으며, 나무의 끝을 갈라 화살촉에 끼워 넣는 방식이 확인된 중요한 사례이다. 정선 아우라지 화살의 특징을 살펴보기 위해 현미경 조사, 화살대 수종분석 등을 실시하였다. 석촉의 마연흔을 통해 가공순서 및 방향, 도구의 입자 크기 등을 알 수 있었으며, 화살대 수종분석 결과 3년생 버드나무속(Salix spp.) 어린가지로 추정되었다. 현장에서의 경화처리 과정 중 경화제는 주변 환경의 영향으로 방수성과 가역성이 우수한 약품을 사용하였고, 응급수습방법으로 'Bridge'법을 사용하였다. 보존처리실로 이관한 후 바닥면 작업을 위해 유물을 뒤집는 과정에서 손상이 되지 않도록 하는 것이 가장 중요했기 때문에, 보강재를 선정하는데 신중히 하였다. 보강재로는 하중을 안전하게 견딜 수 있으며, 물성이 우수한 인조점토를 선택하였다. 최종적으로 유물 접합 및 정리 작업 후 바닥면을 에폭시수지로 마무리 한 후 박물관에 전시하였다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.293-305
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• 2005

Statement of problems. Conventional feldspathic porcelain is used extensively as a restorative material and it is subjected to grinding and polishing during fabrication and delivery procedures. There is still considerable controversy concerning the best methods to achieve the strongest porcelain restorations after such adjustments. Purpose. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of (1) overglazing, (2) selfglazing, and (3) fine polishing on the flexural strength and fracture toughness of feldspathic dental porcelain. Material and method. Ninety porcelain disks were prepared for flexural strength test and sixty porcelain disks were fabricated for fracture toughness test. Specimens were divided into three groups for each test as follows: 1) overglazed 2) self-glazed 3) polished. The flexural strength of feldspathic porcelains was determined by ring-on-ring biaxial flexural strength test. The fracture toughness values of three experimental groups were obtained by indentation fracture toughness test. Results. The flexural strength of overglazed group was significantly higher than that of selfglazed and polished group (P<0.05), while the difference between self-glazed and polished group was not significant (P>0.05). The fracture toughness values of overglazed and polished group were significantly higher than that of self-glazed group (P<0.05), while the difference between overglazed and polished group was not significant (P>0.05). Conclusions. This results supported the use of polishing as an alternative to glazing metal ceramic restorations, as it was not detrimental in flexural strength and fracture toughness. But, under the conditions of this study, overglazing was the ideal surface finishing method of feldspathic dental porcelain.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.99-129
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• 2013

Objective : Most disease of the aged comprise chronic illness, hence the diet is important. Yet, the study on diet methodology for the remedy of the aged folks' aliments is scarce. The diet for the aged must be easy to digest- in regard to the physiological features of the aged, delightfully chewable, while meeting the expectation and guaranteeing nutrition-supply and remedial efficacy. Material and Method : This study is designed to accomplish following things with the Yang-lo-bong-chin-seo, a text on maintaining and upbringing the health for the aged: (1) classify the food recorded in the text in terms of cooking methods, (2) then sort the main ingredients in remedial herbal rice porridge(Yak-sun-jook) in food material science manner, (3) evaluate the cooking methods of the porridge for each and various symptoms, and (4) assess the features of each ingredient of the porridge, the value of it both in oriental medicine's and nutrition's scope. Results : 1) Among 64 main dishes recorded in Yang-lo-bong-chin-seo, rice porridge composes the majority, which is 64%. Stew and soup account for 60% of side dishes. 2) In 15 food cures, 43 remedial herbal rice porridges(Yak-sun-jook) were recorded. 3) Yak-sun-jook utilizes most chinese herbs as its food material. 4) Yak-sun-jook is made more with vegetable ingredients than animal ingredients and consist highly of chinese herbs. 5) Main ingredients in the porridges are effective in disease cure in addition to sufficient, well-balanced nutrition. 6) Cooking method of the porridge is grinding chinese herbs into powder or boiling them for a long time. Conclusion: All forementioned steps build the informational foundation - for this purpose the information be utilized - for making possible the development and the devising of pragmatic and feasible Remedial herbal rice porridge(Yak-sun-jook).

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.103-112
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• 2013

Background: The Korean government launched a project in 2008, where the amount of rice used as raw ingredient in rice-based foods in 2012 was planned to increase up to 10% (470,000 ton) of the total rice production through developing various new rice-based processed foods and their commercial manufacturing technology. Among the four major rice-based processed foods, rice cakes and noodles need rice flour as their main raw ingredient. Technology in rice flour utilization and manufacturing is far behind than the technology pertinent to wheat flour in many subject areas. Purpose: This review aims to provide information on rice flour utilization and manufacturing with some fundamental subjects in the area of size reduction. Results: A variety of food items including bread, noodle, cake, cookie, muffin, pre-mix, beverage, vinegar, surimi, and artificial meat have found rice flour as their raw ingredient. Rice bread made out of 100% rice flour has been developed and is now sold in retail stores. Various noodle products made from rice flour are also on the market. Issues on product definition and labeling regulation about rice flour content of the products were explored. Generalized grinding equations available in the literature were seldom used in practice; instead, it has been a general practice to develop empirical equations from test milling data. Introductory remarks on three popular particle size measurement methods (sieving, Coulter counter, light diffraction) were explained. Mathematical expressions frequently used to describe particle size distribution and to correlate cumulative quantity of particles with particle size were represented. Milling methods used in producing rice flour were described along with their advantages and disadvantages. Because of their profound effect on functional properties of the rice flour, four rice flour milling equipments used at both laboratory experiments and commercial manufacturing plants were discussed.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권12호
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• pp.1817-1826
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• 2022

Public concern on the methods of raising food-producing animals has increased, especially in the last two decades, leading to voluntary and mandated changes in the animal production methods. The primary objective of these changes is to improve the welfare of farm animals. The use of gestational stalls is currently a major welfare issue in swine production. Several studies assessed the welfare of alternative housing systems for gestating sows. A comparative study was performed with gestating sows housed in either individual stalls or in groups in a pen with an electronic sow feeder. This review assessed the welfare of each housing system using physiological, behavioral, and reproductive performance criteria. The current review identified clear advantages and disadvantages of each housing system. Individual stall housing allowed each sow to be given an individually tailored diet without competition, but the sows had behavioral restrictions and showed stereotypical behaviors (e.g., bar biting, nosing, palate grinding, etc.). Group-housed sows had increased opportunities to display such behavior (e.g., ability to move around and social interactions); however, a higher prevalence of aggressive behavior, especially first mixing in static group type, caused a negative impact on longevity (more body lesions, scratch and bite injuries, and lameness, especially in subordinate sows). Conclusively, a more segmented and diversified welfare assessment could be beneficial for a precise evaluation of each housing system for sows. Further efforts should be made to reduce aggression-driven injuries and design housing systems (feeding regimen, floor, bedding, etc.) to improve the welfare of group-housed sows.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2016

저작은 음식을 잘게 부수어 소화작용이 원활하게 진행될 수 있도록 돕는 행위이다. 이러한 저작계는 상하악골, 악관절, 인대, 치아 및 근육으로 구성된다. 교합력은 이러한 저작계를 평가하는 한 가지 수단이다. 교합력은 얼굴형태, 나이, 성별, 치주질환, 측두하악장애, 치아 상태 등에 의해 영향을 받는다. 최대교합력은 방형(square form)의 얼굴이 높으며 일반적으로 남자가 여성보다 높다. 또한 20세정도까지 증가하며 그 이후부터 40 - 50세까지 거의 일정하게 유지되다가 감소하는 경향을 보인다. 치주질환이 있을 경우 교합력 감소에 영향을 주며 측두하악장애의 경우 교합력의 영향에 논란이 있다. 치아의 상태가 최대교합력에 영향을 미치는 중요한 인자로 생각된다.